Articles | Volume 19, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-87-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-87-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Jan 2023
Research article |
| 10 Jan 2023
| 10 Jan 2023
Simulations of the Holocene climate in Europe using an interactive downscaling within the iLOVECLIM model (version 1.1)
Frank Arthur
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
Didier M. Roche
Faculty of Science, Cluster Earth and Climate, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Ralph Fyfe
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
Aurélien Quiquet
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Hans Renssen
Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
Related authors
No articles found.
Louise Abot, Aurélien Quiquet, and Claire Waelbroeck
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-51, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-51, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
This modeling study examines how Northern Hemisphere ice sheets interacted with oceans during the last glacial period. Warmer ocean subsurface temperatures increase freshwater release, cooling the Northern Hemisphere and slowing the ocean circulation. Cold freshwater release slows ice discharges, revealing complex feedback at this interface. The study emphasizes the importance of additional modeling studies and observational comparisons to enhance understanding of past climate variability.
Yurui Zhang, Hans Renssen, Heikki Seppä, Zhen Li, and Xingrui Li
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-46, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-46, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for CP
Short summary
Short summary
The upper and lower atmosphere are interacted. The polar regions, with a high-speed and cyclonically rotating winds, provide a window that the upper air flow affects the mid-latitudes' weather which results in intra-seasonal climate variability. To explore their impacts on glacial-interglacial cycles, we analysed climate model results, and found that the stretched upper air flow increases glacial climate variability via more cold air outbreaks, highlighting their connections on multi-timescales.
Aurélien Quiquet and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 20, 1365–1385, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we use the same experimental protocol to simulate the last two glacial terminations with a coupled ice sheet–climate model. Major differences among the two terminations are that the ice sheets retreat earlier and the Atlantic oceanic circulation is more prone to collapse during the penultimate termination. However, for both terminations the pattern of ice retreat is similar, and this retreat is primarily explained by orbital forcing changes and greenhouse gas concentration changes.
Thi-Khanh-Dieu Hoang, Aurélien Quiquet, Christophe Dumas, Andreas Born, and Didier M. Roche
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-556, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-556, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the simulation of surface mass balance (SMB) that influences the advance-retreat of ice sheets, we run a snow model BESSI (BErgen Snow Simulator) with transient climate forcing obtained from an Earth system model iLOVECLIM over Greenland and Antarctica during the Last Interglacial period (130–116 kaBP). Compared to the existing simple SMB scheme of iLOVECLIM, BESSI gives more details about SMB processes with higher physics constraints while maintaining a low computational cost.
Thomas Extier, Thibaut Caley, and Didier M. Roche
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2117–2139, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stable water isotopes are used to infer changes in the hydrological cycle for different time periods in climatic archive and climate models. We present the implementation of the δ2H and δ17O water isotopes in the coupled climate model iLOVECLIM and calculate the d- and 17O-excess. Results of a simulation under preindustrial conditions show that the model correctly reproduces the water isotope distribution in the atmosphere and ocean in comparison to data and other global circulation models.
Victor van Aalderen, Sylvie Charbit, Christophe Dumas, and Aurélien Quiquet
Clim. Past, 20, 187–209, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present idealized numerical experiments to test the main mechanisms that triggered the deglaciation of the past Eurasian ice sheet. Simulations were performed with the GRISLI2.0 ice sheet model. The results indicate that the Eurasian ice sheet was primarily driven by surface melting, due to increased atmospheric temperatures. Basal melting below the ice shelves is only a significant driver if ocean temperatures increase by nearly 10 °C, in contrast with the findings of previous studies.
Hélène Seroussi, Vincent Verjans, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Peter Van Katwyk, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 17, 5197–5217, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mass loss from Antarctica is a key contributor to sea level rise over the 21st century, and the associated uncertainty dominates sea level projections. We highlight here the Antarctic glaciers showing the largest changes and quantify the main sources of uncertainty in their future evolution using an ensemble of ice flow models. We show that on top of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, Totten and Moscow University glaciers show rapid changes and a strong sensitivity to warmer ocean conditions.
Takashi Obase, Laurie Menviel, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Tristan Vadsaria, Ruza Ivanovic, Brooke Snoll, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Paul Valdes, Lauren Gregoire, Marie-Luise Kapsch, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Nathaelle Bouttes, Didier Roche, Fanny Lhardy, Chengfei He, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Zhengyu Liu, and Wing-Le Chan
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2023-86, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2023-86, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyses transient simulations of the last deglaciation performed by six climate models to understand the processes driving southern high latitude temperature changes. We find that atmospheric CO2 changes and AMOC changes are the primary drivers of the major warming and cooling during the middle stage of the deglaciation. The multi-model analysis highlights the model’s sensitivity of CO2, AMOC to meltwater, and the meltwater history on temperature changes in southern high latitudes.
Esmeralda Cruz-Silva, Sandy P. Harrison, I. Colin Prentice, Elena Marinova, Patrick J. Bartlein, Hans Renssen, and Yurui Zhang
Clim. Past, 19, 2093–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examined 71 pollen records (12.3 ka to present) in the eastern Mediterranean, reconstructing climate changes. Over 9000 years, winters gradually warmed due to orbital factors. Summer temperatures peaked at 4.5–5 ka, likely declining because of ice sheets. Moisture increased post-11 kyr, remaining high from 10–6 kyr before a slow decrease. Climate models face challenges in replicating moisture transport.
Gustav Strandberg, Jie Chen, Ralph Fyfe, Erik Kjellström, Johan Lindström, Anneli Poska, Qiong Zhang, and Marie-José Gaillard
Clim. Past, 19, 1507–1530, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1507-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1507-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of land use and land cover change (LULCC) on the climate around 2500 years ago is studied using reconstructions and models. The results suggest that LULCC impacted the climate in parts of Europe. Reconstructed LULCC shows up to 1.5 °C higher temperature in parts of Europe in some seasons. This relatively strong response implies that anthropogenic LULCC that had occurred by the late prehistoric period may have already affected the European climate by 2500 years ago.
Nathaelle Bouttes, Fanny Lhardy, Aurélien Quiquet, Didier Paillard, Hugues Goosse, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 19, 1027–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1027-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1027-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The last deglaciation is a period of large warming from 21 000 to 9000 years ago, concomitant with ice sheet melting. Here, we evaluate the impact of different ice sheet reconstructions and different processes linked to their changes. Changes in bathymetry and coastlines, although not often accounted for, cannot be neglected. Ice sheet melt results in freshwater into the ocean with large effects on ocean circulation, but the timing cannot explain the observed abrupt climate changes.
Paolo Scussolini, Job Dullaart, Sanne Muis, Alessio Rovere, Pepijn Bakker, Dim Coumou, Hans Renssen, Philip J. Ward, and Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts
Clim. Past, 19, 141–157, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct sea level extremes due to storm surges in a past warmer climate. We employ a novel combination of paleoclimate modeling and global ocean hydrodynamic modeling. We find that during the Last Interglacial, about 127 000 years ago, seasonal sea level extremes were indeed significantly different – higher or lower – on long stretches of the global coast. These changes are associated with different patterns of atmospheric storminess linked with meridional shifts in wind bands.
Pepijn Bakker, Hugues Goosse, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 18, 2523–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Natural climate variability plays an important role in the discussion of past and future climate change. Here we study centennial temperature variability and the role of large-scale ocean circulation variability using different climate models, geological reconstructions and temperature observations. Unfortunately, uncertainties in models and geological reconstructions are such that more research is needed before we can describe the characteristics of natural centennial temperature variability.
Huan Li, Hans Renssen, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 18, 2303–2319, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In past warm periods, the Sahara region was covered by vegetation. In this paper we study transitions from this
greenstate to the desert state we find today. For this purpose, we have used a global climate model coupled to a vegetation model to perform transient simulations. We analyzed the model results to assess the effect of vegetation shifts on the abruptness of the transition. We find that the vegetation feedback was more efficient during the last interglacial than during the Holocene.
Esther Githumbi, Ralph Fyfe, Marie-Jose Gaillard, Anna-Kari Trondman, Florence Mazier, Anne-Birgitte Nielsen, Anneli Poska, Shinya Sugita, Jessie Woodbridge, Julien Azuara, Angelica Feurdean, Roxana Grindean, Vincent Lebreton, Laurent Marquer, Nathalie Nebout-Combourieu, Miglė Stančikaitė, Ioan Tanţău, Spassimir Tonkov, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, and LandClimII data contributors
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1581–1619, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1581-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1581-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstruction of past land cover is necessary for the study of past climate–land cover interactions and the evaluation of climate models and land-use scenarios. We used 1128 available pollen records from across Europe covering the last 11 700 years in the REVEALS model to calculate percentage cover and associated standard errors for 31 taxa, 12 plant functional types and 3 land-cover types. REVEALS results are reliant on the quality of the input datasets.
Aurélien Quiquet, Didier M. Roche, Christophe Dumas, Nathaëlle Bouttes, and Fanny Lhardy
Clim. Past, 17, 2179–2199, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2179-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2179-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we discuss results obtained with a set of coupled ice-sheet–climate model experiments for the last 26 kyrs. The model displays a large sensitivity of the oceanic circulation to the amount of the freshwater flux resulting from ice sheet melting. Ice sheet geometry changes alone are not enough to lead to abrupt climate events, and rapid warming at high latitudes is here only reported during abrupt oceanic circulation recoveries that occurred when accounting for freshwater flux.
Fanny Lhardy, Nathaëlle Bouttes, Didier M. Roche, Xavier Crosta, Claire Waelbroeck, and Didier Paillard
Clim. Past, 17, 1139–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1139-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1139-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models struggle to simulate a LGM ocean circulation in agreement with paleotracer data. Using a set of simulations, we test the impact of boundary conditions and other modelling choices. Model–data comparisons of sea-surface temperatures and sea-ice cover support an overall cold Southern Ocean, with implications on the AMOC strength. Changes in implemented boundary conditions are not sufficient to simulate a shallower AMOC; other mechanisms to better represent convection are required.
Masa Kageyama, Sandy P. Harrison, Marie-L. Kapsch, Marcus Lofverstrom, Juan M. Lora, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Tristan Vadsaria, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Nathaelle Bouttes, Deepak Chandan, Lauren J. Gregoire, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Kenji Izumi, Allegra N. LeGrande, Fanny Lhardy, Gerrit Lohmann, Polina A. Morozova, Rumi Ohgaito, André Paul, W. Richard Peltier, Christopher J. Poulsen, Aurélien Quiquet, Didier M. Roche, Xiaoxu Shi, Jessica E. Tierney, Paul J. Valdes, Evgeny Volodin, and Jiang Zhu
Clim. Past, 17, 1065–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~21 000 years ago) is a major focus for evaluating how well climate models simulate climate changes as large as those expected in the future. Here, we compare the latest climate model (CMIP6-PMIP4) to the previous one (CMIP5-PMIP3) and to reconstructions. Large-scale climate features (e.g. land–sea contrast, polar amplification) are well captured by all models, while regional changes (e.g. winter extratropical cooling, precipitations) are still poorly represented.
Peter Aartsma, Johan Asplund, Arvid Odland, Stefanie Reinhardt, and Hans Renssen
Biogeosciences, 18, 1577–1599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the literature, it is generally assumed that alpine lichen heaths keep their direct environment cool due to their relatively high albedo. However, we reveal that the soil temperature and soil heat flux are higher below lichens than below shrubs during the growing season, despite a lower net radiation for lichens. We also show that the differences in microclimatic conditions between these two vegetation types are more pronounced during warm and sunny days than during cold and cloudy days.
Aurélien Quiquet and Christophe Dumas
The Cryosphere, 15, 1015–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1015-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1015-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present here the GRISLI-LSCE contribution to the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 for Greenland. The project aims to quantify the ice sheet contribution to global sea level rise for the next century. We show an important spread in the simulated Greenland ice loss in the future depending on the climate forcing used. Mass loss is primarily driven by atmospheric warming, while oceanic forcing contributes to a relatively smaller uncertainty in our simulations.
Aurélien Quiquet and Christophe Dumas
The Cryosphere, 15, 1031–1052, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1031-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1031-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present here the GRISLI-LSCE contribution to the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 for Antarctica. The project aims to quantify the ice sheet contribution to global sea level rise for the next century. We show that increased precipitation in the future in some cases mitigates this contribution, with positive to negative values in 2100 depending of the climate forcing used. Sub-shelf-basal-melt uncertainties induce large differences in simulated grounding-line retreats.
Heiko Goelzer, Sophie Nowicki, Anthony Payne, Eric Larour, Helene Seroussi, William H. Lipscomb, Jonathan Gregory, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Cécile Agosta, Patrick Alexander, Andy Aschwanden, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Christopher Chambers, Youngmin Choi, Joshua Cuzzone, Christophe Dumas, Tamsin Edwards, Denis Felikson, Xavier Fettweis, Nicholas R. Golledge, Ralf Greve, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Sebastien Le clec'h, Victoria Lee, Gunter Leguy, Chris Little, Daniel P. Lowry, Mathieu Morlighem, Isabel Nias, Aurelien Quiquet, Martin Rückamp, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Donald A. Slater, Robin S. Smith, Fiamma Straneo, Lev Tarasov, Roderik van de Wal, and Michiel van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 14, 3071–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we use a large ensemble of Greenland ice sheet models forced by six different global climate models to project ice sheet changes and sea-level rise contributions over the 21st century.
The results for two different greenhouse gas concentration scenarios indicate that the Greenland ice sheet will continue to lose mass until 2100, with contributions to sea-level rise of 90 ± 50 mm and 32 ± 17 mm for the high (RCP8.5) and low (RCP2.6) scenario, respectively.
Hélène Seroussi, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William H. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin S. Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, and Thomas Zwinger
The Cryosphere, 14, 3033–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic ice sheet has been losing mass over at least the past 3 decades in response to changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. This study presents an ensemble of model simulations of the Antarctic evolution over the 2015–2100 period based on various ice sheet models, climate forcings and emission scenarios. Results suggest that the West Antarctic ice sheet will continue losing a large amount of ice, while the East Antarctic ice sheet could experience increased snow accumulation.
Brett Metcalfe, Bryan C. Lougheed, Claire Waelbroeck, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 16, 885–910, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-885-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-885-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Planktonic foraminifera construct a shell that, post mortem, settles to the seafloor, prior to collection by Palaeoclimatologists for use as proxies. Such organisms in life are sensitive to the ambient conditions (e.g. temperature, salinity), which therefore means our proxies maybe skewed toward the ecology of organisms. Using a proxy system model, Foraminifera as Modelled Entities (FAME), we assess the potential of extracting ENSO signal from tropical Pacific planktonic foraminifera.
Lise Missiaen, Nathaelle Bouttes, Didier M. Roche, Jean-Claude Dutay, Aurélien Quiquet, Claire Waelbroeck, Sylvain Pichat, and Jean-Yves Peterschmitt
Clim. Past, 16, 867–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-867-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-867-2020, 2020
Anders Levermann, Ricarda Winkelmann, Torsten Albrecht, Heiko Goelzer, Nicholas R. Golledge, Ralf Greve, Philippe Huybrechts, Jim Jordan, Gunter Leguy, Daniel Martin, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, David Pollard, Aurelien Quiquet, Christian Rodehacke, Helene Seroussi, Johannes Sutter, Tong Zhang, Jonas Van Breedam, Reinhard Calov, Robert DeConto, Christophe Dumas, Julius Garbe, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Thomas Kleiner, William H. Lipscomb, Malte Meinshausen, Esmond Ng, Sophie M. J. Nowicki, Mauro Perego, Stephen F. Price, Fuyuki Saito, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Sainan Sun, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 35–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-35-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-35-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an estimate of the future sea level contribution of Antarctica from basal ice shelf melting up to the year 2100. The full uncertainty range in the warming-related forcing of basal melt is estimated and applied to 16 state-of-the-art ice sheet models using a linear response theory approach. The sea level contribution we obtain is very likely below 61 cm under unmitigated climate change until 2100 (RCP8.5) and very likely below 40 cm if the Paris Climate Agreement is kept.
Sébastien Le clec'h, Aurélien Quiquet, Sylvie Charbit, Christophe Dumas, Masa Kageyama, and Catherine Ritz
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2481–2499, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2481-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2481-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To provide reliable projections of the ice-sheet contribution to future sea-level rise, ice sheet models must be able to simulate the observed ice sheet present-day state. Using a low computational iterative minimisation procedure, based on the adjustment of the basal drag coefficient, we rapidly minimise the errors between the simulated and the observed Greenland ice thickness and ice velocity, and we succeed in stabilising the simulated Greenland ice sheet state under present-day conditions.
Hélène Seroussi, Sophie Nowicki, Erika Simon, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Torsten Albrecht, Julien Brondex, Stephen Cornford, Christophe Dumas, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Heiko Goelzer, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Matthew J. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter Leguy, William H. Lipscomb, Daniel Lowry, Matthias Mengel, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Anthony J. Payne, David Pollard, Stephen F. Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Thomas J. Reerink, Ronja Reese, Christian B. Rodehacke, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Sainan Sun, Johannes Sutter, Jonas Van Breedam, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, and Tong Zhang
The Cryosphere, 13, 1441–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1441-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1441-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We compare a wide range of Antarctic ice sheet simulations with varying initialization techniques and model parameters to understand the role they play on the projected evolution of this ice sheet under simple scenarios. Results are improved compared to previous assessments and show that continued improvements in the representation of the floating ice around Antarctica are critical to reduce the uncertainty in the future ice sheet contribution to sea level rise.
Sébastien Le clec'h, Sylvie Charbit, Aurélien Quiquet, Xavier Fettweis, Christophe Dumas, Masa Kageyama, Coraline Wyard, and Catherine Ritz
The Cryosphere, 13, 373–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-373-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-373-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying the future contribution of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) to sea-level rise in response to atmospheric changes is important but remains challenging. For the first time a full representation of the feedbacks between a GrIS model and a regional atmospheric model was implemented. The authors highlight the fundamental need for representing the GrIS topography change feedbacks with respect to the atmospheric component face to the strong impact on the projected sea-level rise.
Aurélien Quiquet, Christophe Dumas, Catherine Ritz, Vincent Peyaud, and Didier M. Roche
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 5003–5025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-5003-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-5003-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the GRISLI (Grenoble ice sheet and land ice) model in its newest revision. We present the recent model improvements from its original version (Ritz et al., 2001), together with a discussion of the model performance in reproducing the present-day Antarctic ice sheet geometry and the grounding line advances and retreats during the last 400 000 years. We show that GRISLI is a computationally cheap model, able to reproduce the large-scale behaviour of ice sheets.
Didier M. Roche, Claire Waelbroeck, Brett Metcalfe, and Thibaut Caley
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3587–3603, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3587-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3587-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The oxygen-18 signal recorded in fossil planktonic foraminifers has been used for over 50 years in many geoscience applications. However, different planktonic foraminifer species from the same sediment core generally yield distinct oxygen-18 signals, as a consequence of their specific living habitat in the water column and along the year. To explicitly take into account this variability for five common planktonic species, we developed the portable module FAME (Foraminifers As Modeled Entities).
Masa Kageyama, Pascale Braconnot, Sandy P. Harrison, Alan M. Haywood, Johann H. Jungclaus, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Jean-Yves Peterschmitt, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Samuel Albani, Patrick J. Bartlein, Chris Brierley, Michel Crucifix, Aisling Dolan, Laura Fernandez-Donado, Hubertus Fischer, Peter O. Hopcroft, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Fabrice Lambert, Daniel J. Lunt, Natalie M. Mahowald, W. Richard Peltier, Steven J. Phipps, Didier M. Roche, Gavin A. Schmidt, Lev Tarasov, Paul J. Valdes, Qiong Zhang, and Tianjun Zhou
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1033–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1033-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1033-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) takes advantage of the existence of past climate states radically different from the recent past to test climate models used for climate projections and to better understand these climates. This paper describes the PMIP contribution to CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, 6th phase) and possible analyses based on PMIP results, as well as on other CMIP6 projects.
Nathaelle Bouttes, Didier Swingedouw, Didier M. Roche, Maria F. Sanchez-Goni, and Xavier Crosta
Clim. Past, 14, 239–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-239-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-239-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric CO2 is key for climate change. CO2 is lower during the oldest warm period of the last million years, the interglacials, than during the most recent ones (since 430 000 years ago). This difference has not been explained yet, but could be due to changes of ocean circulation. We test this hypothesis and the role of vegetation and ice sheets using an intermediate complexity model. We show that only small changes of CO2 can be obtained, underlying missing feedbacks or mechanisms.
Aurélien Quiquet, Didier M. Roche, Christophe Dumas, and Didier Paillard
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 453–466, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-453-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-453-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Earth system models of intermediate complexity generally have a simplified model physics and a coarse model resolution. In this work we present the inclusion of an online dynamical downscaling of temperature and precipitation in such a model. This downscaling explicitly takes into account sub-grid topography. With this new model functionality we are able to simulate temperature and precipitation on a 40 km grid for the whole Northern Hemisphere from the native model resolution.
Masa Kageyama, Samuel Albani, Pascale Braconnot, Sandy P. Harrison, Peter O. Hopcroft, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Fabrice Lambert, Olivier Marti, W. Richard Peltier, Jean-Yves Peterschmitt, Didier M. Roche, Lev Tarasov, Xu Zhang, Esther C. Brady, Alan M. Haywood, Allegra N. LeGrande, Daniel J. Lunt, Natalie M. Mahowald, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Hans Renssen, Robert A. Tomas, Qiong Zhang, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Patrick J. Bartlein, Jian Cao, Qiang Li, Gerrit Lohmann, Rumi Ohgaito, Xiaoxu Shi, Evgeny Volodin, Kohei Yoshida, Xiao Zhang, and Weipeng Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4035–4055, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4035-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4035-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21000 years ago) is an interval when global ice volume was at a maximum, eustatic sea level close to a minimum, greenhouse gas concentrations were lower, atmospheric aerosol loadings were higher than today, and vegetation and land-surface characteristics were different from today. This paper describes the implementation of the LGM numerical experiment for the PMIP4-CMIP6 modelling intercomparison projects and the associated sensitivity experiments.
Pierre Burckel, Claire Waelbroeck, Yiming Luo, Didier M. Roche, Sylvain Pichat, Samuel L. Jaccard, Jeanne Gherardi, Aline Govin, Jörg Lippold, and François Thil
Clim. Past, 12, 2061–2075, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2061-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2061-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we compare new and published Atlantic sedimentary Pa/Th data with Pa/Th simulated using stream functions generated under various climatic conditions. We show that during Greenland interstadials of the 20–50 ka period, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation was very different from that of the Holocene. Moreover, southern-sourced waters dominated the Atlantic during Heinrich stadial 2, a slow northern-sourced water mass flowing above 2500 m in the North Atlantic.
Timothé Bolliet, Patrick Brockmann, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Franck Bassinot, Valérie Daux, Dominique Genty, Amaelle Landais, Marlène Lavrieux, Elisabeth Michel, Pablo Ortega, Camille Risi, Didier M. Roche, Françoise Vimeux, and Claire Waelbroeck
Clim. Past, 12, 1693–1719, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1693-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1693-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new database of past climate proxies which aims to facilitate the distribution of data by using a user-friendly interface. Available data from the last 40 years are often fragmented, with lots of different formats, and online libraries are sometimes nonintuitive. We thus built a new dynamic web portal for data browsing, visualizing, and batch downloading of hundreds of datasets presenting a homogeneous format.
Ruza F. Ivanovic, Lauren J. Gregoire, Masa Kageyama, Didier M. Roche, Paul J. Valdes, Andrea Burke, Rosemarie Drummond, W. Richard Peltier, and Lev Tarasov
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2563–2587, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2563-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2563-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript presents the experiment design for the PMIP4 Last Deglaciation Core experiment: a transient simulation of the last deglaciation, 21–9 ka. Specified model boundary conditions include time-varying orbital parameters, greenhouse gases, ice sheets, ice meltwater fluxes and other geographical changes (provided for 26–0 ka). The context of the experiment and the choices for the boundary conditions are explained, along with the future direction of the working group.
Marianne Bügelmayer-Blaschek, Didier M. Roche, Hans Renssen, and Claire Waelbroeck
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-31, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2016-31, 2016
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
Using the global isotope-enabled climate – iceberg model iLOVECLIM we performed three experiments to investigate the mechanisms behind the simulated δ18Ocalcite pattern applying a Heinrich event like iceberg forcing. Our model results display two main patterns in the δ18Ocalcite signal. First, we find regions that display almost no response in δ18Ocalcite and second, regions where the δ18Ocalcite pattern closely follows the δ18Oseawater signal.
M. Bügelmayer, D. M. Roche, and H. Renssen
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2139–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2139-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2139-2015, 2015
N. Bouttes, D. M. Roche, V. Mariotti, and L. Bopp
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1563–1576, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1563-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1563-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the development of a relatively simple climate model to include a model of the carbon cycle in the ocean. The carbon cycle consists of the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, land vegetation and ocean. In the ocean, carbon exists in organic form, such as plankton which grows and dies, and inorganic forms, such as dissolved CO2. With this we will be able to explore long-standing questions such as why the atmospheric CO2 has changed over time during the last million years.
D. C. Kitover, R. van Balen, D. M. Roche, J. Vandenberghe, and H. Renssen
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1445–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1445-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1445-2015, 2015
M. Bügelmayer, D. M. Roche, and H. Renssen
The Cryosphere, 9, 821–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-821-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-821-2015, 2015
K. A. Crichton, D. M. Roche, G. Krinner, and J. Chappellaz
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 3111–3134, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-3111-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-3111-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost is ground that remains frozen for two or more consecutive years. An estimated 50% of the global below-ground organic carbon is stored in soils of the permafrost zone. This study presents the development and validation of a simplified permafrost-carbon mechanism for the CLIMBER-2 model. Our model development allows, for the first time, the study of the role of permafrost soils in the global carbon cycle for long timescales and for coupled palaeoclimate Earth system modelling studies.
S. J. O'Shea, G. Allen, M. W. Gallagher, K. Bower, S. M. Illingworth, J. B. A. Muller, B. T. Jones, C. J. Percival, S. J-B. Bauguitte, M. Cain, N. Warwick, A. Quiquet, U. Skiba, J. Drewer, K. Dinsmore, E. G. Nisbet, D. Lowry, R. E. Fisher, J. L. France, M. Aurela, A. Lohila, G. Hayman, C. George, D. B. Clark, A. J. Manning, A. D. Friend, and J. Pyle
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13159–13174, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13159-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13159-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents airborne measurements of greenhouse gases collected in the European Arctic. Regional scale flux estimates for the northern Scandinavian wetlands are derived. These fluxes are found to be in excellent agreement with coincident surface measurements within the aircraft's sampling domain. This has allowed a significant low bias to be identified in two commonly used process-based land surface models.
T. Caley, D. M. Roche, C. Waelbroeck, and E. Michel
Clim. Past, 10, 1939–1955, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1939-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1939-2014, 2014
D. M. Roche, C. Dumas, M. Bügelmayer, S. Charbit, and C. Ritz
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1377–1394, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1377-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1377-2014, 2014
G. Strandberg, E. Kjellström, A. Poska, S. Wagner, M.-J. Gaillard, A.-K. Trondman, A. Mauri, B. A. S. Davis, J. O. Kaplan, H. J. B. Birks, A. E. Bjune, R. Fyfe, T. Giesecke, L. Kalnina, M. Kangur, W. O. van der Knaap, U. Kokfelt, P. Kuneš, M. Lata\l owa, L. Marquer, F. Mazier, A. B. Nielsen, B. Smith, H. Seppä, and S. Sugita
Clim. Past, 10, 661–680, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-661-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-661-2014, 2014
P. Beghin, S. Charbit, C. Dumas, M. Kageyama, D. M. Roche, and C. Ritz
Clim. Past, 10, 345–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-345-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-345-2014, 2014
T. L. Edwards, X. Fettweis, O. Gagliardini, F. Gillet-Chaulet, H. Goelzer, J. M. Gregory, M. Hoffman, P. Huybrechts, A. J. Payne, M. Perego, S. Price, A. Quiquet, and C. Ritz
The Cryosphere, 8, 181–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-181-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-181-2014, 2014
D. M. Roche
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1481–1491, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1481-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1481-2013, 2013
D. M. Roche and T. Caley
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1493–1504, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1493-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1493-2013, 2013
T. Caley and D. M. Roche
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1505–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1505-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1505-2013, 2013
S. Charbit, C. Dumas, M. Kageyama, D. M. Roche, and C. Ritz
The Cryosphere, 7, 681–698, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-681-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-681-2013, 2013
M. Kageyama, U. Merkel, B. Otto-Bliesner, M. Prange, A. Abe-Ouchi, G. Lohmann, R. Ohgaito, D. M. Roche, J. Singarayer, D. Swingedouw, and X Zhang
Clim. Past, 9, 935–953, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-935-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-935-2013, 2013
A. Quiquet, C. Ritz, H. J. Punge, and D. Salas y Mélia
Clim. Past, 9, 353–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-353-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-353-2013, 2013
J. Zumaque, F. Eynaud, S. Zaragosi, F. Marret, K. M. Matsuzaki, C. Kissel, D. M. Roche, B. Malaizé, E. Michel, I. Billy, T. Richter, and E. Palis
Clim. Past, 8, 1997–2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1997-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1997-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Subject: Climate Modelling | Archive: Modelling only | Timescale: Holocene
Insights into the Australian mid-Holocene climate using downscaled climate models
Modelling Mediterranean ocean biogeochemistry of the Last Glacial Maximum
Mid-Holocene climate at mid-latitudes: assessing the impact of Saharan greening
Dynamic interaction between lakes, climate, and vegetation across northern Africa during the mid-Holocene
Simulating dust emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation over northern Africa during the mid-Holocene Green Sahara period
Quantifying effects of Earth orbital parameters and greenhouse gases on mid-Holocene climate
Contribution of lakes in sustaining the Sahara greening during the mid-Holocene
Did the Bronze Age deforestation of Europe affect its climate? A regional climate model study using pollen-based land cover reconstructions
Indian Ocean variability changes in the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project
CHELSA-TraCE21k – high-resolution (1 km) downscaled transient temperature and precipitation data since the Last Glacial Maximum
Investigating hydroclimatic impacts of the 168–158 BCE volcanic quartet and their relevance to the Nile River basin and Egyptian history
Mid-Holocene climate of the Tibetan Plateau and hydroclimate in three major river basins based on high-resolution regional climate simulations
Comparison of the green-to-desert Sahara transitions between the Holocene and the last interglacial
Influence of long-term changes in solar irradiance forcing on the Southern Annular Mode
Simulated range of mid-Holocene precipitation changes from extended lakes and wetlands over North Africa
Calendar effects on surface air temperature and precipitation based on model-ensemble equilibrium and transient simulations from PMIP4 and PACMEDY
The long-standing dilemma of European summer temperatures at the mid-Holocene and other considerations on learning from the past for the future using a regional climate model
Mid-Holocene monsoons in South and Southeast Asia: dynamically downscaled simulations and the influence of the Green Sahara
The remote response of the South Asian Monsoon to reduced dust emissions and Sahara greening during the middle Holocene
Impact of dust in PMIP-CMIP6 mid-Holocene simulations with the IPSL model
Technical note: Characterising and comparing different palaeoclimates with dynamical systems theory
Large-scale features and evaluation of the PMIP4-CMIP6 midHolocene simulations
CMIP6/PMIP4 simulations of the mid-Holocene and Last Interglacial using HadGEM3: comparison to the pre-industrial era, previous model versions and proxy data
Water isotopes – climate relationships for the mid-Holocene and preindustrial period simulated with an isotope-enabled version of MPI-ESM
Effects of land use and anthropogenic aerosol emissions in the Roman Empire
Strengths and challenges for transient Mid- to Late Holocene simulations with dynamical vegetation
Physical processes of cooling and mega-drought during the 4.2 ka BP event: results from TraCE-21ka simulations
Comparing the spatial patterns of climate change in the 9th and 5th millennia BP from TRACE-21 model simulations
Abrupt cold events in the North Atlantic Ocean in a transient Holocene simulation
Rapid increase in simulated North Atlantic dust deposition due to fast change of northwest African landscape during the Holocene
Evaluation of PMIP2 and PMIP3 simulations of mid-Holocene climate in the Indo-Pacific, Australasian and Southern Ocean regions
Biome changes in Asia since the mid-Holocene – an analysis of different transient Earth system model simulations
Modeling precipitation δ18O variability in East Asia since the Last Glacial Maximum: temperature and amount effects across different timescales
Mid-to-late Holocene temperature evolution and atmospheric dynamics over Europe in regional model simulations
Effects of melting ice sheets and orbital forcing on the early Holocene warming in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere
The biogeophysical climatic impacts of anthropogenic land use change during the Holocene
The link between marine sediment records and changes in Holocene Saharan landscape: simulating the dust cycle
Stability of ENSO and its tropical Pacific teleconnections over the Last Millennium
Early-Holocene warming in Beringia and its mediation by sea-level and vegetation changes
The impact of Sahara desertification on Arctic cooling during the Holocene
Global climate simulations at 3000-year intervals for the last 21 000 years with the GENMOM coupled atmosphere–ocean model
Reexamining the barrier effect of the Tibetan Plateau on the South Asian summer monsoon
Model–data comparison and data assimilation of mid-Holocene Arctic sea ice concentration
Evaluation of modern and mid-Holocene seasonal precipitation of the Mediterranean and northern Africa in the CMIP5 simulations
Mid-Holocene ocean and vegetation feedbacks over East Asia
A regional climate palaeosimulation for Europe in the period 1500–1990 – Part 1: Model validation
Influence of dynamic vegetation on climate change and terrestrial carbon storage in the Last Glacial Maximum
Can an Earth System Model simulate better climate change at mid-Holocene than an AOGCM? A comparison study of MIROC-ESM and MIROC3
Historical and idealized climate model experiments: an intercomparison of Earth system models of intermediate complexity
The sensitivity of the Arctic sea ice to orbitally induced insolation changes: a study of the mid-Holocene Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project 2 and 3 simulations
Andrew L. Lowry and Hamish A. McGowan
Clim. Past, 20, 2309–2325, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2309-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2309-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present simulations of the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial climate of Australia using coarse- (2°) and finer-resolution (0.44°) climate models. These simulations are compared to bioclimatic representations of the palaeoclimate of the mid-Holocene. The finer-resolution simulations reduce the bias between the model and the bioclimatic results and highlight the improved value of using finer-resolution models to simulate the palaeoclimate.
Katharina D. Six, Uwe Mikolajewicz, and Gerhard Schmiedl
Clim. Past, 20, 1785–1816, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a physical and biogeochemical ocean model of the Mediterranean Sea to obtain a picture of the Last Glacial Maximum. The shallowing of the Strait of Gibraltar leads to a shallower pycnocline and more efficient nutrient export. Consistent with the sediment data, an increase in organic matter deposition is simulated, although this is based on lower biological production. This unexpected but plausible result resolves the apparent contradiction between planktonic and benthic proxy data.
Marco Gaetani, Gabriele Messori, Francesco S. R. Pausata, Shivangi Tiwari, M. Carmen Alvarez Castro, and Qiong Zhang
Clim. Past, 20, 1735–1759, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1735-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1735-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Palaeoclimate reconstructions suggest that, around 6000 years ago, a greening of the Sahara took place, accompanied by climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere at middle to high latitudes. In this study, a climate model is used to investigate how this drastic environmental change in the Sahara impacted remote regions. Specifically, climate simulations reveal significant modifications in atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic, affecting North American and European climates.
Nora Farina Specht, Martin Claussen, and Thomas Kleinen
Clim. Past, 20, 1595–1613, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1595-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1595-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We close the terrestrial water cycle across the Sahara and Sahel by integrating a new endorheic-lake model into a climate model. A factor analysis of mid-Holocene simulations shows that both dynamic lakes and dynamic vegetation individually contribute to a precipitation increase over northern Africa that is collectively greater than that caused by the interaction between lake and vegetation dynamics. Thus, the lake–vegetation interaction causes a relative drying response across the entire Sahel.
Putian Zhou, Zhengyao Lu, Jukka-Pekka Keskinen, Qiong Zhang, Juha Lento, Jianpu Bian, Twan van Noije, Philippe Le Sager, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, Michael Boy, and Risto Makkonen
Clim. Past, 19, 2445–2462, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2445-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2445-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A Green Sahara with enhanced rainfall and larger vegetation cover existed in northern Africa about 6000 years ago. Biosphere–atmosphere interactions are found to be critical to explaining this wet period. Based on modeled vegetation reconstruction data, we simulated dust emissions and aerosol formation, which are key factors in biosphere–atmosphere interactions. Our results also provide a benchmark of aerosol climatology for future paleo-climate simulation experiments.
Yibo Kang and Haijun Yang
Clim. Past, 19, 2013–2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We simulated the climate difference between the mid-Holocene (MH) and the preindustrial (PI) periods and quantified the effects of Earth orbital parameters (ORBs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the climate difference. We think the insignificant difference in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation between the MH and PI periods has resulted from the competing effects of the ORBs and the GHGs on the climate.
Yuheng Li, Kanon Kino, Alexandre Cauquoin, and Taikan Oki
Clim. Past, 19, 1891–1904, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1891-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1891-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study using the isotope-enabled climate model MIROC5-iso model shows that lakes may have contributed to the Green Sahara during the mid-Holocene period (6000 years ago). The lakes induced cyclonic circulation response, enhancing the near-surface monsoon westerly flow and potentially humidifying the northwestern Sahara with the stronger West African Monsoon moving northward. Our findings provide valuable insights into understanding the presence of the Green Sahara during this period.
Gustav Strandberg, Jie Chen, Ralph Fyfe, Erik Kjellström, Johan Lindström, Anneli Poska, Qiong Zhang, and Marie-José Gaillard
Clim. Past, 19, 1507–1530, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1507-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1507-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of land use and land cover change (LULCC) on the climate around 2500 years ago is studied using reconstructions and models. The results suggest that LULCC impacted the climate in parts of Europe. Reconstructed LULCC shows up to 1.5 °C higher temperature in parts of Europe in some seasons. This relatively strong response implies that anthropogenic LULCC that had occurred by the late prehistoric period may have already affected the European climate by 2500 years ago.
Chris Brierley, Kaustubh Thirumalai, Edward Grindrod, and Jonathan Barnsley
Clim. Past, 19, 681–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Year-to-year variations in the weather conditions over the Indian Ocean have important consequences for the substantial fraction of the Earth's population that live near it. This work looks at how these variations respond to climate change – both past and future. The models rarely agree, suggesting a weak, uncertain response to climate change.
Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Michael P. Nobis, Signe Normand, Catherine H. Graham, and Niklaus E. Zimmermann
Clim. Past, 19, 439–456, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-439-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-439-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present global monthly climate time series for air temperature and precipitation at 1 km resolution for the last 21 000 years. The topography at all time steps is created by combining high-resolution information on glacial cover from current and Last Glacial Maximum glacier databases with the interpolation of an ice sheet model and a coupling to mean annual temperatures from a global circulation model.
Ram Singh, Kostas Tsigaridis, Allegra N. LeGrande, Francis Ludlow, and Joseph G. Manning
Clim. Past, 19, 249–275, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-249-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-249-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work is a modeling effort to investigate the hydroclimatic impacts of a volcanic
quartetduring 168–158 BCE over the Nile River basin in the context of Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic era (305–30 BCE). The model simulated a robust surface cooling (~ 1.0–1.5 °C), suppressing the African monsoon (deficit of > 1 mm d−1 over East Africa) and agriculturally vital Nile summer flooding. Our result supports the hypothesized relation between volcanic eruptions, hydroclimatic shocks, and societal impacts.
Yiling Huo, William Richard Peltier, and Deepak Chandan
Clim. Past, 18, 2401–2420, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2401-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2401-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the hydrological changes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the mid-Holocene (MH; a period with warmer summers than today) will help us understand expected future changes. This study analyses the hydroclimates over the headwater regions of three major rivers originating on the TP using dynamically downscaled climate simulations. Model–data comparisons show that the dynamic downscaling significantly improves both the present-day and MH regional climate simulations of the TP.
Huan Li, Hans Renssen, and Didier M. Roche
Clim. Past, 18, 2303–2319, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2303-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2303-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In past warm periods, the Sahara region was covered by vegetation. In this paper we study transitions from this
greenstate to the desert state we find today. For this purpose, we have used a global climate model coupled to a vegetation model to perform transient simulations. We analyzed the model results to assess the effect of vegetation shifts on the abruptness of the transition. We find that the vegetation feedback was more efficient during the last interglacial than during the Holocene.
Nicky M. Wright, Claire E. Krause, Steven J. Phipps, Ghyslaine Boschat, and Nerilie J. Abram
Clim. Past, 18, 1509–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1509-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1509-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is a major mode of climate variability. Proxy-based SAM reconstructions show changes that last millennium climate simulations do not reproduce. We test the SAM's sensitivity to solar forcing using simulations with a range of solar values and transient last millennium simulations with large-amplitude solar variations. We find that solar forcing can alter the SAM and that strong solar forcing transient simulations better match proxy-based reconstructions.
Nora Farina Specht, Martin Claussen, and Thomas Kleinen
Clim. Past, 18, 1035–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Palaeoenvironmental records only provide a fragmentary picture of the lake and wetland extent in North Africa during the mid-Holocene. Therefore, we investigate the possible range of mid-Holocene precipitation changes caused by an estimated small and maximum lake extent and a maximum wetland extent. Results show a particularly strong monsoon precipitation response to lakes and wetlands over the Western Sahara and an increased monsoon precipitation when replacing lakes with vegetated wetlands.
Xiaoxu Shi, Martin Werner, Carolin Krug, Chris M. Brierley, Anni Zhao, Endurance Igbinosa, Pascale Braconnot, Esther Brady, Jian Cao, Roberta D'Agostino, Johann Jungclaus, Xingxing Liu, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Dmitry Sidorenko, Robert Tomas, Evgeny M. Volodin, Hu Yang, Qiong Zhang, Weipeng Zheng, and Gerrit Lohmann
Clim. Past, 18, 1047–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1047-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1047-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Since the orbital parameters of the past are different from today, applying the modern calendar to the past climate can lead to an artificial bias in seasonal cycles. With the use of multiple model outputs, we found that such a bias is non-ignorable and should be corrected to ensure an accurate comparison between modeled results and observational records, as well as between simulated past and modern climates, especially for the Last Interglacial.
Emmanuele Russo, Bijan Fallah, Patrick Ludwig, Melanie Karremann, and Christoph C. Raible
Clim. Past, 18, 895–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-895-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-895-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study a set of simulations are performed with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM for Europe, for the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial periods. The main aim is to better understand the drivers of differences between models and pollen-based summer temperatures. Results show that a fundamental role is played by spring soil moisture availability. Additionally, results suggest that model bias is not stationary, and an optimal configuration could not be the best under different forcing.
Yiling Huo, William Richard Peltier, and Deepak Chandan
Clim. Past, 17, 1645–1664, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1645-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1645-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Regional climate simulations were constructed to more accurately capture regional features of the South and Southeast Asian monsoon during the mid-Holocene. Comparison with proxies shows that our high-resolution simulations outperform those with the coarser global model in reproducing the monsoon rainfall anomalies. Incorporating the Green Sahara climate conditions over northern Africa into our simulations further strengthens the monsoon precipitation and leads to better agreement with proxies.
Francesco S. R. Pausata, Gabriele Messori, Jayoung Yun, Chetankumar A. Jalihal, Massimo A. Bollasina, and Thomas M. Marchitto
Clim. Past, 17, 1243–1271, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Far-afield changes in vegetation such as those that occurred over the Sahara during the middle Holocene and the consequent changes in dust emissions can affect the intensity of the South Asian Monsoon (SAM) rainfall and the lengthening of the monsoon season. This remote influence is mediated by anomalies in Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures and may have shaped the evolution of the SAM during the termination of the African Humid Period.
Pascale Braconnot, Samuel Albani, Yves Balkanski, Anne Cozic, Masa Kageyama, Adriana Sima, Olivier Marti, and Jean-Yves Peterschmitt
Clim. Past, 17, 1091–1117, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1091-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1091-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how mid-Holocene dust reduction affects the Earth’s energetics from a suite of climate simulations. Our analyses confirm the peculiar role of the dust radiative effect over bright surfaces such as African deserts. We highlight a strong dependence on the dust pattern. The relative dust forcing between West Africa and the Middle East impacts the relative response of Indian and African monsoons and between the western tropical Atlantic and the Atlantic meridional circulation.
Gabriele Messori and Davide Faranda
Clim. Past, 17, 545–563, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-545-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The palaeoclimate community must both analyse large amounts of model data and compare very different climates. Here, we present a seemingly very abstract analysis approach that may be fruitfully applied to palaeoclimate numerical simulations. This approach characterises the dynamics of a given climate through a small number of metrics and is thus suited to face the above challenges.
Chris M. Brierley, Anni Zhao, Sandy P. Harrison, Pascale Braconnot, Charles J. R. Williams, David J. R. Thornalley, Xiaoxu Shi, Jean-Yves Peterschmitt, Rumi Ohgaito, Darrell S. Kaufman, Masa Kageyama, Julia C. Hargreaves, Michael P. Erb, Julien Emile-Geay, Roberta D'Agostino, Deepak Chandan, Matthieu Carré, Partrick J. Bartlein, Weipeng Zheng, Zhongshi Zhang, Qiong Zhang, Hu Yang, Evgeny M. Volodin, Robert A. Tomas, Cody Routson, W. Richard Peltier, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Polina A. Morozova, Nicholas P. McKay, Gerrit Lohmann, Allegra N. Legrande, Chuncheng Guo, Jian Cao, Esther Brady, James D. Annan, and Ayako Abe-Ouchi
Clim. Past, 16, 1847–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1847-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1847-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides an initial exploration and comparison to climate reconstructions of the new climate model simulations of the mid-Holocene (6000 years ago). These use state-of-the-art models developed for CMIP6 and apply the same experimental set-up. The models capture several key aspects of the climate, but some persistent issues remain.
Charles J. R. Williams, Maria-Vittoria Guarino, Emilie Capron, Irene Malmierca-Vallet, Joy S. Singarayer, Louise C. Sime, Daniel J. Lunt, and Paul J. Valdes
Clim. Past, 16, 1429–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1429-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1429-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Computer simulations of the geological past are an important tool to improve our understanding of climate change. We present results from two simulations using the latest version of the UK's climate model, the mid-Holocene (6000 years ago) and Last Interglacial (127 000 years ago). The simulations reproduce temperatures consistent with the pattern of incoming radiation. Model–data comparisons indicate that some regions (and some seasons) produce better matches to the data than others.
Alexandre Cauquoin, Martin Werner, and Gerrit Lohmann
Clim. Past, 15, 1913–1937, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1913-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1913-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present here the first model results of a newly developed isotope-enhanced version of the Earth system model MPI-ESM. Our model setup has a finer spatial resolution compared to other isotope-enabled fully coupled models. We evaluate the model for preindustrial and mid-Holocene climate conditions. Our analyses show a good to very good agreement with various isotopic data. The spatial and temporal links between isotopes and climate variables under warm climatic conditions are also analyzed.
Anina Gilgen, Stiig Wilkenskjeld, Jed O. Kaplan, Thomas Kühn, and Ulrike Lohmann
Clim. Past, 15, 1885–1911, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1885-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1885-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM-HAM-SALSA, the effect of humans on European climate in the Roman Empire was quantified. Both land use and novel estimates of anthropogenic aerosol emissions were considered. We conducted simulations with fixed sea-surface temperatures to gain a first impression about the anthropogenic impact. While land use effects induced a regional warming for one of the reconstructions, aerosol emissions led to a cooling associated with aerosol–cloud interactions.
Pascale Braconnot, Dan Zhu, Olivier Marti, and Jérôme Servonnat
Clim. Past, 15, 997–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-997-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-997-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study discusses a simulation of the last 6000 years realized with a climate model in which the vegetation and carbon cycle are fully interactive. The long-term southward shift in Northern Hemisphere tree line and Afro-Asian monsoon rain are reproduced. The results show substantial change in tree composition with time over Eurasia and the role of trace gases in the recent past. They highlight the limitations due to model setup and multiple preindustrial vegetation states.
Mi Yan and Jian Liu
Clim. Past, 15, 265–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-265-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-265-2019, 2019
Liang Ning, Jian Liu, Raymond S. Bradley, and Mi Yan
Clim. Past, 15, 41–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-41-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-41-2019, 2019
Andrea Klus, Matthias Prange, Vidya Varma, Louis Bruno Tremblay, and Michael Schulz
Clim. Past, 14, 1165–1178, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1165-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1165-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous proxy records from the northern North Atlantic suggest substantial climate variability including the occurrence of multi-decadal-to-centennial cold events during the Holocene. We analyzed two abrupt cold events in a Holocene simulation using a comprehensive climate model. It is shown that the events were ultimately triggered by prolonged phases of positive North Atlantic Oscillation causing changes in ocean circulation followed by severe cooling, freshening, and expansion of sea ice.
Sabine Egerer, Martin Claussen, and Christian Reick
Clim. Past, 14, 1051–1066, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1051-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1051-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We find a rapid increase in simulated dust deposition between 6 and
4 ka BP that is fairly consistent with an abrupt change in dust deposition that was observed in marine sediment records at around 5 ka BP. This rapid change is caused by a rapid increase in simulated dust emissions in the western Sahara due to a fast decline in vegetation cover and a locally strong reduction of lake area. Our study identifies spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the transition of the North African landscape.
Duncan Ackerley, Jessica Reeves, Cameron Barr, Helen Bostock, Kathryn Fitzsimmons, Michael-Shawn Fletcher, Chris Gouramanis, Helen McGregor, Scott Mooney, Steven J. Phipps, John Tibby, and Jonathan Tyler
Clim. Past, 13, 1661–1684, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1661-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1661-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A selection of climate models have been used to simulate both pre-industrial (1750 CE) and mid-Holocene (6000 years ago) conditions. This study presents an assessment of the temperature, rainfall and flow over Australasia from those climate models. The model data are compared with available proxy data reconstructions (e.g. tree rings) for 6000 years ago to identify whether the models are reliable. Places where there is both agreement and conflict are highlighted and investigated further.
Anne Dallmeyer, Martin Claussen, Jian Ni, Xianyong Cao, Yongbo Wang, Nils Fischer, Madlene Pfeiffer, Liya Jin, Vyacheslav Khon, Sebastian Wagner, Kerstin Haberkorn, and Ulrike Herzschuh
Clim. Past, 13, 107–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-107-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-107-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The vegetation distribution in eastern Asia is supposed to be very sensitive to climate change. Since proxy records are scarce, hitherto a mechanistic understanding of the past spatio-temporal climate–vegetation relationship is lacking. To assess the Holocene vegetation change, we forced the diagnostic biome model BIOME4 with climate anomalies of different transient climate simulations.
Xinyu Wen, Zhengyu Liu, Zhongxiao Chen, Esther Brady, David Noone, Qingzhao Zhu, and Jian Guan
Clim. Past, 12, 2077–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2077-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2077-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we challenge the usefulness of temperature effect and amount effect, the basic assumptions in past climate reconstruction using a stable water isotope proxy, in East Asia on multiple timescales. By modeling several time slices in the past 22 000 years using an isotope-enabled general circulation model, we suggest great caution when interpreting δ18O records in this area as indicators of surface temperature and/or local monsoonal precipitation, especially on a millennial timescale.
Emmanuele Russo and Ulrich Cubasch
Clim. Past, 12, 1645–1662, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1645-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1645-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we use a RCM for three different goals.
Proposing a model configuration suitable for paleoclimate studies; evaluating the added value of a regional climate model for paleoclimate studies; investigating temperature evolution of the European continent during mid-to-late Holocene.
Results suggest that the RCM seems to produce results in better agreement with reconstructions than its driving GCM. Simulated temperature evolution seems to be too sensitive to changes in insolation.
Yurui Zhang, Hans Renssen, and Heikki Seppä
Clim. Past, 12, 1119–1135, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1119-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1119-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We explore how forcings contributed to climate change during the early Holocene that marked the final transition to the warm and stable stage. Our results indicate that 1) temperature at the Holocene onset was lower than in the preindustrial over the northern extratropics with the exception in Alaska, and the magnitude of this cooling varies regionally as a response to varying climate forcings and diverse mechanisms, and 2) the rate of the early Holocene warming was also spatially heterogeneous.
M. Clare Smith, Joy S. Singarayer, Paul J. Valdes, Jed O. Kaplan, and Nicholas P. Branch
Clim. Past, 12, 923–941, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-923-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-923-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We used climate modelling to estimate the biogeophysical impacts of agriculture on the climate over the last 8000 years of the Holocene. Our results show statistically significant surface temperature changes (mainly cooling) from as early as 7000 BP in the JJA season and throughout the entire annual cycle by 2–3000 BP. The changes were greatest in the areas of land use change but were also seen in other areas. Precipitation was also affected, particularly in Europe, India, and the ITCZ region.
Sabine Egerer, Martin Claussen, Christian Reick, and Tanja Stanelle
Clim. Past, 12, 1009–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1009-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1009-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate for the first time the direct link between dust accumulation in marine sediment cores and Saharan land surface by simulating the mid-Holocene and pre-industrial dust cycle as a function of Saharan land surface cover and atmosphere-ocean conditions using the coupled atmosphere-aerosol model ECHAM6-HAM2.1. Mid-Holocene surface characteristics, including vegetation cover and lake surface area, are derived from proxy data and simulations.
S. C. Lewis and A. N. LeGrande
Clim. Past, 11, 1347–1360, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1347-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1347-2015, 2015
P. J. Bartlein, M. E. Edwards, S. W. Hostetler, S. L. Shafer, P. M. Anderson, L. B. Brubaker, and A. V. Lozhkin
Clim. Past, 11, 1197–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1197-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1197-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The ongoing warming of the Arctic is producing changes in vegetation and hydrology that, coupled with rising sea level, could mediate global changes. We explored this possibility using regional climate model simulations of a past interval of warming in Beringia and found that the regional-scale changes do strongly mediate the responses to global changes, amplifying them in some cases, damping them in others, and, overall, generating considerable spatial heterogeneity in climate change.
F. J. Davies, H. Renssen, M. Blaschek, and F. Muschitiello
Clim. Past, 11, 571–586, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-571-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-571-2015, 2015
J. R. Alder and S. W. Hostetler
Clim. Past, 11, 449–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-449-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-449-2015, 2015
G.-S. Chen, Z. Liu, and J. E. Kutzbach
Clim. Past, 10, 1269–1275, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1269-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1269-2014, 2014
F. Klein, H. Goosse, A. Mairesse, and A. de Vernal
Clim. Past, 10, 1145–1163, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1145-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1145-2014, 2014
A. Perez-Sanz, G. Li, P. González-Sampériz, and S. P. Harrison
Clim. Past, 10, 551–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-551-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-551-2014, 2014
Z. Tian and D. Jiang
Clim. Past, 9, 2153–2171, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2153-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2153-2013, 2013
J. J. Gómez-Navarro, J. P. Montávez, S. Wagner, and E. Zorita
Clim. Past, 9, 1667–1682, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1667-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1667-2013, 2013
R. O'ishi and A. Abe-Ouchi
Clim. Past, 9, 1571–1587, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1571-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1571-2013, 2013
R. Ohgaito, T. Sueyoshi, A. Abe-Ouchi, T. Hajima, S. Watanabe, H.-J. Kim, A. Yamamoto, and M. Kawamiya
Clim. Past, 9, 1519–1542, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1519-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1519-2013, 2013
M. Eby, A. J. Weaver, K. Alexander, K. Zickfeld, A. Abe-Ouchi, A. A. Cimatoribus, E. Crespin, S. S. Drijfhout, N. R. Edwards, A. V. Eliseev, G. Feulner, T. Fichefet, C. E. Forest, H. Goosse, P. B. Holden, F. Joos, M. Kawamiya, D. Kicklighter, H. Kienert, K. Matsumoto, I. I. Mokhov, E. Monier, S. M. Olsen, J. O. P. Pedersen, M. Perrette, G. Philippon-Berthier, A. Ridgwell, A. Schlosser, T. Schneider von Deimling, G. Shaffer, R. S. Smith, R. Spahni, A. P. Sokolov, M. Steinacher, K. Tachiiri, K. Tokos, M. Yoshimori, N. Zeng, and F. Zhao
Clim. Past, 9, 1111–1140, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1111-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1111-2013, 2013
M. Berger, J. Brandefelt, and J. Nilsson
Clim. Past, 9, 969–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-969-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-969-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Arthur, F., Roche, D., Fyfe, R., Quiquet, A., and Renssen, H.: Replication data for: Simulations of the Holocene climate in Europe using an interactive downscaling within the iLOVECLIM model (version 1.1), University of South-Eastern Norway [data set], https://doi.org/10.23642/usn.19354082.v2, 2022.
Bader, J., Jungclaus, J., Krivova, N., Lorenz, S., Maycock, A., Raddatz, T.,
Schmidt, H., Toohey, M., Wu, C. J., and Claussen, M.: Global temperature
modes shed light on the Holocene temperature conundrum, Nat. Commun., 11,
4726, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18478-6, 2020.
Bartlein, P. J., Harrison, S., Brewer, S., Connor, S., Davis, B., Gajewski,
K., Guiot, J., Harrison-Prentice, T., Henderson, A., and Peyron, O.:
Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global
synthesis, Clim. Dynam., 37, 775–802, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0904-1, 2011.
Berger, A. L.: Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary
climatic changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2362–2367,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
Bjune, A. E., Bakke, J., Nesje, A., and Birks, H. J. B.: Holocene mean July
temperature and winter precipitation in western Norway inferred from
palynological and glaciological lake-sediment proxies, Holocene, 15,
177–189, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl798rp, 2005.
Bonfils, C., de Noblet, N., Guiot, J., and Bartlein, P.: Some Mechanisms of
mid-Holocene climate change in Europe, inferred from comparing PMIP models
to data, Clim. Dynam., 23, 79–98, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0425-x, 2004.
Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Peterchmitt,
J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt,
C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., Laîné, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti,
O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, S. L., Yu, Y., and Zhao,
Y.: Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last
Glacial Maximum – Part 1: experiments and large-scale features, Clim. Past,
3, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-261-2007, 2007.
Brayshaw, D. J., Rambeau, C. M. C., and Smith, S. J.: Changes in the
Mediterranean climate during the Holocene: insights from global and regional
climate modelling, Holocene, 21, 15–31, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610377528, 2011.
Brewer, S., Guiot, J., and Torre, F.: Mid-Holocene climate change in Europe:
a data-model comparison, Clim. Past, 3, 499–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-499-2007, 2007.
Brierley, C. M., Zhao, A., Harrison, S. P., Braconnot, P., Williams, C. J.
R., Thornalley, D. J. R., Shi, X., Peterschmitt, J.-Y., Ohgaito, R., Kaufman, D. S., Kageyama, M., Hargreaves, J. C., Erb, M. P., Emile-Geay, J., D'Agostino, R., Chandan, D., Carré, M., Bartlein, P. J., Zheng, W.,
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., Yang, H., Volodin, E. M., Tomas, R. A., Routson, C.,
Peltier, W. R., Otto-Bliesner, B., Morozova, P. A., McKay, N. P., Lohmann, G., Legrande, A. N., Guo, C., Cao, J., Brady, E., Annan, J. D., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Large-scale features and evaluation of the
PMIP4-CMIP6 mid-Holocene simulations, Clim. Past, 16, 1847–1872,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1847-2020, 2020.
Briner, J. P., McKay, N. P., Axford, Y., Bennike, O., Bradley, R. S., de
Vernal, A., Fisher, D., Francus, P., Fréchette, B., Gajewski, K.,
Jennings, A., Kaufman, D. S., Miller, G., Rouston, C., and Wagner, B.:
Holocene climate change in Arctic Canada and Greenland, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 147, 340–364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.02.010, 2016.
Brovkin, V., Ganapolski, A., and Svirezhev, Y.: A continuous climate-vegetation classification for use in climate-biosphere studies,
Ecol. Model., 101, 251–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00049-5, 1997.
Castro, C. L., Pielke Sr., R. A., and Leoncini, G.: Dynamical downscaling:
Assessment of value retained and added using the Regional Atmospheric
Modelling System (RAMS), J. Geophys. Res., 110, D05108,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004721, 2005.
Cheddadi, R. and Khater, C.: Climate change since the last glacial period in Lebanon and the persistence of Mediterranean species, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 150, 146–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.010, 2016.
Cheddadi, R., Yu, G., Guiot, J., Harrison, S., and Prentice, I.: The climate
of Europe 6000 years ago, Clim. Dynam., 13, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050148, 1996.
Chevalier, M., Davis, B. A. S., Heiri, O., Seppä, H., Chase, B. M.,
Gajewski, K., Lacourse, T., Telford, R. J., Finsinger, W., Guiot, J.,
Kühl, N., Maezumi, S. Y., Tipton, J. R., Carter, V. A., Brussel, T.,
Phelps, L. N., Dawson, A., Zanon, M., Vallé, F., Nolan, C., Mauri, A.,
de Vernal, A., Izumi, K., Holmström, L., Marsicek, J., Goring, S., Sommer, P. S., Chaput, M., and Kupriyanov, D.: Pollen-based climate
reconstruction techniques for late Quaternary studies, Earth Sci. Rev., 210,
103384, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103384, 2020.
Claussen, M., Mysak, L. A., Weaver, A. J., Crucifix, M., Fichefet, T., Loutre, M.-F., Weber, S. L., Alcamo, J., Alexeev, V. A., Berger, A., Calov,
R., Ganopolski, A., Goosse, H., Lohmann, G., Lunkeit, F., Mokhov, I. I.,
Petoukhov, V., Stone, P., and Wang, Z.: Earth system models of intermediate
complexity: closing the gap in the spectrum of climate system models, Clim.
Dynam., 18, 579–586, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-001-0200-1, 2002.
Crowley, T. J.: Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years, Science, 289, 270–277, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5477.270, 2000.
Davis, B., Brewer, S., Stevenson, A., and Guiot, J.: The temperature of
Europe during the Holocene reconstructed from pollen data, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 22, 1701–1716, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00173-2, 2003.
Davis, B. A. S.: The Pollen-Climate Methods Intercomparison Project (PC-MIP),
workshop report, Past Global Changes Magazine,
https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.25.3.161, 2017.
Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H., Huybrechts, P., Janssens, I.,
Mouchet, A., Munhoven, G., Brovkin, V., and Weber, S. L.: Modelling the
influence of the Greenland ice sheet melting on the Atlantic meridional
overturning circulation during the next millennia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,
L10707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029516, 2007.
Fallah, B., Sahar, S., and Ulrich, C.: Westerly jet stream and past millennium climate change in Arid Central Asia simulated by COSMO-CLM model,
Theor. Appl. Climatol., 124, 1079–1088, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1479-x, 2016.
Feser, F., Rocker, B., von Storch, H., Winterfeldt, J., and Zahn, M.:
Regional Climate Models add Value to Global Model Data: A Review and Selected Examples, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 1181–1192, 2011.
Finné, M., Woodbridge, J., Labuhn, I., and Roberts, C. N.: Holocene
hydro-climatic variability in the Mediterranean: A synthetic multi-proxy
reconstruction, Holocene, 29, 847–863, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619826634, 2019.
Fischer, N. and Jungclaus, J. H.: Evolution of the seasonal temperature
cycle in a transient Holocene simulation: orbital forcing and sea-ice, Clim.
Past, 7, 1139–1148, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1139-2011, 2011.
Furlanetto, G., Ravazzi, C., Pini, R., Vallè, F., Brunetti, M., Comolli,
R., Novellino, M. D., Garozzo, L., and Maggi, V.: Holocene vegetation history and quantitative climate reconstructions in a high-elevation oceanic district of the Italian Alps. Evidence for a middle to late Holocene precipitation increase, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 200, 212–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Quascirev.2018.10.001, 2018.
Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Montávez, J. P., Jerez, S., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Lorente-Plazas, R., González-Rouco, J. F., and
Zorita, E.: A regional climate simulation over the Iberian Peninsula for the
last millennium, Clim. Past, 7, 451–472, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-451-2011, 2011.
Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Montávez, J. P., Wagner, S., and Zorita, E.: A
regional climate palaeosimulation for Europe in the period 1500–1990 –
Part 1: Model validation, Clim. Past, 9, 1667–1682, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1667-2013, 2013.
Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Bothe, O., Wagner, S., Zorita, E., Werner, J. P.,
Luterbacher, J., Raible, C. C., and Montávez, J. P.: A regional climate
palaeosimulation for Europe in the period 1500–1990 – Part 2: Shortcomings
and strengths of models and reconstructions, Clim. Past, 11, 1077–1095,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1077-2015, 2015.
Goosse, H. and Fichefet, T.: Importance of ice-ocean interactions for the
global ocean circulation: A model study, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23337– 23355, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900215, 1999.
Goosse, H., Crowley, T., Zorita, E., Ammann, C., Renssen, H., and Driesschaert, E.: Modelling the climate of the last millennium: What causes
the differences between simulations?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06710,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022368, 2005a.
Goosse, H., Renssen, H., Timmermann, A., and Bradley, R. S.: Internal and
forced climate variability during the last millennium: a model-data
comparison using ensemble simulations, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1345–1360,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.12.009, 2005b.
Goosse, H., Brovkin, V., Fichefet, T., Haarsma, R., Huybrechts, P., Jongma,
J., Mouchet, A., Selten, F., Barriat, P.-Y., Campin, J.-M., Deleersnijder,
E., Driesschaert, E., Goelzer, H., Janssens, I., Loutre, M.-F., Morales
Maqueda, M. A., Opsteegh, T., Mathieu, P.-P., Munhoven, G., Pettersson, E.
J., Renssen, H., Roche, D. M., Schaeffer, M., Tartinville, B., Timmermann,
A., and Weber, S. L.: Description of the Earth system model of intermediate
complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 603–633,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-603-2010, 2010.
Guiot, J. and Kaniewski, D.: The Mediterranean Basin and Southern Europe in
a warmer world: what can we learn from the past?, Front. Earth Sci., 3, 28,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00028, 2015.
Haarsma, R. J., Selten, F. M., Opsteegh, J. D., Lenterink, G., and Liu, Q.:
ECBILT: A coupled atmosphere ocean sea-ice model for climate predictability
studies, KNMI technical report, the Netherlands,
https://cdn.knmi.nl/system/data_center_publications/files/000/066/085/original/techrap.pdf?1495620503
(last access: 25 October 2022), 1997.
Harrison, S. P., Yu, G., and Tarasov, P.: Late Quaternary lake-level record
from northern Eurasia, Quatern. Res., 45, 138–159, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0016, 1996.
Harrison, S. P., Bartlein, P., Izumi, K., Li, G., Annan, J., Hargreaves, J.,
Braconnot, P., and Kageyama, M.: Evaluation of CMIP5 palaeo-simulations to
improve climate projections, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 735–743,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2649, 2015.
Hofer, D., Raible, C. C., Dehnert, A., and Kuhlemann, J.: The impact of
different glacial boundary conditions on atmospheric dynamics and precipitation in the North Atlantic region, Clim. Past, 8, 935–949,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-935-2012, 2012.
IPSL: LUDUS Framework, https://forge.ipsl.jussieu.fr/ludus, last access: 22 December 2021.
Jacob, D., Bärring, L., Christensen, O. B., Christensen, J. H.,
de Castro, M., Déqué, M., Giorgi, F., Hagemann, S., Hirschi, M.,
Jones, R., Kjellström, E., Lenderink, G., Rockel, B., Sánchez, E.,
Schär, C., Seneviratne, S. I., Somot, S., Van Ulden, A., and van den urk, B.: An inter-comparison of regional climate models for Europe: model performance in present-day climate, Climatic Change, 81, 31–52,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9213-4, 2007.
Jacob, D., Petersen, J., Eggert, B., Alias, A., Christensen, O. B., Bouwer,
L. M., Braun, A., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Georgievski, G.,
Georgopoulou, E., Gobiet, A., Menut, L., Nikulin, G., Haensler, A., Hempelmann, N., Jones, C., Keuler, K., Kovats, S., and Yiuou, P.: EURO-CORDEX: new high-resolution climate change projections for European
impact research, Reg. Environ. Change, 14, 563–578, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0499-2, 2014.
Jiang, D., Sui, Y., Lang, X., and Tian, Z.: Last glacial maximum and mid-Holocene thermal growing season simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 11466–11478, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028605, 2018.
Jones, P., Osborn, T., and Briffa, K.: The evolution of climate over the
last millennium, Science, 292, 662–667, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059126, 2001.
Kitover, D. C., Van Balen, R., Roche, D. M., Vandenberghe, J., and Renssen,
H.: Advancement toward coupling of the VAMPER permafrost model within the
Earth system model iLOVECLIM (version 1.0): description and validation,
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1445–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1445-2015, 2015.
Kuhnt, T., Schmiedl, G., Ehrmann, W., Hamann, Y., and Andersen, N.: Stable
isotopic composition of Holocene benthic foraminifers from the Eastern
Mediterranean Sea: Past changes in productivity and deep water oxygenation,
Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 268, 105–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PALAEO.2008.07.010, 2008.
Latombe, G., Burke, A., Vrac, M., Levavasseur, G., Dumas, C., Kageyama, M.,
and Ramstein, G.: Comparison of spatial downscaling methods of general
circulation model results to study climate variability during the Last
Glacial Maximum, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2563–2579,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2563-2018, 2018.
Liu, Z., Zhu, J., Rosenthal, Y., Zhang, X., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Timmermann, A., Smith, R. S., Lohmann, G., Zheng, W., and Timm, O. E.: The Holocene temperature conundrum, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, E3501–E3505,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407229111, 2014.
Liu Z, Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Clark, P. U., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., and Russell,
J. M.: SynTRACE-21: Synthesis of Transient Climate Evolution of the last
21,000 years, PAGES Mag., 29, 13–15, https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.29.1.13, 2021.
Lorenz, D. J., Nieto-Lugilde, D., Blois, J. L., Fitzpatrick, M. C., and
Williams, J. W.: Downscaled and debiased climate simulations for North
America from 21,000 years ago to 2100 AD, Sci. Data, 3, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.48, 2016.
Ludwig, P., Schaffernicht, E. J., Shao, Y., and Pinto, J. G.: Regional
atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum and its
links to precipitation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 2130– 2145,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024444, 2016.
Ludwig, P., Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Pinto, J. G., Raible, C. C., Wagner,
S., and Zorita, E.: Perspectives of regional paleoclimate modelling, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1436, 54–69, https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13865, 2019.
Magny, M., Combourieu-Nebout, N., de Beaulieu, J. L., Bout-Roumazeilles, V.,
Colombaroli, D., Desprat, S., Francke, A., Joannin, S., Ortu, E., Peyron,
O., Revel, M., Sadori, L., Siani, G., Sicre, M. A., Samartin, S., Simonneau,
A., Tinner, W., Vannière, B., Wagner, B., Zanchetta, G., Anselmetti, F.,
Brugiapaglia, E., Chapron, E., Debret, M., Desmet, M., Didier, J., Essallami, L., Galop, D., Gilli, A., Haas, J. N., Kallel, N., Millet, L., Stock, A., Turon, J. L., and Wirth, S.: North–south palaeohydrological contrasts in the central Mediterranean during the Holocene: tentative synthesis and working hypotheses, Clim. Past, 9, 2043–2071, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2043-2013, 2013.
Masson, V., Cheddadi, R., Braconnot, P., Joussaume, S., Texier, D., and
participants, P. M. I. P.: Mid-Holocene climate in Europe: what can we infer
from PMIP model data?, Clim. Dynam., 15, 163–182, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050275, 1999.
Mauri, A., Davis, B. A. S., Collins, P. M., and Kaplan, J. O.: The influence
of atmospheric circulation on the mid-Holocene climate of Europe: a
data–model comparison, Clim. Past, 10, 1925–1938, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1925-2014, 2014.
Mauri, A., Davis, B., Collins, P., and Kaplan, J.: The climate of Europe
during the Holocene: a gridded pollen-based reconstruction and its
multi-proxy evaluation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 112, 109–127, 2015.
Murphy, J.: An evaluation of statistical and dynamical techniques for
downscaling local climate, J. Climate, 12, 2256–2284,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2256:AEOSAD>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Olsson, J., Berggren, K., Olofsson, M., and Viklander, M.: Applying climate
model precipitation scenarios for urban hydrological assessment: a case
study in Kalmar City, Sweden, Atmos. Res., 92, 364–375,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.01.015, 2009.
Opsteegh, J. D., Haarsma, R. J., Selten, F. M., and Kattenberg, A.: ECBILT:
a dynamic alternative to mixed boundary conditions in ocean models, Tellus A, 50, 348–367, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.1998.t01-1-00007.x, 1998.
Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Brady, E. C., Tomas, R., Levis, S., and Kothavala, Z.:
Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene climate in CCSM3, J. Climate, 19, 2526–2544, 2006.
Peyron, O., Combourieu-Nebout, N., Brayshaw, D., Goring, S., Andrieu-Ponel,
V., Desprat, S., Fletcher, W., Gambin, B., Ioakim, C., Joannin, S., Kotthoff, U., Kouli, K., Montade, V., Pross, J., Sadori, L., and Magny, M.: Precipitation changes in the Mediterranean basin during the Holocene from
terrestrial and marine pollen records: a model–data comparison, Clim. Past,
13, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-249-2017, 2017.
Quiquet, A., Roche, D. M., Dumas, C., and Paillard, D.: Online dynamical
downscaling of temperature and precipitation within the iLOVECLIM model
(version 1.1), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 453–466, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-453-2018, 2018.
Raible, C. C., Bärenbold, O., and Gómez-Navarro, J. J.: Drought
indices revisited–improving and testing of drought indices in a simulation
of the last two millennia for Europe, Tellus A, 69, 1296226,
https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2017.1296226, 2017.
Raynaud, D., Barnola, J.-M., Chappellaz, J., Blunier, T., Indermuhle, A.,
and Stauffer, B.: The ice record of greenhouse gases: a view in the context
of future changes, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 9–17,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00082-7, 2000.
Renssen, H. and Osborn, T. J.: Investigating Holocene climate variability:
data-model comparisons, PAGES News, 11, 32–33, 2003.
Renssen, H., Isarin, R., Jacob, D. J., Podzun, R., and Vandenberghe, J.:
Simulation of the Younger Dryas climate in Europe using a regional climate
model nested in an AGCM: preliminary results, Global Planet. Change, 30, 41–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00076-5, 2001.
Renssen, H., Goosse, H., Fichefet, T., Brovkin, V., Driesschaert, E., and
Wolk, F.: Simulating the Holocene climate evolution at northern high
latitudes using a coupled atmosphere sea ice-ocean-vegetation model, Clim.
Dynam., 24, 23–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0485-y, 2005a.
Renssen, H., Goosse, H., and Fichefet, T.: Contrasting trends in North
Atlantic deep-water formation in the Labrador and Nordic Seas during the
Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022462, 2005b.
Renssen, H., Seppä, H., Heiri, O., Roche, D. M., Goosse, H., and Fichefet, T.: The spatial and temporal complexity of the Holocene thermal
maximum, Nat. Geosci., 2, 411–414, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo513, 2009.
Roberts, N., Brayshaw, D., Kuzucuoğlu, C., Perez, R., and Sadori, L.:
The mid-Holocene climatic transition in the Mediterranean: Causes and
consequences, Holocene, 21, 3–13, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610388058, 2011.
Roche, D. M., Dokken, T. M., Goosse, H., Renssen, H., and Weber, S. L.:
Climate of the Last Glacial Maximum: sensitivity studies and model-data
comparison with the LOVECLIM coupled model, Clim. Past, 3, 205–224,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-205-2007, 2007.
Roche, D. M., Dumas, C., Bügelmayer, M., Charbit, S., and Ritz, C.:
Adding a dynamical cryosphere to iLOVECLIM (version 1.0): coupling with the
GRISLI ice-sheet model, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1377–1394,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1377-2014, 2014.
Russo, E. and Cubasch, U.: Mid-to-late Holocene temperature evolution and
atmospheric dynamics over Europe in regional model simulations, Clim. Past,
12, 1645–1662, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1645-2016, 2016.
Russo, E., Fallah, B., Ludwig, P., Karremann, M., and Raible, C. C.: The
long-standing dilemma of European summer temperatures at the mid-Holocene
and other considerations on learning from the past for the future using a
regional climate model, Clim. Past, 18, 895–909,
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-895-2022, 2022.
Sadori, L., Giraudi, C. Masi, A., Magny, M., Ortu, E., Zanchetta, G., and
Izdebski, A.: Climate, environment, and society in southern Italy during the
last 2000 years. A review of the environmental, historical and
archaeological evidence, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 136, 173–188,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.020, 2016.
Schaeffer, M., Selten, F. M., Opsteegh, J. D., and Goosse, H.: Intrinsic limits to predictability of abrupt regional climate change in IPCC SRES scenarios, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 14-1–14-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015254, 2002.
Schaeffer, M., Selten, F., Goosse, H., and Opsteegh, T.: On the influence of
location of high-latitude ocean deep convection and Arctic sea-ice on climate change projections, J. Climate, 17, 4316–4329, https://doi.org/10.1175/3174.1, 2004.
Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Schwander, J., Buiron, D., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Loulergue, L., Schüpbach, S., Spahni, R., Fischer, H.,
and Stocker, T. F.: Atmospheric nitrous oxide during the last 140,000 years,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 300, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.027, 2010.
Schmidt, G. A., Shindell, D. T., Miller, R. L., Mann, M. E., and Rind, D.:
General circulation modelling of Holocene climate variability, Quaternary
Sci. Rev., 23, 2167–2181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.005, 2004.
Seppä, H. and Birks, H. J. B.: July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line
area: pollen-based climate reconstructions, Holocene, 11, 527–539,
https://doi.org/10.1191/095968301680223486, 2001.
Stoner, A. M. K., Hayhoe, K., Yang, X. and Wuebbles, D. J.: An asynchronous
regional regression model for statistical downscaling of daily climate
variables, Int. J. Climatol., 33, 2473–2494, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3603, 2013.
Strandberg, G., Brandefelt, J., Kjellstrom, E., and Smith, B.: High-resolution regional simulation of last glacial maximum climate in Europe, Tellus A, 63, 107–125, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00485.x, 2011.
Tarasov, P. E., Guiot, J., Cheddadi, R., Andreev, A. A., Bezusko, L. G., Blyakharchuk, T. A., Dorofeyuk, N. I., Filimonova, L. V., Volkova, V. S., and Zernitskaya, V. P.: Climate in northern Eurasia 6000 years ago reconstructed from pollen data, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 171, 635–645,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00171-5, 1999.
Timm, O., Timmermann, A., Abe-Ouchi, A., Saito, F., and Segawa, T.: On the
definition of seasons in paleoclimate simulations with orbital forcing,
Paleoceanography, 23, PA2221, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001461, 2008.
Timmermann, A., Justino, F., Jin, F. F., and Goosse, H.: Surface temperature
control in the North and tropical Pacific during the last glacial maximum, Clim. Dynam., 23, 353–370, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0434-9, 2004.
UCL: LOVECLIM, Université catholique de Louvain [code], http://www.elic.ucl.ac.be/modx/elic/index.php?id=289, last access: 22 December 2021.
Velasquez, P., Kaplan, J. O., Messmer, M., Ludwig, P., and Raible, C. C.:
The role of land cover in the climate of glacial Europe, Clim. Past, 17,
1161–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1161-2021, 2021.
Vrac, M., Marbaix, P., Paillard, D., and Naveau, P.: Non-linear statistical
downscaling of present and LGM precipitation and temperatures over Europe,
Clim. Past, 3, 669–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-669-2007, 2007.
Wang, J., Swati, F. N. U., Stein, M. L., and Kotamarthi, V. R.: Model
performance in spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation: New methods for
identifying value added by a regional climate model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 1239– 1259, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022434, 2015.
Wanner, H., Beer, J., Bütikofer, J., Crowley, T. J., Cubasch, U.,
Flückiger, J., Goosse, H., Grosjean, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J. O., Küttel, M., Müller, S. A., Prentice, I. C., Solomina, O., Stocker,
T. F., Tarasov, P. E., Wagner, M., and Widmann, M.: Mid- to late Holocene
climate change – an overview, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 1791–1828,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.013, 2008.
Willems, P. and Vrac, M.: Statistical precipitation downscaling for small-scale hydrological impact investigations of climate change, J. Hydrol., 402, 193–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.02.030, 2011.
Williams, C. J. R., Guarino, M.-V., Capron, E., Malmierca-Vallet, I., Singarayer, J. S., Sime, L. C., Lunt, D. J., and Valdes, P. J.: CMIP6/PMIP4
simulations of the mid-Holocene and Last Interglacial using HadGEM3:
comparison to the pre-industrial era, previous model versions and proxy
data, Clim. Past, 16, 1429–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1429-2020, 2020.
Wu, H., Guiot, J., Brewer, S., and Guo, Z.: Climatic changes in Eurasia and
Africa at the last glacial maximum and mid-Holocene: Reconstruction from
pollen data using inverse vegetation modelling, Clim. Dynam., 29), 211–229, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0231-3, 2007.
Yokoyama, Y., Lambeck, K., De Deckker, P, Johnston, P., and Fifield, L. K.:
Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima, Nature, 406, 713–716, https://doi.org/10.1038/35021035, 2000.
Zhang, Y., Renssen, H., and Seppä, H.: Effects of melting ice sheets and
orbital forcing on the early Holocene warming in the extratropical Northern
Hemisphere, Clim. Past, 12, 1119–1135, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1119-2016, 2016.
Zorita, E., González-Rouco, J. F., von Storch, H., Montávez, J. P.,
and Valero, F.: Natural and anthropogenic modes of surface temperature variations in the last thousand years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 755–762,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021563, 2005.
Short summary
This paper simulates transcient Holocene climate in Europe by applying an interactive downscaling to the standard version of the iLOVECLIM model. The results show that downscaling presents a higher spatial variability in better agreement with proxy-based reconstructions as compared to the standard model, particularly in the Alps, the Scandes, and the Mediterranean. Our downscaling scheme is numerically cheap, which can perform kilometric multi-millennial simulations suitable for future studies.
This paper simulates transcient Holocene climate in Europe by applying an interactive...
