Articles | Volume 16, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1027-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1027-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
12 Jun 2020
Review article |
| 12 Jun 2020
| 12 Jun 2020
A survey of the impact of summer droughts in southern and eastern England, 1200–1700
Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences,
University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of
Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Related authors
Chantal Camenisch, Kathrin M. Keller, Melanie Salvisberg, Benjamin Amann, Martin Bauch, Sandro Blumer, Rudolf Brázdil, Stefan Brönnimann, Ulf Büntgen, Bruce M. S. Campbell, Laura Fernández-Donado, Dominik Fleitmann, Rüdiger Glaser, Fidel González-Rouco, Martin Grosjean, Richard C. Hoffmann, Heli Huhtamaa, Fortunat Joos, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Flavio Lehner, Jürg Luterbacher, Nicolas Maughan, Raphael Neukom, Theresa Novy, Kathleen Pribyl, Christoph C. Raible, Dirk Riemann, Maximilian Schuh, Philip Slavin, Johannes P. Werner, and Oliver Wetter
Clim. Past, 12, 2107–2126, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Throughout the last millennium, several cold periods occurred which affected humanity. Here, we investigate an exceptionally cold decade during the 15th century. The cold conditions challenged the food production and led to increasing food prices and a famine in parts of Europe. In contrast to periods such as the “Year Without Summer” after the eruption of Tambora, these extreme climatic conditions seem to have occurred by chance and in relation to the internal variability of the climate system.
Chantal Camenisch, Kathrin M. Keller, Melanie Salvisberg, Benjamin Amann, Martin Bauch, Sandro Blumer, Rudolf Brázdil, Stefan Brönnimann, Ulf Büntgen, Bruce M. S. Campbell, Laura Fernández-Donado, Dominik Fleitmann, Rüdiger Glaser, Fidel González-Rouco, Martin Grosjean, Richard C. Hoffmann, Heli Huhtamaa, Fortunat Joos, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Flavio Lehner, Jürg Luterbacher, Nicolas Maughan, Raphael Neukom, Theresa Novy, Kathleen Pribyl, Christoph C. Raible, Dirk Riemann, Maximilian Schuh, Philip Slavin, Johannes P. Werner, and Oliver Wetter
Clim. Past, 12, 2107–2126, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Throughout the last millennium, several cold periods occurred which affected humanity. Here, we investigate an exceptionally cold decade during the 15th century. The cold conditions challenged the food production and led to increasing food prices and a famine in parts of Europe. In contrast to periods such as the “Year Without Summer” after the eruption of Tambora, these extreme climatic conditions seem to have occurred by chance and in relation to the internal variability of the climate system.
Related subject area
Subject: Proxy Use-Development-Validation | Archive: Historical Records | Timescale: Centennial-Decadal
Multiproxy tree ring reconstruction of glacier mass balance: insights from Pinus cembra trees growing near Silvretta Glacier (Swiss Alps)
Effects of weather and climate on fluctuations of grain prices in southwestern Bohemia, 1725–1824 CE
The Spatial-Temporal Evolution of the Chongzhen Drought (1627–1644) in China and its Impact on Famine
Climate and disease in historical urban space: evidence from 19th century Poznań, Poland
Climatic signatures in early modern European grain harvest yields
Pre-industrial temperature variability on the Swiss Plateau derived from the instrumental daily series of Bern and Zurich
Is it possible to estimate aerosol optical depth from historic colour paintings?
Meteorological and climatological triggers of notable past and present bark beetle outbreaks in the Czech Republic
Quantifying and reducing researcher subjectivity in the generation of climate indices from documentary sources
Documentary-based climate reconstructions in the Czech Lands 1501–2020 CE and their European context
Controlling water infrastructure and codifying water knowledge: institutional responses to severe drought in Barcelona (1620–1650)
Reassessing long-term drought risk and societal impacts in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, north-east China (1200–2015)
Climate records in ancient Chinese diaries and their application in historical climate reconstruction – a case study of Yunshan Diary
Reconstructions of droughts in Germany since 1500 – combining hermeneutic information and instrumental records in historical and modern perspectives
A 424-year tree-ring-based Palmer Drought Severity Index reconstruction of Cedrus deodara D. Don from the Hindu Kush range of Pakistan: linkages to ocean oscillations
Droughts in the area of Poland in recent centuries in the light of multi-proxy data
Rogation ceremonies: a key to understanding past drought variability in northeastern Spain since 1650
The longest homogeneous series of grape harvest dates, Beaune 1354–2018, and its significance for the understanding of past and present climate
The weather behind words – new methodologies for integrated hydrometeorological reconstruction through documentary sources
Extreme droughts and human responses to them: the Czech Lands in the pre-instrumental period
Documentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art
A 414-year tree-ring-based April–July minimum temperature reconstruction and its implications for the extreme climate events, northeast China
Streamflow variability over the 1881–2011 period in northern Québec: comparison of hydrological reconstructions based on tree rings and geopotential height field reanalysis
Temperature changes derived from phenological and natural evidence in South Central China from 1850 to 2008
Droughts in the Czech Lands, 1090–2012 AD
Temperature changes over the past 2000 yr in China and comparison with the Northern Hemisphere
Multi-periodic climate dynamics: spectral analysis of long-term instrumental and proxy temperature records
An open-access database of grape harvest dates for climate research: data description and quality assessment
Winter temperature variations over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River since 1736 AD
Assessing extreme droughts in Spain during 1750–1850 from rogation ceremonies
Continental atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Little Ice Age inferred from grape harvest dates
Hydrometeorological extremes derived from taxation records for south-eastern Moravia, Czech Republic, 1751–1900 AD
A shift in the spatial pattern of Iberian droughts during the 17th century
Jérôme Lopez-Saez, Christophe Corona, Lenka Slamova, Matthias Huss, Valérie Daux, Kurt Nicolussi, and Markus Stoffel
Clim. Past, 20, 1251–1267, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1251-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1251-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the European Alps have been retreating since the 1850s. Monitoring glacier mass balance is vital for understanding global changes, but only a few glaciers have long-term data. This study aims to reconstruct the mass balance of the Silvretta Glacier in the Swiss Alps using stable isotopes and tree ring proxies. Results indicate increased glacier mass until the 19th century, followed by a sharp decline after the Little Ice Age with accelerated losses due to anthropogenic warming.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Petr Dobrovolný
Clim. Past, 20, 1017–1037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed series of wheat, rye, barley, and oats prices from Sušice (southwestern Bohemia) for the period 1725–1824 CE is used to demonstrate effects of weather, climate, socio-economic, and societal factors on their fluctuations, with particular attention paid to years with extremely high prices. Cold spring temperatures and wet conditions from winter to summer were reflected in very high grain prices.
Siying Chen, Yun Su, Xudong Chen, and Liang Emlyn Yang
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-11, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-11, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for CP
Short summary
Short summary
This study used 1,802 drought and 1,977 famine records from historical documents to reconstruct the spatial-temporal progression of the Chongzhen Drought (1627–1644) in China and its impact on famine. The advances: reconstructing the annual spatial patterns and regional series of drought; demonstrating drought as the primary factor triggering famine, contributing 2/3; finding a continuity of 2–3 years in drought’s impacts on famine; identifying the transmission pathway of the drought's impacts.
Grażyna Liczbińska, Jörg Peter Vögele, and Marek Brabec
Clim. Past, 20, 137–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-137-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-137-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the relationship between temperature and precipitation as explanatory variables for the probability of death due to waterborne and airborne diseases in historical urban space. The lagged effects of temperature and precipitation on waterborne and airborne diseases were significant, except for the smooth lagged average monthly temperature effect for the latter. There was also significant spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence of deaths due to waterborne and airborne diseases.
Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Bo Christiansen, Jan Esper, Heli Huhtamaa, Lotta Leijonhufvud, Christian Pfister, Andrea Seim, Martin Karl Skoglund, and Peter Thejll
Clim. Past, 19, 2463–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2463-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2463-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the climate signal in long harvest series from across Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. The climate–harvest yield relationship is found to be relatively weak but regionally consistent and similar in strength and sign to modern climate–harvest yield relationships. The strongest climate–harvest yield patterns are a significant summer soil moisture signal in Sweden, a winter temperature and precipitation signal in Switzerland, and spring temperature signals in Spain.
Yuri Brugnara, Chantal Hari, Lucas Pfister, Veronika Valler, and Stefan Brönnimann
Clim. Past, 18, 2357–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2357-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2357-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We digitized dozens of weather journals containing temperature measurements from in and around Bern and Zurich. They cover over a century before the creation of a national weather service in Switzerland. With these data we could create daily temperature series for the two cities that span the last 265 years. We found that the pre-industrial climate on the Swiss Plateau was colder than suggested by previously available instrumental data sets and about 2.5 °C colder than the present-day climate.
Christian von Savigny, Anna Lange, Anne Hemkendreis, Christoph G. Hoffmann, and Alexei Rozanov
Clim. Past, 18, 2345–2356, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2345-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2345-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the possibility of inferring information on aerosol optical depth from photographs of historic paintings. The idea – which has been applied in previous studies – is very interesting because it would provide an archive of the atmospheric aerosol loading covering many centuries. We show that twilight colours depend not only on the aerosol optical thickness, but also on several other parameters, making a quantitative estimate of aerosol optical depth very difficult.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Zahradník, Péter Szabó, Kateřina Chromá, Petr Dobrovolný, Lukáš Dolák, Miroslav Trnka, Jan Řehoř, and Silvie Suchánková
Clim. Past, 18, 2155–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Bark beetle outbreaks are important disturbances to Norway spruce forests. Their meteorological and climatological triggers are analysed for the main oubreaks over the territory of the Czech Republic based on newly created series of such outbreaks, covering the 1781–2021 CE period. The paper demonstrates the shift from windstorms as the main meteorological triggers of past outbreaks to effects of high temperatures and droughts together with windstorms in past decades.
George C. D. Adamson, David J. Nash, and Stefan W. Grab
Clim. Past, 18, 1071–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1071-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1071-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Descriptions of climate held in archives are a valuable source of past climate variability, but there is a large potential for error in assigning quantitative indices (e.g. −2, v. dry to +2, v. wet) to descriptive data. This is the first study to examine this uncertainty. We gave the same dataset to 71 postgraduate students and 6 professional scientists, findings that error can be minimized by taking an average of indices developed by eight postgraduates and only two professional climatologists.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Jiří Mikšovský, Petr Pišoft, Miroslav Trnka, Martin Možný, and Jan Balek
Clim. Past, 18, 935–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with 520-year series (1501–2020 CE) of temperature, precipitation, and four drought indices reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations for the Czech Lands. Basic features of their fluctuations, long-term trends, and periodicities as well as attribution to changes in external forcings and climate variability modes are analysed. Representativeness of Czech reconstructions at European scale is evaluated. The paper shows extreme character of past decades.
Santiago Gorostiza, Maria Antònia Martí Escayol, and Mariano Barriendos
Clim. Past, 17, 913–927, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-913-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-913-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
How did cities respond to drought during the 17th century? This article studies the strategies followed by the city government of Barcelona during the severely dry period from 1620 to 1650. Beyond the efforts to expand urban water supply sources and to improve the maintenance of the system, the city government decided to compile knowledge about water infrastructure into a book and to restrict access to it. This management strategy aimed to increase the city's control over water.
LingYun Tang, Neil Macdonald, Heather Sangster, Richard Chiverrell, and Rachel Gaulton
Clim. Past, 16, 1917–1935, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1917-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1917-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A historical drought series (since 1200 CE) for Shenyang, NE China, shows 20th century droughts comparable in magnitude to recent severe droughts. Drought resilience driven by early 20th century societal/cultural changes reduced loss of life compared with the 1887 and 1891 droughts. A longer temporal analysis from integrated precipitation and historical records shows an earlier onset to droughts. Regional standardised precipitation indices could provide early warnings for drought development.
Siying Chen, Yun Su, Xiuqi Fang, and Jia He
Clim. Past, 16, 1873–1887, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1873-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1873-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Private diaries are important sources of historical data for research on climate change. Through a case study of Yunshan Diary, authored by Bi Guo of the Yuan dynasty of China, this article demonstrates how to delve into climate information in ancient diaries, mainly including species distribution records, phenological records and daily weather descriptions. This article considers how to use these records to reconstruct climate change and extreme climatic events on various timescales.
Rüdiger Glaser and Michael Kahle
Clim. Past, 16, 1207–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1207-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1207-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A new study on droughts in Germany since 1500 reveals the long-term trend of single extreme events, as well as drier periods. Extreme droughts appeared in 1540, 1590, 1615, 1706, 1834, 1893, 1921, 1949 and 2018. Like today, droughts had manifold impacts such as harvest failures, water deficits, low water levels and forest fires. This had different societal consequences ranging from famine, disease, rising prices, migration and riots leading to subsidies and discussions on climate change.
Sarir Ahmad, Liangjun Zhu, Sumaira Yasmeen, Yuandong Zhang, Zongshan Li, Sami Ullah, Shijie Han, and Xiaochun Wang
Clim. Past, 16, 783–798, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-783-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-783-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides the opportunity to extend climatic records to preindustrial periods in northern Pakistan. The reconstructed March–August PDSIs for the past 424 years, going back to 1593 CE, enable scientists to know how these areas were prone to climatic extremes in the past. The instrumental data are limited in Pakistan; however, the Cedrus deodara tree that preserves physical characteristics of past climatic variabilities can provide insight into the trend of climatic changes.
Rajmund Przybylak, Piotr Oliński, Marcin Koprowski, Janusz Filipiak, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska, Waldemar Chorążyczewski, Radosław Puchałka, and Henryk Paweł Dąbrowski
Clim. Past, 16, 627–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-627-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the main features of droughts in Poland in the period 996–2015 based on proxy data (documentary and dendrochronological) and instrumental measurements of precipitation. More than 100 droughts were found in documentary sources from the mid-15th century to the end of the 18th century with a maximum in the second halves of the 17th and, particularly, the 18th century. The long-term frequency of droughts in Poland has been stable for the last two or three centuries.
Ernesto Tejedor, Martín de Luis, Mariano Barriendos, José María Cuadrat, Jürg Luterbacher, and Miguel Ángel Saz
Clim. Past, 15, 1647–1664, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1647-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1647-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new dataset of historical documents by compiling records (rogation ceremonies) from 13 cities in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula (IP). These records were transformed into quantitative continuous data to develop drought indices (DIs). We regionalized them by creating three DIs (Ebro Valle, Mediterranean, and Mountain), which cover the period from 1650 to 1899 CE. We identified extreme drought years and periods which help to understand climate variability in the IP.
Thomas Labbé, Christian Pfister, Stefan Brönnimann, Daniel Rousseau, Jörg Franke, and Benjamin Bois
Clim. Past, 15, 1485–1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1485-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1485-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present the longest grape harvest date (GHD) record reconstructed to date, i.e. Beaune (France, Burgundy) 1354–2018. Drawing on unedited archive material, the series is validated using the long Paris temperature series that goes back to 1658 and was used to assess April-to-July temperatures from 1354 to 2018. The distribution of extremely early GHD is uneven over the 664-year-long period of the series and mirrors the rapid global warming from 1988 to 2018.
Salvador Gil-Guirado, Juan José Gómez-Navarro, and Juan Pedro Montávez
Clim. Past, 15, 1303–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1303-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1303-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The historical climatology has remarkable research potentialities. However, historical climatology has some methodological limitations. This study presents a new methodology (COST) that allows us to perform climate reconstructions with monthly resolution. The variability of the climatic series obtained are coherent with previous studies. The new proposed method is objective and is not affected by social changes, which allows us to perform studies in regions with different languages and cultures.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Miroslav Trnka, Ladislava Řezníčková, Lukáš Dolák, and Oldřich Kotyza
Clim. Past, 15, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper analyses extreme droughts of the pre-instrumental period (1501–1803) over the territory of the recent Czech Republic. In total, 16 droughts were selected for spring, summer and autumn each and 14 droughts for summer half-year (Apr–Sep). They are characterized by very low values of drought indices, high temperatures, low precipitation and by the influence of high-pressure situations. Selected extreme droughts are described in more detail. Effect of droughts on grain prices are studied.
Rudolf Brázdil, Andrea Kiss, Jürg Luterbacher, David J. Nash, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 14, 1915–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a worldwide state of the art of droughts fluctuations based on documentary data. It gives an overview of achievements related to different kinds of documentary evidence with their examples and an overview of papers presenting long-term drought chronologies over the individual continents, analysis of the most outstanding drought events, the influence of external forcing and large-scale climate drivers, and human impacts and responses. It recommends future research directions.
Shanna Lyu, Zongshan Li, Yuandong Zhang, and Xiaochun Wang
Clim. Past, 12, 1879–1888, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1879-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1879-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a 414-year growing season minimum temperature reconstruction based on Korean pine tree-ring series at Laobai Mountain, northeast China. It developed a more than 400-year climate record in this area for the first time. This reconstruction showed six cold periods, seven warm periods, and natural disaster records of extreme climate events.
Pierre Brigode, François Brissette, Antoine Nicault, Luc Perreault, Anna Kuentz, Thibault Mathevet, and Joël Gailhard
Clim. Past, 12, 1785–1804, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1785-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1785-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we apply a new hydro-climatic reconstruction method on the Caniapiscau Reservoir (Canada), compare the obtained streamflow time series against time series derived from dendrohydrology by other authors on the same catchment, and study the natural streamflow variability over the 1881–2011 period. This new reconstruction is based on a historical reanalysis of global geopotential height fields and aims to produce daily streamflow time series (using a rainfall–runoff model).
J. Zheng, Z. Hua, Y. Liu, and Z. Hao
Clim. Past, 11, 1553–1561, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1553-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1553-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we reconstruct the annual temperature anomalies in South Central China from 1850 to 2008, using phenodates of plants, snowfall days, and five tree-ring width chronologies. It is found that rapid warming has occurred since the 1990s, with an abrupt change around 1997, leading to unprecedented variability in warming; a cold interval dominated the 1860s, 1890s, and 1950s; warm decades occurred around 1850, 1870, and 1960; and the warmest decades were the 1990s–2000s.
R. Brázdil, P. Dobrovolný, M. Trnka, O. Kotyza, L. Řezníčková, H. Valášek, P. Zahradníček, and P. Štěpánek
Clim. Past, 9, 1985–2002, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1985-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1985-2013, 2013
Q. Ge, Z. Hao, J. Zheng, and X. Shao
Clim. Past, 9, 1153–1160, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1153-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1153-2013, 2013
H.-J. Lüdecke, A. Hempelmann, and C. O. Weiss
Clim. Past, 9, 447–452, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-447-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-447-2013, 2013
V. Daux, I. Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri, P. Yiou, I. Chuine, E. Garnier, E. Le Roy Ladurie, O. Mestre, and J. Tardaguila
Clim. Past, 8, 1403–1418, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1403-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1403-2012, 2012
Z.-X. Hao, J.-Y. Zheng, Q.-S. Ge, and W.-C. Wang
Clim. Past, 8, 1023–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1023-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1023-2012, 2012
F. Domínguez-Castro, P. Ribera, R. García-Herrera, J. M. Vaquero, M. Barriendos, J. M. Cuadrat, and J. M. Moreno
Clim. Past, 8, 705–722, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-705-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-705-2012, 2012
P. Yiou, I. García de Cortázar-Atauri, I. Chuine, V. Daux, E. Garnier, N. Viovy, C. van Leeuwen, A. K. Parker, and J.-M. Boursiquot
Clim. Past, 8, 577–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-577-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-577-2012, 2012
R. Brázdil, K. Chromá, H. Valášek, and L. Dolák
Clim. Past, 8, 467–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-467-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-467-2012, 2012
F. Domínguez-Castro, R. García-Herrera, P. Ribera, and M. Barriendos
Clim. Past, 6, 553–563, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-553-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-553-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Albright Knittl, M.: The design for
the initial drainage of the Great Level of the Fens. An historical
whodunit in three parts, Agr. Hist. Rev., 55, 23–50, 2007.
Alexandre, P.: Le climat en Europe au Moyen
Âge, contribution à l'histoire des variations climatiques de 1000 à
1425, Paris, 1987.
Anonymous: Annales monasterii de Waverleia (AD
1–1291), in: Annales monastici, vol. 2, edited by: Luard, H. R.,
Longman, London, 129–411, 1865.
Anonymous: Annales monasterii de Dunstaplia (AD
1–1297), in: Annales monastici vol. 3, edited by: Luard, H. R.,
Longman, London, 3–419, 1866a.
Anonymous: Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici
Quarti, Regum Angliae, in: Chronica monasterii S. Albani. Johannis de
Trokelowe, et Henrici de Blaneforde ... chronica et annales, edited
by: Riley, H. T., Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 28.3,
Longman, London, 155–420, 1866b.
Anonymous: A brief Latin chronicle, in: Three
fifteenth-century chronicles, edited by: Gairdner, J., new ser. 28,
Westminster, 164–185, 1880a.
Anonymous: A short English chronicle, in: Three
fifteenth-century chronicles, edited by: Gairdner, J., new ser. 28,
Westminster, 1–80, 1880b.
Anonymous: Annales Paulini, in: Chronicles of
the reigns of Edward I and Edward II., vol. 1, edited by: Stubbs, W.,
Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 76, Longman, London,
253–370, 1882.
Anonymous: A continuation of the Historia Rerum
Anglicarum, in: Chronicles of the reigns of Stephen, Henry II and
Richard I., vol. 2, edited by: Howlett, R., Rerum Britannicarum Medii
Aevi Scriptores 82, Longman, London, 503–583, 1885.
Anonymous: Hagnaby Chronicle, extracts, in: The
medieval Lindsey Marsh, edited by: Owen, A. E. B., Boydell Press,
Woodbridge, 63–73, 1996.
Appleby, A. B.: Nutrition and disease. The
case of London, 1550–1750, J. Interdiscipl. Hist.,
6, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.2307/202822, 1975.
Appleby, A. B.: Grain prices and subsistence
crises in England and France, 1590–1740, J. Econ. Hist., 39, 865–887, 1979.
Appleby, A. B.: Epidemics and famine in the
Little Ice Age, J. Interdiscipl. Hist., 10, 643–663,
1980.
Aungier, G. J. (Ed.): Croniques de London, depuis l'an 44 Hen. III jusqu'à l'an 17 Edw. III, John Bowyer Nichols and Son, London, 1844.
Bacon, F.: Sylva Sylvarum, or, a natural history
in ten centuries, London and Westminster, 1670.
Beale, P. O.: A history of the post in England
from the Romans to the Stuarts, Routledge, London and New York, 1998.
Blomefield, F.: An essay towards a
topographical history of the county of Norfolk, vol. 3: The history of
the city and county of Norwich, part 1, E. Miller, London, 1806.
Bothe, O., Wagner, S., and Zorita, E.: Inconsistencies between observed, reconstructed, and simulated precipitation indices for England since the year 1650 CE, Clim. Past, 15, 307–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-307-2019, 2019.
Bowden, P. J.: Agricultural prices, wages,
farm profits, and rents, in: The agrarian history of England and
Wales, edited by: Thirsk, J., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1–118, 1985.
Brandon, P. F.: Late-medieval weather in
Sussex and its agricultural significance, Transactions of the
Institute of British Geographers, 54, 1–17, 1971.
Brassley, P., Lambert, A., and Saunders, P. (Eds.): Accounts of the Reverend John Crakanthorp of Fowlmere, 1682–1710, Cambridgeshire Records Society, Cambridge, 1988.
Brázdil, R., Kiss, A., Luterbacher, J., Nash, D. J., and Řezníčková, L.: Documentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art, Clim. Past, 14, 1915–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018, 2018.
Briffa, K. R., van der Schrier, G., and Jones,
P. D.: Wet and dry summers in Europe since 1750. Evidence of
increasing drought, Int. J. Climatol., 29,
1894–1905, 2009.
Brooks, C. E. P. and
Glasspoole, J.: British floods and droughts, Benn, London, 199 pp.,
1928.
Brown, R. (Ed.): Calendar of state papers and
manuscripts relating to English affairs, vol. 6, 1555–1558, Her
Majesty's Stationary Office, London, British History
Online, available at: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol6
(last access: 30 August 2019), 1877.
Buisman, J.: Duizend Jaar Weer, Wind en Water
in de Lage Landen, vol. 3: 1450–1575, Franeker, 1998.
Campbell, B. M. S.: Four famines and a
pestilence. Harvest, price, and wage variations in England, 13th to
19th centuries, in: Agrarhistoria på många sätt, 28 studier om
människan och jorden. Festschrift to Janken Myrdal, edited by: Liljewall, B. and Myrdal, J., Skogs-och lantbrukshistoriska meddelanden, vol. 47, Gävle
2009.
Campbell, B. M. S.: The great transition.
Climate, disease and society in the late-medieval world, Cambridge,
2016.
Carter, E. S.: The effect of drought on British
agriculture, P. Roy. Soc. A, 363, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1978.0154, 1978.
Clark, A. (Ed.): The life and times of Anthony Wood, antiquary, of Oxford, 1632–1695, described by himself, vol. 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1892.
Clark, A. (Ed.): The life and times of Anthony Wood, antiquary, of Oxford, 1632-1695, described by himself, vol. 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1894.
Clyn, J.: Annalium Hiberniae Chronicon ad annum
MCCCXLIX, in: The Annals of Ireland together with the Short Annals of
Irleand and the Annals of Ross, edited by: Butler, R., Irish Archaeological Society, Dublin, 1849.
Cole, G. A. and Marsh, T. J.: The
impact of climate change on severe droughts. Major droughts in England
and Wales from 1800 and evidence of impact, Environment Agency, 2006.
Cook, E. R., Seager, R., Kushnir, Y.,
Briffa, K. R., Büntgen, U., Frank, D., Krusic, P. J., Tegel, W., van
der Schrier, G., Andreu-Hayles, L., Baillie, M., Baittinger, C.,
Bleicher, N., Bonde, N., Brown, D., Carrer, M., Cooper, R., Čufar, K.,
Dittmar, C., Esper, J., Griggs, C., Gunnarson, B., Günther, B.,
Gutierrez, E., Haneca, K., Helama, S., Herzig, F., Heussner, K.-U.,
Hofmann, J., Janda, P., Kontic, R., Köse, N., Kyncl, T., Levanič, T.,
Linderholm, H., Manning, S., Melvin, T. M., Miles, D., Neuwirth, B.,
Nicolussi, K., Nola, P., Panayotov, M., Popa, I., Rothe, A., Seftigen,
K., Seim, A., Svarva, H., Svoboda, M., Thun, T., Timonen, M., Touchan,
R., Trotsiuk, V., Trouet, V., Walder, F., Wazny, T., Wilson, R., and
Zang, C.: Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era,
Sci. Adv., 1, e1500561, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500561, 2015.
Cooper, J. R., Melvin, T. M., Tyers, I.,
Wilson, R. J. S., and Briffa, K. R.: A tree-ring reconstruction of
East Anglian (UK) hydroclimate variability over the last millennium,
Clim. Dynam., 40, 1019–1039, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1328-x, 2012.
Cornes, R. C.: Robert Boyle's weather journal
for the year 1685, Weather, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3531, early view, 2020.
Creighton, C.: A history of epidemics in
Britain. From AD 664 to the extinction of plague, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1891.
de Coggeshall, R.: Chronicon Anglicanum,
in: Radulphi de Coggeshall Chronicum Anglicanum, edited by: Stevenson,
J., Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 66, Longman, London,
1–208, 1875.
Dobson, A. (Ed.): The diary of John Evelyn, MacMillan and Co., London, 1906.
Dobson, M. J.: Contours of death and disease in
early modern England, Cambridge studies in population, economy, and
society in past time: 29, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1997, 1997.
Dooge, J. C. I.: Droughts in Irish history, in:
Irish rivers, edited by: de Buitléar, É., Country House Press, Dublin,
26–28, 1985.
Ellis, H. (Ed.): Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 13, Longman, London, 1859.
Fabyan, R.: The new chronicles of England and
France (The concordance of histories). Reprinted from Pynson's edition
of 1516. The first part collated with the editions of 1533, 1542, and
1559; and the second with a manuscript of the author's own time, as
well as the subsequent editions, London, xxi, 723, 1811.
Gill, H. and Guilford, E. L. (Eds.): The rector's book, Clayworth, Nottinghamshire, Henry B. Saxton, Notthingham, 1910.
Glaser, R.: Klimageschichte Mitteleuropas. 1200
Jahre Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen, 3rd ed., WBG, Darmstadt 2013.
Goring, J. and Wake, J. (Eds.):
Northamptonshire Lieutenancy papers, 1580–1614, Northumberland Press,
Gateshead, 1975.
Grace of Kilkenny, J.: Annales
Hiberniae, edited by: Butler, R., Dublin University Press, Dublin,
1842.
Grafton, R.: Grafton's Chronicle, or, History
of England, to which is added his table of the bailiffs, sheriffs, and
mayors of the city of London, from the year 1189 to 1558, J. Johnson,
F. C. and J. Rivington, T. Payne et al., London, 1809.
Gregory, W.: William Gregory's chronicle of
London, in: The historical collections of a citizen of London in the
fifteenth century, edited by: Gairdner, J., Camden Record Society (Old Series), [London], 1876.
Hall, E.: Hall's Chronicle, containing the
History of England, J. Johnson, London, 1809.
Hallam, H. E.: Settlement and society. A study
of the early agrarian history of south Lincolnshire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1965.
Halliwell, J. O. (Ed.): Warkworth's chronicle of the first thirteen years of the reign of King Edward the Fourth, John Bowyer Nichols and Son, London, 1839.
Hamilton, W. D. (Ed.): A chronicle of England during the reigns of the Tudors by Charles Wriothesley, from A.D. 1485 to 1559, vol. 1., J. B. Nichols and Sons, London, 1875.
Hamilton, W. D. (Ed.): A chronicle of England during the reigns of the Tudors by Charles Wriothesley, from A.D. 1485 to 1559, vol. 2., J. B. Nichols and Sons, London, 1877.
Harris, N. (Ed.): A Chronicle of London, from 1089 to 1483, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, London, 1827.
Haydon, F. S.: Continuatio Eulogii, in:
Eulogium (historiarum sive temporis). Chronicon ab orbe condito usque
ad annum Domini M.CCC.LXVI., a monacho quodam Malmesburiensi exaratum;
accedunt continuationes duæ, quarum una ad annum M.CCCC.XIII., altera
ad annum M.CCCC.XC. perducta est, Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi
scriptores 9, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, London,
1863.
Hector, L. C. and Harvey, B. F. (Eds.): The Westminster Chronicle, 1381–1394, Oxford Medieval Texts, Clarendon, Oxford, 1932.
Hennessy, W. M.: The Annals of Loch Cé. A
chronicle of social affairs, vol. 1., Longman, London, 1871.
Herryson, J.: Abbreviata cronica ab anno 1377
usque ad annum 1469, Publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society
2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1840.
Heywood, J.: The play of the weather (1533),
The Tudor Facsimile Texts, edited by: Farmer, J. S., T. C. & E. C. Jack, London, 1909.
Hinds, A. B. (Ed.): Calendar of state papers and
manuscripts relating to English affairs, vol. 23, 1632–1636, His
Majesty's Stationary Office, London, British History
Online, available at: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol23
(last access: 30 August 2019), 1921.
Hinds, A. B. (Ed.): Calendar of state papers and
manuscripts relating to English affairs, vol. 24, 1636–1639, His
Majesty's Stationary Office, London, British History
Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol24
(last access: 30 August 2019), 1923.
Holinshed, R.: Holinshed's chronicles of
England, Scotland and Ireland, vol. 3, J. Johnson, F. C. and J.
Rivington, T. Payne et al., London, 1808.
Hoskins, W. G.: Harvest fluctuations and
English economic history, 1480–1619, Agr. Hist. Rev., 12,
28–46, 1964.
Hoskins, W. G.: Harvest fluctuations and
English economic history, 1620–1759, Agr. Hist. Rev., 16,
15–31, 1968.
Inwards, R. (Ed.): Weather lore. A collection of proverbs, sayings and rules concerning the weather, Senate, London, 1994.
Jones, E. L. and Baker, T. H.: Seasons and
prices. The role of the weather in English agricultural history, Allen
& Unwin, London, 195 pp., 1964.
Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., and Wigley, T.
M. L.: Riverflow data for the United Kingdom. Reconstructed data back
to 1844 and historical data back to 1556, CRURP, 8, Norwich, 1984.
Jones, P. D., Conway, D., and Briffa, K. R.:
Precipitation variability and drought, in: Climates of the British
Isles – present, past and future, edited by: Hulme, M. and Barrow,
E., Routledge, London and New York, 197–219, 1997.
Kerling, N. J. M.: Commercial relations of Holland and Zeeland with England from the late 13th century to the close of the Middle Ages, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1954.
Kiss, A.: Before and after the great heat and
drought of 1540. Multiannual trends of grape and grain harvest dates
in the Vienna hospital accounts, in: Genius loci. Laszlovszky 60,
edited by: Mérai, D., Budapest, 117–120, 2018.
Langdon, J.: Mills in the medieval economy.
England, 1300–1540, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York,
2004.
Lee, R.: Short-term variation: Vital rates, prices
and weather, in: The population history of England 1541–1871, edited
by: Wrigley, E. A. and Schofield, R. S., Studies in social and
demographic history, London, 1981.
Lowe, E. J.: Natural phenomena and chronology of
the seasons, Bell and Daldy, London, 1870.
Luard, H. R. (Ed.): Matthæi Parisiensis monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, vol. 3, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 57, Longman, London, 1876.
Luard, H. R. (Ed.): Matthæi Parisiensis monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, vol. 4, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 57, Longman, London, 1877.
Luard, H. R. (Ed.): Matthæi Parisiensis monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, vol. 5, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 57, Longman, London, 1880.
Lumby, J. R. (Ed.): Polychronicon Ranulphi
Higden monachi Cestrensis, together with the English translations of
John Trevisa and of an unknown writer of the fifteenth century,
vol.8., Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 41, Longman, London,
1882.
Lumby, J. R. (Ed.): Chronicon Henrici Knighton
vel Cnitthon, monachi Leycestrensis, Longman, London, 1895.
Macfarlane, A. (Ed.): The diary of Ralph Josselin, 1616–1683, Oxford University Press, London, 1976.
Marsh, T., Cole, G., and Wilby, R.: Major
droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006, Weather, 62, 87–93,
https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.67, 2007.
Martin, J.: Long hot summers revisited, Rural Hist. Today, 19, 1–8, 2010.
Marwick, J. D.: Extracts from the records of
the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1528–1557, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and
London, British History Online, available at:
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/edinburgh-burgh-records/1528-57
(last access: 30 August 2019), 1871.
Merle, W.: Tractatus de pronosticacione aeris,
MS Digby 147, fols. 125–138, Bodleian Library, Oxford, 1340.
Morgan, V., Rutledge, E., and Taylor, B. (Eds.): The papers of Nathaniel Bacon of Stiffkey, vol. 5, Norfolk Record Society 74, King's Lynn, 2010.
Munro, J.: Revisions of the Phelps Brown and Hoskins `basket of consumables commodity' price series, 1264–1700, 2008.
Murphy, C., Noone, S., Duffy, C., Broderick,
C., Matthews, T., and Wilby, R. L.: Irish droughts in newspaper
archives. Rediscovering forgotten hazards?, Weather, 72,
151–155, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.2904, 2017.
NOAA: Tree ring data, available at: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data (last access: 1 July 2019), 2020.
Noone, S., Broderick, C., Duffy, C., Matthews,
T., Wilby, R. L., and Murphy, C.: A 250-year drought catalogue for the
island of Ireland, 1765–2015, Int. J. Climatol.,
37, 239–254, 2017.
Ogilvie, A. E. J. and Farmer, G.: Documenting
the medieval climate, in: Climates of the British Isles – present,
past and future, edited by: Hulme, M., and Barrow, E., Routledge,
London and New York, 112–133, 1997.
Overton, M.: Weather and agricultural change
in England, 1660–1739, Agr. Hist., 63, 77–88, 1989.
Pfister, C.: The 'Black Swan' of 1540. Aspects
of a European megadrought, in: Climatic change and cultural transition
in Europe, edited by: Leggewie, K. and Mauelshagen, F., Brill,
Leiden, 156–196, 2018.
Postan, M. M. and Titow, J.: Heriots and
prices on Winchester manors, Econ. Hist. Rev., 11, 392–411, https://doi.org/10.2307/2591462, 1959.
Pribyl, K.: Farming, famine and plague: the
impact of climate in late Medieval England, Springer, Cham,
Switzerland, 2017.
Pribyl, K. and Cornes, R. C.: Droughts in medieval and early modern England, part 1: The evidence, Weather, 75, 168–172, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3599, 2020a.
Pribyl, K. and Cornes, R. C.: Droughts in
medieval and early modern England, part 2: Impacts, Weather, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3529, early view, 2020b.
Pribyl, K., Cornes, R. C., and Pfister, C.:
Reconstructing medieval April–July mean temperatures in East Anglia,
1256–1431, Clim. Change, 113, 393–412, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0327-y,
2012.
Rawcliffe, C.: Urban bodies. Communal health
in late medieval English towns and cities, The Boydell Press,
Woodbridge, xiii, 431 pp., 2013.
Riley, H. T. (Ed.): Chronica monasterii S. Albani. Thomae Walsingham Historia Anglicana, vol. 2, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 28.1, Longman, London, 1864.
Rinne, K. T., Loader, N. J., Switsur, V. R., and
Waterhouse, J. S.: 400-year May–August precipitation reconstruction
for Southern England using oxygen isotopes in tree rings, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 60, 13–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.048, 2013.
Rishanger, W.: Chronica, in: Chronica
monasterii S. Albani. Willelmi Rishanger, quondam monachi S. Albani,
et quorundam anonymorum chronica et annals, vol. 2, edited by: Riley,
H. T., Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 28, Longman, London,
1–230, 1865.
Scholefield, J. (Ed.): The works of James Pilkington, B.D., Lord Bishop of Durham, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1842.
Semenov, M.: Impacts of climate change on
wheat in England and Wales, J. R. Soc. Interface, 6, 343–350,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0285, 2009.
Short, T.: A general chronological history of
the air, weather, seasons, and meteors, etc. in sundry places and
different times; more particularly for the space of 250 years.
Together with some of their most remarkable effects on animal
(especially human) bodies and vegetables, printed for T. Longman and
A. Miller, London, 1749.
Simpson, B.: Climate of the British Isles and
its effects on cultivation, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society
of England, 1st ser., 11, 617–665, 1850.
Spraggs, G., Peaver, L., Jones, P., and Ede, P.:
Re-construction of historic drought in the Anglian Region (UK) over
the period 1798–2010 and the implications for water resources and
drought management, J. Hydrol., 526, 231–252,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.015, 2015.
Stern, D. V.: A Hertfordshire demesne of
Westminster Abbey. Profits, productivity and weather, Studies in
regional and local history, 1, edited by: Goose, N., University of
Hertfordshire Press, Hatfield, 2000.
Stone, D.: The impact of drought in early
fourteenth-century England, Econ. Hist. Rev., 67, 435–462,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.12035, 2014.
Stow, J. and Howes, E.: Annales, or a general
chronicle of England, Richard Meighen, London, 1631.
Strype, J.: Memorials of the most Reverend
Father in God, Thomas Cranmer, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury,
London, 1694.
Symons, G. J.: Historic droughts, British
Rainfall, 23–35, 1887.
Symons, G. J. (Ed.): Merle's MS:
consideraciones temperiei pro 7 annis, 1337–1344, London, 1891.
Tait, J. (Ed.): Chronica Johannis de Reading et Anonymi Cantuariensis, 1346-1367, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1914.
Titow, J.: Evidence of weather in the account
rolls of the Bishopric of Winchester 1209–1350, Econ. Hist.
Rev., 12, 360–407, 1960.
Titow, J.: Le climat à travers les rôles de
comptabilité de l'évêché de Winchester 1350–1450, Annales, Économies,
Sociétés, Civilisations, 25, 312–350, 1970.
Todd, B., Macdonald, N., Chiverrell, R. C., Caminade, C., and Hooke, J. M.: Severity, duration and frequency of drought in SE England from 1697–2011, Clim. Change, 121, 673–687, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0970-6, 2013.
Tomory, L.: The history of the London water
industry, 1580–1820, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2017.
Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., van der Schrier,
G., Jones, P. D., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R., and Sheffield, J.:
Global warming and changes in drought, Nat. Clim. Change, 4,
17–22, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2067, 2014.
Tusser, T.: Five hundred points of good
husbandry ... together with a book of huswifery; a new edition, with
notes, georgical, illustrative, and explanatory, a glossary, and other
improvements, edited by: Mavor, W. F., Lackington, Allen, and Co.,
London, 1812.
van Engelen, A. F. V., Buisman, J., and
Ijnsen, F.: A millennium of weather, winds and water in the Low
Countries, in: History and climate: memories of the future?, edited
by: Jones, P. D., Ogilvie, A. E. J., Davies, T. D., and Briffa, K. R.,
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York et al., 101–124, 2001.
Webster, T. and Shipps, K. (Eds.): The diary of Samuel Rogers, 1634–1638, The Boydell Press, Trowbridge (Wiltshire), 2004.
Wetter, O. and Pfister, C.: An underestimated record breaking event – why summer 1540 was likely warmer than 2003, Clim. Past, 9, 41–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-41-2013, 2013.
Wilson, R., Miles, D., Loader, N. J., Melvin, T., Cunningham, L., Cooper, R., and Briffa, K.: A millennial long March-July precipitation reconstruction for southern-central England, Clim. Dynam., 40/3, 997–1017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1318-z, 2013.
Short summary
Droughts pose a climatic hazard that can have a profound impacts on past societies. Using documentary sources, this paper studies the occurrence and impacts of spring–summer droughts in pre-industrial England from 1200 to 1700. The impacts most relevant to human livelihood, including the agricultural and pastoral sectors of agrarian production, and public health are evaluated.
Droughts pose a climatic hazard that can have a profound impacts on past societies. Using...
