Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2401-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2401-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Oct 2022
Research article |
| 25 Oct 2022
| 25 Oct 2022
Mid-Holocene climate of the Tibetan Plateau and hydroclimate in three major river basins based on high-resolution regional climate simulations
Yiling Huo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A7,
Canada
William Richard Peltier
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A7,
Canada
Deepak Chandan
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A7,
Canada
Related authors
Yiling Huo, William Richard Peltier, and Deepak Chandan
Clim. Past, 17, 1645–1664, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1645-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1645-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Regional climate simulations were constructed to more accurately capture regional features of the South and Southeast Asian monsoon during the mid-Holocene. Comparison with proxies shows that our high-resolution simulations outperform those with the coarser global model in reproducing the monsoon rainfall anomalies. Incorporating the Green Sahara climate conditions over northern Africa into our simulations further strengthens the monsoon precipitation and leads to better agreement with proxies.
Fengyi Xie, Deepak Chandan, and William Richard Peltier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2957, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2957, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present two ensembles of regional climate simulations for Mid-Holocene climate over the Middle East, Mediterranean and North Africa, using a prescribed Green Sahara (GS) surface. Our results show that the removal of GS reduces precipitation over the Middle East below a threshold that triggers replacement of forest by grassland. This finding agrees with earlier findings that showed retreat of vegetation over the Middle East after Mid-Holocene.
Iuri Gorenstein, Ilana Wainer, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Luciana F. Prado, Pedro L. S. Dias, Allegra N. LeGrande, Clay R. Tabor, and William R. Peltier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-921, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-921, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Using a new approach based on information theory we study climate variability in the tropical and South Atlantic by examining broad patterns in ocean and rainfall data at decadal scales. Four climate models under mid‐Holocene and pre‐industrial conditions show that shifts in vegetation and dust yield varied weather responses. Our findings indicate that incorporating large-scale patterns provides a framework for understanding long-term climate behavior, offering insights for improved predictions.
Julia E. Weiffenbach, Henk A. Dijkstra, Anna S. von der Heydt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Wing-Le Chan, Deepak Chandan, Ran Feng, Alan M. Haywood, Stephen J. Hunter, Xiangyu Li, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, W. Richard Peltier, Christian Stepanek, Ning Tan, Julia C. Tindall, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 20, 1067–1086, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and a smaller Antarctic Ice Sheet during the mid-Pliocene (~ 3 million years ago) cause the Southern Ocean surface to become fresher and warmer, which affects the global ocean circulation. The CO2 concentration and the smaller Antarctic Ice Sheet both have a similar and approximately equal impact on the Southern Ocean. The conditions of the Southern Ocean in the mid-Pliocene could therefore be analogous to those in a future climate with smaller ice sheets.
Xin Ren, Daniel J. Lunt, Erica Hendy, Anna von der Heydt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Charles J. R. Williams, Christian Stepanek, Chuncheng Guo, Deepak Chandan, Gerrit Lohmann, Julia C. Tindall, Linda E. Sohl, Mark A. Chandler, Masa Kageyama, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Ning Tan, Qiong Zhang, Ran Feng, Stephen Hunter, Wing-Le Chan, W. Richard Peltier, Xiangyu Li, Youichi Kamae, Zhongshi Zhang, and Alan M. Haywood
Clim. Past, 19, 2053–2077, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the Maritime Continent climate in the mid-Piacenzian warm period and find it is warmer and wetter and the sea surface salinity is lower compared with preindustrial period. Besides, the fresh and warm water transfer through the Maritime Continent was stronger. In order to avoid undue influence from closely related models in the multimodel results, we introduce a new metric, the multi-cluster mean, which could reveal spatial signals that are not captured by the multimodel mean.
Inès N. Otosaka, Andrew Shepherd, Erik R. Ivins, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Charles Amory, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Martin Horwath, Ian Joughin, Michalea D. King, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Anthony J. Payne, Eric Rignot, Ted Scambos, Karen M. Simon, Benjamin E. Smith, Louise S. Sørensen, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Geruo A, Cécile Agosta, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Alejandro Blazquez, William Colgan, Marcus E. Engdahl, Xavier Fettweis, Rene Forsberg, Hubert Gallée, Alex Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Noel Gourmelen, Andreas Groh, Brian C. Gunter, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Christoph Kittel, Hannes Konrad, Peter L. Langen, Benoit S. Lecavalier, Chia-Chun Liang, Bryant D. Loomis, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian H. Mernild, Ruth Mottram, Jeremie Mouginot, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noël, Mark E. Pattle, William R. Peltier, Nadege Pie, Mònica Roca, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu V. Save, Ki-Weon Seo, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst J. O. Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Thomas Slater, Giorgio Spada, Tyler C. Sutterley, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, Jan Melchior van Wessem, David Wiese, Wouter van der Wal, and Bert Wouters
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1597–1616, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
By measuring changes in the volume, gravitational attraction, and ice flow of Greenland and Antarctica from space, we can monitor their mass gain and loss over time. Here, we present a new record of the Earth’s polar ice sheet mass balance produced by aggregating 50 satellite-based estimates of ice sheet mass change. This new assessment shows that the ice sheets have lost (7.5 x 1012) t of ice between 1992 and 2020, contributing 21 mm to sea level rise.
Lauren E. Burton, Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Aisling M. Dolan, Daniel J. Hill, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Wing-Le Chan, Deepak Chandan, Ran Feng, Stephen J. Hunter, Xiangyu Li, W. Richard Peltier, Ning Tan, Christian Stepanek, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 19, 747–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-747-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-747-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Warm climates of the Pliocene (~ 3 million years ago) are similar to projections of the near future. We find elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide to be the most important forcing for driving changes in Pliocene surface air temperature, sea surface temperature, and precipitation. However, changes caused by the nature of Pliocene ice sheets and orography are also important, affecting the extent to which we can use the Pliocene as an analogue for our warmer future.
Julia E. Weiffenbach, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Henk A. Dijkstra, Anna S. von der Heydt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Esther C. Brady, Wing-Le Chan, Deepak Chandan, Mark A. Chandler, Camille Contoux, Ran Feng, Chuncheng Guo, Zixuan Han, Alan M. Haywood, Qiang Li, Xiangyu Li, Gerrit Lohmann, Daniel J. Lunt, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, W. Richard Peltier, Gilles Ramstein, Linda E. Sohl, Christian Stepanek, Ning Tan, Julia C. Tindall, Charles J. R. Williams, Qiong Zhang, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 19, 61–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-61-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-61-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the behavior of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the mid-Pliocene. The mid-Pliocene was about 3 million years ago and had a similar CO2 concentration to today. We show that the stronger AMOC during this period relates to changes in geography and that this has a significant influence on ocean temperatures and heat transported northwards by the Atlantic Ocean. Understanding the behavior of the mid-Pliocene AMOC can help us to learn more about our future climate.
Ryan A. Green, Laurie Menviel, Katrin J. Meissner, Xavier Crosta, Deepak Chandan, Gerrit Lohmann, W. Richard Peltier, Xiaoxu Shi, and Jiang Zhu
Clim. Past, 18, 845–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are used to predict future climate changes and as such, it is important to assess their performance in simulating past climate changes. We analyze seasonal sea-ice cover over the Southern Ocean simulated from numerical PMIP3, PMIP4 and LOVECLIM simulations during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Comparing these simulations to proxy data, we provide improved estimates of LGM seasonal sea-ice cover. Our estimate of summer sea-ice extent is 20 %–30 % larger than previous estimates.
Zixuan Han, Qiong Zhang, Qiang Li, Ran Feng, Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Stephen J. Hunter, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady, Nan Rosenbloom, Zhongshi Zhang, Xiangyu Li, Chuncheng Guo, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Linda E. Sohl, Mark A. Chandler, Ning Tan, Gilles Ramstein, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Deepak Chandan, W. Richard Peltier, Charles J. R. Williams, Daniel J. Lunt, Jianbo Cheng, Qin Wen, and Natalie J. Burls
Clim. Past, 17, 2537–2558, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2537-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2537-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the potential processes responsible for large-scale hydrological cycle changes in a warmer climate is of great importance. Our study implies that an imbalance in interhemispheric atmospheric energy during the mid-Pliocene could have led to changes in the dynamic effect, offsetting the thermodynamic effect and, hence, altering mid-Pliocene hydroclimate cycling. Moreover, a robust westward shift in the Pacific Walker circulation can moisten the northern Indian Ocean.
Arthur M. Oldeman, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Henk A. Dijkstra, Julia C. Tindall, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Alice R. Booth, Esther C. Brady, Wing-Le Chan, Deepak Chandan, Mark A. Chandler, Camille Contoux, Ran Feng, Chuncheng Guo, Alan M. Haywood, Stephen J. Hunter, Youichi Kamae, Qiang Li, Xiangyu Li, Gerrit Lohmann, Daniel J. Lunt, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, W. Richard Peltier, Gabriel M. Pontes, Gilles Ramstein, Linda E. Sohl, Christian Stepanek, Ning Tan, Qiong Zhang, Zhongshi Zhang, Ilana Wainer, and Charles J. R. Williams
Clim. Past, 17, 2427–2450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2427-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2427-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we have studied the behaviour of El Niño events in the mid-Pliocene, a period of around 3 million years ago, using a collection of 17 climate models. It is an interesting period to study, as it saw similar atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to the present day. We find that the El Niño events were less strong in the mid-Pliocene simulations, when compared to pre-industrial climate. Our results could help to interpret El Niño behaviour in future climate projections.
Ellen Berntell, Qiong Zhang, Qiang Li, Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Stephen J. Hunter, Zhongshi Zhang, Xiangyu Li, Chuncheng Guo, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Linda E. Sohl, Mark A. Chandler, Ning Tan, Camille Contoux, Gilles Ramstein, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Deepak Chandan, William Richard Peltier, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Wing-Le Chan, Youichi Kamae, Charles J. R. Williams, Daniel J. Lunt, Ran Feng, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, and Esther C. Brady
Clim. Past, 17, 1777–1794, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (~ 3.2 Ma) is often considered an analogue for near-future climate projections, and model results from the PlioMIP2 ensemble show an increase of rainfall over West Africa and the Sahara region compared to pre-industrial conditions. Though previous studies of future projections show a west–east drying–wetting contrast over the Sahel, these results indicate a uniform rainfall increase over the Sahel in warm climates characterized by increased greenhouse gas forcing.
Yiling Huo, William Richard Peltier, and Deepak Chandan
Clim. Past, 17, 1645–1664, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1645-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1645-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Regional climate simulations were constructed to more accurately capture regional features of the South and Southeast Asian monsoon during the mid-Holocene. Comparison with proxies shows that our high-resolution simulations outperform those with the coarser global model in reproducing the monsoon rainfall anomalies. Incorporating the Green Sahara climate conditions over northern Africa into our simulations further strengthens the monsoon precipitation and leads to better agreement with proxies.
Daniel J. Lunt, Deepak Chandan, Alan M. Haywood, George M. Lunt, Jonathan C. Rougier, Ulrich Salzmann, Gavin A. Schmidt, and Paul J. Valdes
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4307–4317, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4307-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4307-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Often in science we carry out experiments with computers in which several factors are explored, for example, in the field of climate science, how the factors of greenhouse gases, ice, and vegetation affect temperature. We can explore the relative importance of these factors by
swapping in and outdifferent values of these factors, and can also carry out experiments with many different combinations of these factors. This paper discusses how best to analyse the results from such experiments.
Masa Kageyama, Sandy P. Harrison, Marie-L. Kapsch, Marcus Lofverstrom, Juan M. Lora, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Tristan Vadsaria, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Nathaelle Bouttes, Deepak Chandan, Lauren J. Gregoire, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Kenji Izumi, Allegra N. LeGrande, Fanny Lhardy, Gerrit Lohmann, Polina A. Morozova, Rumi Ohgaito, André Paul, W. Richard Peltier, Christopher J. Poulsen, Aurélien Quiquet, Didier M. Roche, Xiaoxu Shi, Jessica E. Tierney, Paul J. Valdes, Evgeny Volodin, and Jiang Zhu
Clim. Past, 17, 1065–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~21 000 years ago) is a major focus for evaluating how well climate models simulate climate changes as large as those expected in the future. Here, we compare the latest climate model (CMIP6-PMIP4) to the previous one (CMIP5-PMIP3) and to reconstructions. Large-scale climate features (e.g. land–sea contrast, polar amplification) are well captured by all models, while regional changes (e.g. winter extratropical cooling, precipitations) are still poorly represented.
Zhongshi Zhang, Xiangyu Li, Chuncheng Guo, Odd Helge Otterå, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Ning Tan, Camille Contoux, Gilles Ramstein, Ran Feng, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther Brady, Deepak Chandan, W. Richard Peltier, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Julia E. Weiffenbach, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Qiong Zhang, Qiang Li, Mark A. Chandler, Linda E. Sohl, Alan M. Haywood, Stephen J. Hunter, Julia C. Tindall, Charles Williams, Daniel J. Lunt, Wing-Le Chan, and Ayako Abe-Ouchi
Clim. Past, 17, 529–543, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-529-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-529-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is an important topic in the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project. Previous studies have suggested a much stronger AMOC during the Pliocene than today. However, our current multi-model intercomparison shows large model spreads and model–data discrepancies, which can not support the previous hypothesis. Our study shows good consistency with future projections of the AMOC.
Wesley de Nooijer, Qiong Zhang, Qiang Li, Qiang Zhang, Xiangyu Li, Zhongshi Zhang, Chuncheng Guo, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Stephen J. Hunter, Harry J. Dowsett, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Ran Feng, Linda E. Sohl, Mark A. Chandler, Ning Tan, Camille Contoux, Gilles Ramstein, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Deepak Chandan, W. Richard Peltier, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Wing-Le Chan, Youichi Kamae, and Chris M. Brierley
Clim. Past, 16, 2325–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2325-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2325-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The simulations for the past climate can inform us about the performance of climate models in different climate scenarios. Here, we analyse Arctic warming in an ensemble of 16 simulations of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP), when the CO2 level was comparable to today. The results highlight the importance of slow feedbacks in the model simulations and imply that we must be careful when using simulations of the mPWP as an analogue for future climate change.
Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Harry J. Dowsett, Aisling M. Dolan, Kevin M. Foley, Stephen J. Hunter, Daniel J. Hill, Wing-Le Chan, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Deepak Chandan, W. Richard Peltier, Ning Tan, Camille Contoux, Gilles Ramstein, Xiangyu Li, Zhongshi Zhang, Chuncheng Guo, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Qiong Zhang, Qiang Li, Youichi Kamae, Mark A. Chandler, Linda E. Sohl, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Ran Feng, Esther C. Brady, Anna S. von der Heydt, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, and Daniel J. Lunt
Clim. Past, 16, 2095–2123, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2095-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2095-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The large-scale features of middle Pliocene climate from the 16 models of PlioMIP Phase 2 are presented. The PlioMIP2 ensemble average was ~ 3.2 °C warmer and experienced ~ 7 % more precipitation than the pre-industrial era, although there are large regional variations. PlioMIP2 broadly agrees with a new proxy dataset of Pliocene sea surface temperatures. Combining PlioMIP2 and proxy data suggests that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 would increase globally averaged temperature by 2.6–4.8 °C.
Chris M. Brierley, Anni Zhao, Sandy P. Harrison, Pascale Braconnot, Charles J. R. Williams, David J. R. Thornalley, Xiaoxu Shi, Jean-Yves Peterschmitt, Rumi Ohgaito, Darrell S. Kaufman, Masa Kageyama, Julia C. Hargreaves, Michael P. Erb, Julien Emile-Geay, Roberta D'Agostino, Deepak Chandan, Matthieu Carré, Partrick J. Bartlein, Weipeng Zheng, Zhongshi Zhang, Qiong Zhang, Hu Yang, Evgeny M. Volodin, Robert A. Tomas, Cody Routson, W. Richard Peltier, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Polina A. Morozova, Nicholas P. McKay, Gerrit Lohmann, Allegra N. Legrande, Chuncheng Guo, Jian Cao, Esther Brady, James D. Annan, and Ayako Abe-Ouchi
Clim. Past, 16, 1847–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1847-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1847-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides an initial exploration and comparison to climate reconstructions of the new climate model simulations of the mid-Holocene (6000 years ago). These use state-of-the-art models developed for CMIP6 and apply the same experimental set-up. The models capture several key aspects of the climate, but some persistent issues remain.
Josephine R. Brown, Chris M. Brierley, Soon-Il An, Maria-Vittoria Guarino, Samantha Stevenson, Charles J. R. Williams, Qiong Zhang, Anni Zhao, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Pascale Braconnot, Esther C. Brady, Deepak Chandan, Roberta D'Agostino, Chuncheng Guo, Allegra N. LeGrande, Gerrit Lohmann, Polina A. Morozova, Rumi Ohgaito, Ryouta O'ishi, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, W. Richard Peltier, Xiaoxu Shi, Louise Sime, Evgeny M. Volodin, Zhongshi Zhang, and Weipeng Zheng
Clim. Past, 16, 1777–1805, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1777-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1777-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest source of year-to-year variability in the current climate, but the response of ENSO to past or future changes in climate is uncertain. This study compares the strength and spatial pattern of ENSO in a set of climate model simulations in order to explore how ENSO changes in different climates, including past cold glacial climates and past climates with different seasonal cycles, as well as gradual and abrupt future warming cases.
Cited articles
An, Z., Kutzbach, J., Prell, W., and Porter, S.: Evolution of Asian monsoons
and phased uplift of the Himalaya–Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times,
Nature, 411, 62–66, https://doi.org/10.1038/35075035, 2001.
Barnett, T. P., Adam, J. C., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Potential impacts of a
warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions, Nature,
438, 303–309, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04141, 2005.
Bartlein, P. J., Harrison, S. P., Brewer, S., Connor, S., Davis, B. A. S.,
Gajeweski, K., Guiot, J., Harrison-Prentice, T. I., Henderson, A., Peyron,
O., Prentice, I. C., Scholze, M., Seppä, H., Shuman, B., Sugita, S.,
Thompson, R. S., Viau, A. E., Williams, J., and Wu, H.: Pollen-based
continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis,
Clim. Dynam., 37, 775–802, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0904-1, 2011.
Berger, A.: Long-term variations of daily insolation and quater-nary climatic changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2362–2367,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
Cai, M., Yang, S., Zhao, C., Zhou, Q., and Hou, L.: Insight into runoff
characteristics using hydrological modeling in the data-scarce southern
Tibetan Plateau: Past, present, and future, PLoS ONE, 12, e0176813.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176813, 2017.
Chandan, D. and Peltier, W. R.: Regional and global climate for the
mid-Pliocene using the University of Toronto version of CCSM4 and PlioMIP2
boundary conditions, Clim. Past, 13, 919–942,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-919-2017, 2017.
Chandan, D. and Peltier, W. R.: On the mechanisms of warming the mid-Pliocene and the inference of a hierarchy of climate sensitivities with relevance to the understanding of climate futures, Clim. Past, 14, 825–856,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-825-2018, 2018.
Chandan, D. and Peltier, W. R.: African Humid Period precipitation sustained by robust vegetation, soil, and lake feedbacks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088728, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088728, 2020.
Chen, F., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Cao, X., Hou, J., Zhu, L., Xu, X., Liu, X.,
Wang, M., Wu, D., Huang, L., Zeng, T., Zhang, S., Huang, W., Zhang, X., and
Yang, K.: Climate change, vegetation history, and landscape responses on the
Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene: a comprehensive review, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 243, 106444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106444, 2020.
Chen, X., Wu, D., Huang, X., Lv, F., Brenner, M., Jin, H., and Chen, F.: Vegetation response in subtropical southwest China to rapid climate change during the Younger Dryas, Earth-Sci. Rev., 201, 103080, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103080, 2020.
Conroy, J. L., and Overpeck, J. T.: Regionalization of Present-Day Precipitation in the Greater Monsoon Region of Asia, J. Climate, 24, 4073–4095, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4033.1, 2011.
Cuo, L., Zhang, Y., Gao, Y., Hao, Z., and Cairang, L.: The impacts of climate
change and land cover/use transition on the hydrology in the upper Yellow
River Basin, China, J. Hydrol., 502, 37–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.08.003, 2013.
d'Orgeville, M., Peltier, W. R., Erler, A. R., and Gula, J.: Climate change
impacts on Great Lakes Basin precipitation extremes, J. Geophys. Res., 119,
10799–10812, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021855, 2014.
Erler, A. R. and Peltier, W. R.: Projected Changes in Precipitation Extremes
for Western Canada based on High-resolution Regional Climate Simulations, J.
Climate, 29, 8841–8863, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0530.1, 2016.
Gent, P. R., Danabasoglu, G., Donner, L. J., Holland, M. M, Hunke, E. C.,
Jayne, S. R., Lawrence, D. M., Neale, R. B., Rasch, P. J., Vertenstein, M.,
Worley, P. H., Yang, Z.-L., and Zhang, M.: The community climate system
model version 4, J. Climate, 24, 4973–4991, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4083.1, 2011.
Gochis, D. J., and Chen, F.: Hydrological Enhancements to the Community Noah
Land Surface Model: Technical Description; NCAR – Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.5065/D60P0X00, 2003.
Gochis, D. J., Barlage, M., Cabell, R., Casali, M., Dugger, A., FitzGerald, K., McAllister, M., McCreight, J., RafieeiNasab, A., Read, L., Sampson, K., Yates, D., and Zhang, Y.: The WRF-Hydro modeling system technical description, (Version 5.1.1), NCAR Technical Note, NCAR, https://ral.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/public/projects/wrf_hydro/technical-description-user-guide/wrf-hydro-v5.1.1-technical-description.pdf (last access: 24 October 2022), 2020.
GRDC: Report of the Twelfth Meeting of the GRDC Steering Committee, Koblenz,
Germany, 18–19 June 2014, GRDC – Global Runoff Data Centre, Koblenz, Germany, 23 pp., https://doi.org/10.5675/GRDC_Report_46, 2015.
Grell, G. A. and Freitas, S. R.: A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5233–5250, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014, 2014.
Gula, J. and Peltier, W. R.: Dynamical downscaling over the Great Lakes Basin
of North America using the WRF regional climate model: The impact of the Great Lakes system on regional greenhouse warming, J. Climate, 25, 7723–7742, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00388.1, 2012.
Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P., and Lister, D.: Version 4 of the CRU TS
monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset, Sci. Data, 7,
109, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0453-3, 2020.
Hély, C., Lézine, A.-M., and contributors, A.: Holocene changes in African vegetation: tradeoff between climate and water availability, Clim. Past, 10, 681–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-681-2014, 2014.
Herzschuh, U.: Palaeo-moisture evolution in monsoonal Central Asia during
the last 50.000 years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 163–178,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.006, 2006.
Herzschuh, U., Cao, X., Laepple, T., Dallmeyer, A., Telford, R. J., Ni, J.,
Chen, F., Kong, Z., Liu, G., Liu, K., Liu, X., Stebich, M., Tang, L., Tian,
F., Wang, Y., Wischnewski, J., Xu, Q., Yan, S., Yang, Z., Yu, G., Zhang, Y.,
Zhao, Y., and Zheng, Z.: Position and orientation of the westerly jet
determined Holocene rainfall patterns in China, Nat. Commun., 10, 2376,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09866-8, 2019.
Huang, Y., Cai, J., Yin, H., and Cai, M.: Correlation of precipitation to
temperature variation in the Huanghe River (Yellow River) basin during
1957–2006, J. Hydrol., 372, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.029, 2009.
Huo, Y. and Peltier, W. R.: Dynamically Downscaled Climate Simulations of
the Indian Monsoon in the Instrumental Era: Physics Parameterization Impacts
and Precipitation Extremes, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 58, 831–852,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D18-0226.1, 2019.
Huo, Y. and Peltier, W. R.: Dynamically Downscaled Climate Change Projections for the South Asian Monsoon: Mean and Extreme Precipitation Changes and Physics Parameterization Impacts, J. Climate, 33, 2311–2331,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0268.1, 2020.
Huo, Y. and Peltier, W. R.: The Southeast Asian Monsoon: Dynamically Downscaled Climate Change Projections and High Resolution Regional Ocean Modelling on the Effects of the Tibetan Plateau, Clim. Dynam., 56, 2597–2616, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05604-9, 2021.
Huo, Y., Peltier, W. R., and Chandan, D.: Mid-Holocene monsoons in South and
Southeast Asia: dynamically downscaled simulations and the influence of the
Green Sahara, Clim. Past, 17, 1645–1664, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1645-2021, 2021.
Immerzeel, W. W., Lutz, A. F., Andrade, M., Bahl, A., Biemans, H., Bolch, T., Hyde, S., Brumby, S., Davies, B. J., Elmore, A. C., Emmer, A., Feng, M.,
Fernández, A., Haritashya, U., Kargel, J. S., Koppes, M., Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., Kulkarni, A. V., Mayewski, P. A., Nepal, S., Pacheco, P., Painter,
T. H., Pellicciotti, Francesca, Rajaram, H., Rupper, S., Sinisalo, A.,
Shrestha, A. B., Viviroli, D., Wada, Y., Xiao, C., Yao, T., and Baillie, J. E. M.: Importance and vulnerability of the world's water towers, Nature, 577, 364–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y, 2020.
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, ISBN 978-1-107-66182-0, 2013.
Janjic, Z. I.: The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 927–945, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:TSMECM>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Kain, J. S.: The Kain–Fritsch convective parameterization: An update, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 170–181, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Kaser, G., Grosshauser, M., and Marzeion, B.: Contribution potential of glaciers to water availability in different climate regimes, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 20223–20227, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008162107, 2010.
Kehrwald, N. M., Thompson, L. G., Tandong, Y., Mosley-Thompson, E., Schotterer, U., Alfimov, V., Beer, J., Eikenberg, J., and Davis, M. E.: Mass
loss on Himalayan glacier endangers water resources, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L22503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035556, 2008.
Kerandi, N., Arnault, J., Laux, P., Wagner, S., Kitheka, J., and Kunstmann,
H.: Joint atmospheric-terrestrial water balances for East Africa: A WRF-Hydro case study for the upper Tana River basin, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 131, 1337–1355, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2050-8, 2018.
Krysanova, V., Vetter, T., Eisner, S., Huang, S., Pechlivanidis, I., Strauch, M., Gelfan, A., Kumar, R., Aich, V., Arheimer, B., Chamorro, A., van Griensven, A., Kundu, D., Lobanova, A., Mishra, V., Plötner, S.,
Reinhardt, J., Seidou, O., Wang, X., Wortmann, M., Zeng, X., and Hattermann,
F. F.: Intercomparison of regional-scale hydrological models and climate
change impacts projected for 12 large river basins worldwide – A synthesis,
Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 105002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8359, 2017.
Kutzbach, J. E., Prell, W. L., and Ruddiman, W. F.: Sensitivity of Eurasian
climate to surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geol., 101, 177–190,
1993.
Lehnert, L., Wesche, K., Trachte, K., Reudenbach, C., and Bendix, J.: Climate variability rather than overstocking causes recent large scale cover changes of Tibetan pastures, Sci. Rep., 6, 24367, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24367, 2016.
Li, Q., Wu, H., Yu, Y., Sun, A., and Luo, Y.: Large-scale vegetation history
in China and its response to climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum,
Quatern. Int., 500, 108–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.016, 2019.
Lu, H., Wu, N., Liu, K., Zhu, L., Yang, X., Yao, T., Wang, L., Li, Q., Liu,
X., Shen, C., Li, X., Tong, G., and Jiang, H.: Modern pollen distributions
in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the development of transfer functions for
reconstructing Holocene environmental changes, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30,
947–966, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.008, 2011.
Ma, Q., Zhu, L., Lü, X., Guo, Y., Ju, J., Wang, J., Wang, Y., and Tang,
L.: Pollen-inferred Holocene vegetation and climate histories in Taro Co,
southwestern Tibetan Plateau, Chin. Sci. Bull, 59, 4101–4114,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0505-1, 2014.
Maher, B. A.: Holocene variability of the East Asian summer monsoon from
Chinese cave records: a re-assessment, Holocene, 18, 861–866,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683608095569, 2008.
Molnar, P., Boos, W. R., and Battisti, D. S.: Orographic controls on climate
and paleoclimate of asia: thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan Plateau, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 38, 77–102,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152456, 2010.
Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Braconnot, P., Harrison, S. P., Lunt, D. J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Albani, S., Bartlein, P. J., Capron, E., Carlson, A. E., Dutton, A., Fischer, H., Goelzer, H., Govin, A., Haywood, A., Joos, F., LeGrande, A. N., Lipscomb, W. H., Lohmann, G., Mahowald, N., Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Pausata, F. S. R., Peterschmitt, J.-Y., Phipps, S. J., Renssen, H., and Zhang, Q.: The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 2: Two interglacials, scientific objective and experimental design for Holocene and Last Interglacial simulations, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3979–4003, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3979-2017, 2017.
Pausata, F., Zhang, Q., Muschitiello, F., Lu, Z., Chafik, L., Niedermeyer, E. M., Stager J. C., Cobb, K. M., and Liu, Z.: Greening of the Sahara suppressed ENSO activity during the mid-Holocene, Nat. Commun., 8, 16020,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16020, 2017.
Pausata, F. S. R., Messori, G., and Zhang, Q.: Impacts of dust reduction on
the Northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara
period, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 434, 298–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049, 2016.
Pausata, F. S. R., Gaetani, M., Messori, G., Berg, A., Maia de Souza, D., Sage, R. F., and deMenocal, P. B.: The Greening of the Sahara: Past Changes
and Future Implications, One Earth, 2, 235–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.03.002, 2020.
Peltier, W. R. and Vettoretti, G.: Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations predicted in a comprehensive model of glacial climate: A “kicked” salt oscillator in the Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7306–7313, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061413, 2014.
Peltier, W. R., d'Orgeville, M., Erler, A. R., and Xie, F.: Uncertainty in
Future Summer Precipitation in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin: Dynamical
Downscaling and the Influence of Continental Scale Processes on Regional
Climate Change, J. Climate, 31, 2651–2673, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0416.1, 2018.
Scussolini, P., Eilander, D., Sutanudjaja, E. H., Ikeuchi, H., Hoch, J. M.,
Ward, P. J., Bakker, P., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Guo, C., Stepanek, C., Zhang,
Q., Braconnot, P., Guarino, M.-V., Muis, S., Yamazaki, D., Veldkamp, T. I.
E., and Aerts, J. C. J. H.: Global river discharge and floods in the warmer
climate of the Last Interglacial, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089375,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089375, 2020.
Senatore, A., Mendicino, G., Gochis, D. J., Yu, W., Yates, D. N., and
Kunstmann, H.: Fully coupled atmosphere-hydrology simulations for the central Mediterranean: Impact of enhanced hydrological parameterization for short and long time scales, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.,7, 1693–1715, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000510, 2015.
Shi, P. J. and Song, C. Q.: Palynological records of environmental changes in the middle part of Inner Mongolia, China, Chin. Sci. Bull., 48, 1433–1438, https://doi.org/10.1360/02wd0259, 2003.
Shi, Y. F., Kong, Z. Z., Wang, S. M., Tang, L. Y., Wang, F. B., Yao, T. D.,
Zhao, X. T., Zhang, P. Y., and Shi, S. H.: Mid-Holocene climates and environments in China, Global Planet. Change, 7, 219–233,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(93)90052-P, 1993.
Skinner, C. B. and Poulsen, C. J.: The role of fall season tropical plumes
in enhancing Saharan rainfall during the African Humid Period, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 349–358, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066318, 2016.
Somos-Valenzuela, M. A. and Palmer, R. N.: Use of WRF-Hydro over the Northeast of the US to Estimate Water Budget Tendencies in Small Watersheds,
Water, 10, 1709, https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121709, 2018.
Sun, Q. L., Zhou, J., Shen, J., Chen, P., Wu, F., and Xie, X. P.: Environmental characteristics of Mid-Holocene recorded by lacustrine
sediments from Lake Daihai, north environment sensitive zone, China, Sci.
China Ser. D, 49, 968–981, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0968-2, 2006.
Sun, W., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., Pausata, F. S. R., Chen, D., Lu, G., Yan, M.,
Ning, L., and Liu, J.: Northern Hemisphere Land Monsoon Precipitation Increased by the Green Sahara During Middle Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
46, 9870–9879, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082116, 2019.
Swann, A. L. S., Fung, I. Y., Liu, Y., and Chiang, J. C. H.: Remote Vegetation Feedbacks and the Mid-Holocene Green Sahara, J. Climate, 27,
4857–4870, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00690.1, 2014.
Tarasov, P. E., Webb III, T., Andreev, A. A., Afanas'eva, N. B., Berezina, N. A., Bezusko, L. G., Blyakharchuk, T. A., Bolikhovskaya, N. S., Cheddadi, R., Chernavskaya, M. M., Chernova, G. M., Dorofeyuk, N. I., Dirksen, V. G., Elina, G. A., Filimonova, L. V., Glebov, F. Z., Guiot, J., Gunova, V. S.,
Harrison, S. P., Jolly, D., Khomutova, V. I., Kvavadze, E. V., Osipova, I. M., Panova, N. K., Prentice, I. C., Saarse, L., Sevastyanov, D. V., Volkova,
V. S., and Zernitskaya, V. P.: Presentday and mid-Holocene biomes reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data from the former Soviet
Union and Mongolia, J. Biogeogr., 25, 1029–1053, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.00236.x, 1998.
Tewari, M., Chen, F., Wang, W., Dudhia, J., LeMone, M. A., Mitchell, K., Ek, M., Gayno, G., Wegiel, J., and Cuenca, R. H.: Implementation and verification of the unified Noah land surface model in the WRF model, in: 20th Conf. on Weather Analysis and Forecasting/16th Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Seattle, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., https://ams.confex.com/ams/84Annual/techprogram/paper_69061.htm (last access: 25 October 2022), 2004.
Tiedtke, M.: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1779–1800, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1779:ACMFSF>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
Trambauer, P., Werner, M., Winsemius, H. C., Maskey, S., Dutra, E., and
Uhlenbrook, S.: Hydrological drought forecasting and skill assessment for
the Limpopo River basin, southern Africa, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19,
1695–1711, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1695-2015, 2015.
Wang, M., Hou, J., Duan, Y., Chen, J., Li, X., He, Y., Lee, S., and Chen, F.:
Internal feedbacks forced Middle Holocene cooling on the Qinghai-Tibetan
Plateau, Boreas, 50, 1116–1130, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12531, 2021.
Wanner, H., Beer, J., Bütikofer, J., Crowley, J. T., Cubasch, U., Flückiger, J., Goosse, H., Grosjean, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J. O.,
Küttel, M., Müllerg, S. A., Prentice, I. C., Solomina, O., Stocker,
T. F., Tarasov, P., Wagner, M., and Widmann, M.: Mid- to Late-Holocene
climate change: An overview, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 1791–1828,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.013, 2008.
Yang, K., Wu, H., Qin, J., Lin, C., Tang, W., and Chen, Y.: Recent climate
changes over the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on energy and water cycle: A review, Global Planet. Change, 112, 79–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.001, 2014.
Yao, T., and Yao, Z.: Impacts of glacier retreat on runoff on Tibetan Plateau, Chin. J. Nat., 32, 4–8, 2010.
Yao, T., Wang, Y., Liu, S., Pu, J., Shen, Y., and Lu, A.: Recent glacial
retreat in High Asia in China and its impact on water resource in Northwest
China, Sci. China Ser. D, 47, 1065–1075, https://doi.org/10.1360/03yd0256, 2004.
Yao, T., Thompson, L., Wei, Y., Yu, W., Yang, G., Guo, X., Yang, X., Duan, K., Zhao, H., and Xu, B.: Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings, Nat. Clim. Change, 2,
663–667, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1580, 2012.
Yao, T., Xue, Y., Chen, D., Chen, F., Thompson, L., Cui, P., Koike, T., Lau,
W. K.-M., Lettenmaier, D., and Mosbrugger, V.: Recent Third Pole's Rapid
Warming Accompanies Cryospheric Melt and Water Cycle Intensification and
Interactions between Monsoon and Environment: Multidisciplinary Approach with Observations, Modeling, and Analysis, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 423–444, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0057.1, 2019.
Yatagai, A., Kamiguchi, K., Arakawa, O., Hamada, A., Yasutomi, N., and Kitoh
A.: APHRODITE: Constructing a Long-term Daily Gridded Precipitation Dataset
for Asia based on a Dense Network of Rain Gauges, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 1401–1415, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00122.1, 2012.
Zhang, C., Zhao, C., Yu, S. Y., Yang, X., Cheng, J., Zhang, X., Xue, B., Shen, J., and Chen, F.: Seasonal imprint of Holocene temperature reconstruction on the Tibetan Plateau, Earth-Sci. Rev., 226, 103927, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103927, 2022.
Zhang, W., Ming, Q., Shi, Z., Chen, G., Niu, J., Lei, G., Chang, F., and
Zhang, H.: Lake Sediment Records on Climate Change and Human Activities in
the Xingyun Lake Catchment, SW China, PLoS One, 9, e102167,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102167, 2014.
Zheng, W., Wu, B., He, J., and Yu, Y.: The East Asian Summer Monsoon at
mid-Holocene: results from PMIP3 simulations, Clim. Past, 9, 453–466,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-453-2013, 2013.
Zhou, C. Y., Zhao, P., and Chen, J. M.: The interdecadal change of summer
water vapor over the Tibetan Plateau and associated mechanisms, J. Climate,
32, 4103–4119, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0364.1, 2019.
Short summary
Understanding the hydrological changes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the mid-Holocene (MH; a period with warmer summers than today) will help us understand expected future changes. This study analyses the hydroclimates over the headwater regions of three major rivers originating on the TP using dynamically downscaled climate simulations. Model–data comparisons show that the dynamic downscaling significantly improves both the present-day and MH regional climate simulations of the TP.
Understanding the hydrological changes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the mid-Holocene (MH;...
