Articles | Volume 6, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-93-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-93-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
23 Feb 2010
Dendroclimatology in Fennoscandia – from past accomplishments to future potential
H. W. Linderholm
Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
J. A. Björklund
Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
K. Seftigen
Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
B. E. Gunnarson
Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
H. Grudd
Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
J.-H. Jeong
Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
I. Drobyshev
Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, SLU, Alnarp, Sweden
Y. Liu
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi´an, China
Related subject area
Subject: Proxy Use-Development-Validation | Archive: Terrestrial Archives | Timescale: Holocene
A Holocene history of climate, fire, landscape evolution, and human activity in northeastern Iceland
A continental reconstruction of hydroclimatic variability in South America during the past 2000 years
A global compilation of diatom silica oxygen isotope records from lake sediment – trends and implications for climate reconstruction
BrGDGT-based seasonal paleotemperature reconstruction for the last 15 000 years from a shallow lake on the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Reconstructing 15 000 years of southern France temperatures from coupled pollen and molecular (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether) markers (Canroute, Massif Central)
Pollen-based reconstructions of Holocene climate trends in the eastern Mediterranean region
Spatiotemporal Intertropical Convergence Zone dynamics during the last 3 millennia in northeastern Brazil and related impacts in modern human history
Holocene climates of the Iberian Peninsula: pollen-based reconstructions of changes in the west–east gradient of temperature and moisture
Holocene climate and oceanography of the coastal Western United States and California Current System
Reconstructing Holocene temperatures in time and space using paleoclimate data assimilation
Long-term trends in diatom diversity and palaeoproductivity: a 16 000-year multidecadal record from Lake Baikal, southern Siberia
A 406-year non-growing-season precipitation reconstruction in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Climatic variations during the Holocene inferred from radiocarbon and stable carbon isotopes in speleothems from a high-alpine cave
Winter–spring warming in the North Atlantic during the last 2000 years: evidence from southwest Iceland
Climate reconstructions based on GDGT and pollen surface datasets from Mongolia and Baikal area: calibrations and applicability to extremely cold–dry environments over the Late Holocene
Sampling density and date along with species selection influence spatial representation of tree-ring reconstructions
Changes in high-intensity precipitation on the northern Apennines (Italy) as revealed by multidisciplinary data over the last 9000 years
Neoglacial trends in diatom dynamics from a small alpine lake in the Qinling mountains of central China
Centennial- to millennial-scale monsoon changes since the last deglaciation linked to solar activities and North Atlantic cooling
Algal lipids reveal unprecedented warming rates in alpine areas of SW Europe during the industrial period
Reconstructing seasonality through stable-isotope and trace-element analyses of the Proserpine stalagmite, Han-sur-Lesse cave, Belgium: indications for climate-driven changes during the last 400 years
Two millennia of Main region (southern Germany) hydroclimate variability
Combining a pollen and macrofossil synthesis with climate simulations for spatial reconstructions of European climate using Bayesian filtering
Lignin oxidation products as a potential proxy for vegetation and environmental changes in speleothems and cave drip water – a first record from the Herbstlabyrinth, central Germany
How dry was the Younger Dryas? Evidence from a coupled δ2H–δ18O biomarker paleohygrometer applied to the Gemündener Maar sediments, Western Eifel, Germany
Siberian tree-ring and stable isotope proxies as indicators of temperature and moisture changes after major stratospheric volcanic eruptions
The 4.2 ka BP Event in the Mediterranean region: an overview
Technical note: Optimizing the utility of combined GPR, OSL, and Lidar (GOaL) to extract paleoenvironmental records and decipher shoreline evolution
The onset of neoglaciation in Iceland and the 4.2 ka event
Hydroclimatic variations in southeastern China during the 4.2 ka event reflected by stalagmite records
Fire, vegetation, and Holocene climate in a southeastern Tibetan lake: a multi-biomarker reconstruction from Paru Co
Climate impact on the development of Pre-Classic Maya civilisation
Synchronizing 10Be in two varved lake sediment records to IntCal13 14C during three grand solar minima
Technical note: Open-paleo-data implementation pilot – the PAGES 2k special issue
A chironomid-based record of temperature variability during the past 4000 years in northern China and its possible societal implications
Insights into Atlantic multidecadal variability using the Last Millennium Reanalysis framework
Three distinct Holocene intervals of stalagmite deposition and nondeposition revealed in NW Madagascar, and their paleoclimate implications
Examining bias in pollen-based quantitative climate reconstructions induced by human impact on vegetation in China
A dual-biomarker approach for quantification of changes in relative humidity from sedimentary lipid D∕H ratios
Pseudo-proxy tests of the analogue method to reconstruct spatially resolved global temperature during the Common Era
Development and evaluation of a system of proxy data assimilation for paleoclimate reconstruction
A chironomid-based mean July temperature inference model from the south-east margin of the Tibetan Plateau, China
Assessing performance and seasonal bias of pollen-based climate reconstructions in a perfect model world
Quantitative reconstruction of summer precipitation using a mid-Holocene δ13C common millet record from Guanzhong Basin, northern China
North Atlantic Oscillation controls on oxygen and hydrogen isotope gradients in winter precipitation across Europe; implications for palaeoclimate studies
A 368-year maximum temperature reconstruction based on tree-ring data in the northwestern Sichuan Plateau (NWSP), China
Inferring late-Holocene climate in the Ecuadorian Andes using a chironomid-based temperature inference model
A high-altitude peatland record of environmental changes in the NW Argentine Andes (24 ° S) over the last 2100 years
Technical note: The Linked Paleo Data framework – a common tongue for paleoclimatology
A Bayesian hierarchical model for reconstructing relative sea level: from raw data to rates of change
Nicolò Ardenghi, David J. Harning, Jonathan H. Raberg, Brooke R. Holman, Thorvaldur Thordarson, Áslaug Geirsdóttir, Gifford H. Miller, and Julio Sepúlveda
Clim. Past, 20, 1087–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Analysing a sediment record from Stóra Viðarvatn (NE Iceland), we reveal how natural factors and human activities influenced environmental changes (erosion, wildfires) over the last 11 000 years. We found increased fire activity around 3000 and 1500 years ago, predating human settlement, likely driven by natural factors like precipitation shifts. Declining summer temperatures increased erosion vulnerability, exacerbated by farming and animal husbandry, which in turn may have reduced wildfires.
Mathurin A. Choblet, Janica C. Bühler, Valdir F. Novello, Nathan J. Steiger, and Kira Rehfeld
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-545, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-545, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Past climate reconstructions are essential for understanding climate mechanisms and drivers. Our focus is on the South American continent over the past 2000 years. We offer a new reconstruction, particularly utilizing data from speleothems, previously absent from continental-wide reconstructions. We use Paleoclimate Data Assimilation, a reconstruction method that combines information from climate archives and climate simulations.
Philip Meister, Anne Alexandre, Hannah Bailey, Philip Barker, Boris K. Biskaborn, Ellie Broadman, Rosine Cartier, Bernhard Chapligin, Martine Couapel, Jonathan R. Dean, Bernhard Diekmann, Poppy Harding, Andrew C. G. Henderson, Armand Hernandez, Ulrike Herzschuh, Svetlana S. Kostrova, Jack Lacey, Melanie J. Leng, Andreas Lücke, Anson W. Mackay, Eniko Katalin Magyari, Biljana Narancic, Cécile Porchier, Gunhild Rosqvist, Aldo Shemesh, Corinne Sonzogni, George E. A. Swann, Florence Sylvestre, and Hanno Meyer
Clim. Past, 20, 363–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-363-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-363-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first comprehensive compilation of diatom oxygen isotope records in lake sediments (δ18OBSi), supported by lake basin parameters. We infer the spatial and temporal coverage of δ18OBSi records and discuss common hemispheric trends on centennial and millennial timescales. Key results are common patterns for hydrologically open lakes in Northern Hemisphere extratropical regions during the Holocene corresponding to known climatic epochs, i.e. the Holocene Thermal Maximum.
Xiaohuan Hou, Nannan Wang, Zhe Sun, Kan Yuan, Xianyong Cao, and Juzhi Hou
Clim. Past, 20, 335–348, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present an ice-free season temperature based on brGDGTs over last 15 kyr on the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The result shows that Holocene Thermal Maximum occurred during 8–3.5 ka, which lags behind pollen-based temperature recorded in same core, indicating a significant seasonal bias between different proxies. We also investigated previously published brGDGT-based temperatures on the TP to determine the pattern of Holocene temperature changes and possible reasons for the diverse records.
Léa d'Oliveira, Lucas Dugerdil, Guillemette Ménot, Allowen Evin, Serge D. Muller, Salomé Ansanay-Alex, Julien Azuara, Colline Bonnet, Laurent Bremond, Mehmet Shah, and Odile Peyron
Clim. Past, 19, 2127–2156, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In southern Europe, Holocene climate variability is characterized by a strong heterogeneity whose patterns are still poorly understood. Here, a multi-proxy approach (pollen and biomarkers) is applied to the Canroute sequence to reconstruct the climatic variation over the last 15 000 years in southern Massif Central, France. Results reveal that reconstructions of regional climate trends notably differ depending on proxies and sites, notably concerning the presence of a Holocene thermal maximum.
Esmeralda Cruz-Silva, Sandy P. Harrison, I. Colin Prentice, Elena Marinova, Patrick J. Bartlein, Hans Renssen, and Yurui Zhang
Clim. Past, 19, 2093–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examined 71 pollen records (12.3 ka to present) in the eastern Mediterranean, reconstructing climate changes. Over 9000 years, winters gradually warmed due to orbital factors. Summer temperatures peaked at 4.5–5 ka, likely declining because of ice sheets. Moisture increased post-11 kyr, remaining high from 10–6 kyr before a slow decrease. Climate models face challenges in replicating moisture transport.
Giselle Utida, Francisco W. Cruz, Mathias Vuille, Angela Ampuero, Valdir F. Novello, Jelena Maksic, Gilvan Sampaio, Hai Cheng, Haiwei Zhang, Fabio Ramos Dias de Andrade, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 19, 1975–1992, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) behavior during the past 3000 years over northeastern Brazil based on oxygen stable isotopes of stalagmites. Paleoclimate changes were mainly forced by the tropical South Atlantic and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability. We describe an ITCZ zonal behavior active around 1100 CE and the period from 1500 to 1750 CE. The dataset also records historical droughts that affected modern human population in this area of Brazil.
Mengmeng Liu, Yicheng Shen, Penelope González-Sampériz, Graciela Gil-Romera, Cajo J. F. ter Braak, Iain Colin Prentice, and Sandy P. Harrison
Clim. Past, 19, 803–834, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the Holocene climates in the Iberian Peninsula using a large pollen data set and found that the west–east moisture gradient was much flatter than today. We also found that the winter was much colder, which can be expected from the low winter insolation during the Holocene. However, summer temperature did not follow the trend of summer insolation, instead, it was strongly correlated with moisture.
Hannah M. Palmer, Veronica Padilla Vriesman, Caitlin M. Livsey, Carina R. Fish, and Tessa M. Hill
Clim. Past, 19, 199–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-199-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-199-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand and contextualize modern climate change, this systematic review synthesizes climate and oceanographic patterns in the Western United States and California Current System through the most recent 11.75 kyr. Through a literature review and coded analysis of past studies, we identify distinct environmental phases through time and linkages between marine and terrestrial systems. We explore climate change impacts on ecosystems and human–environment interactions.
Michael P. Erb, Nicholas P. McKay, Nathan Steiger, Sylvia Dee, Chris Hancock, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Lauren J. Gregoire, and Paul Valdes
Clim. Past, 18, 2599–2629, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2599-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2599-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To look at climate over the past 12 000 years, we reconstruct spatial temperature using natural climate archives and information from model simulations. Our results show mild global mean warmth around 6000 years ago, which differs somewhat from past reconstructions. Undiagnosed seasonal biases in the data could explain some of the observed temperature change, but this still would not explain the large difference between many reconstructions and climate models over this period.
Anson W. Mackay, Vivian A. Felde, David W. Morley, Natalia Piotrowska, Patrick Rioual, Alistair W. R. Seddon, and George E. A. Swann
Clim. Past, 18, 363–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-363-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-363-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the diversity of algae called diatoms in Lake Baikal, the oldest and deepest lake in the world, because algae sit at the base of aquatic foodwebs and provide energy (in the form of primary production) for other organisms to use. Diatom diversity and primary production have been influenced by both long-term and abrupt climate change over the past 16 000 years. The shape of these responses appears to be time-period specific.
Maierdang Keyimu, Zongshan Li, Bojie Fu, Guohua Liu, Fanjiang Zeng, Weiliang Chen, Zexin Fan, Keyan Fang, Xiuchen Wu, and Xiaochun Wang
Clim. Past, 17, 2381–2392, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2381-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2381-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We created a residual tree-ring width chronology and reconstructed non-growth-season precipitation (NGSP) over the period spanning 1600–2005 in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP), China. Reconstruction model verification as well as similar variations of NGSP reconstruction and Palmer Drought Severity Index reconstructions from the surrounding region indicate the reliability of the present reconstruction. Our reconstruction is representative of NGSP variability of a large region in the SETP.
Caroline Welte, Jens Fohlmeister, Melina Wertnik, Lukas Wacker, Bodo Hattendorf, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 17, 2165–2177, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Stalagmites are valuable climate archives, but unlike other proxies the use of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) is still difficult. A stalagmite from the Austrian Alps was analyzed using a new laser ablation method for fast radiocarbon (14C) analysis. This allowed 14C and δ13C to be combined, showing that besides soil and bedrock a third source is contributing during periods of warm, wet climate: old organic matter.
Nora Richter, James M. Russell, Johanna Garfinkel, and Yongsong Huang
Clim. Past, 17, 1363–1383, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a reconstruction of winter–spring temperatures developed using organic proxies preserved in well-dated lake sediments from southwest Iceland to assess seasonal temperature changes in the North Atlantic region over the last 2000 years. The gradual warming trend observed in our record is likely influenced by sea surface temperatures, which are sensitive to changes in ocean circulation and seasonal insolation, during the winter and spring season.
Lucas Dugerdil, Sébastien Joannin, Odile Peyron, Isabelle Jouffroy-Bapicot, Boris Vannière, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Julia Unkelbach, Hermann Behling, and Guillemette Ménot
Clim. Past, 17, 1199–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1199-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1199-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Since the understanding of Holocene climate change appears to be a relevant issue for future climate change, the paleoclimate calibrations have to be improved. Here, surface samples from Mongolia and Siberia were analyzed to provide new calibrations for pollen and biomarker climate models. These calibrations appear to be more powerful than global calibrations, especially in an arid central Asian context. These calibrations will improve the understanding of monsoon Holocene oscillations.
Justin T. Maxwell, Grant L. Harley, Trevis J. Matheus, Brandon M. Strange, Kayla Van Aken, Tsun Fung Au, and Joshua C. Bregy
Clim. Past, 16, 1901–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1901-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1901-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We found that increasing the density of chronologies in the tree-ring network resulted in estimated soil moisture conditions that better matched the spatial variability of the values that were instrumentally recorded for droughts and, to a lesser extent, pluvials. By sampling trees in 2010 compared to 1980, the sensitivity of tree rings to soil moisture decreased in the southern portion of our region, where severe drought conditions have been absent over recent decades.
Stefano Segadelli, Federico Grazzini, Veronica Rossi, Margherita Aguzzi, Silvia Marvelli, Marco Marchesini, Alessandro Chelli, Roberto Francese, Maria Teresa De Nardo, and Sandro Nanni
Clim. Past, 16, 1547–1564, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In an attempt to consolidate trends in the hydrological cycle induced by recent warming, we conducted a multidisciplinary study combining meteorological data, climate proxies from the literature, and original coring and pollen data acquired in an area that has been hit by record-breaking precipitation events. A detailed study of recent flash-flood deposits compared with fossil peat bog and lake sediments supports the expected increase in precipitation intensity during warm climatic phases.
Bo Cheng, Jennifer Adams, Jianhui Chen, Aifeng Zhou, Qing Zhang, and Anson W. Mackay
Clim. Past, 16, 543–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-543-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-543-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Qinling mountains in China are biodiversity rich. We studied one of the high-latitude lakes on Mount Taibai with a view to looking at how aquatic diversity responded to long-term changes in climate over the past 3500 years. We specifically looked at a group of single-celled algae called diatoms, as they are very sensitive to the environment. We found that these algae changed gradually over time, but they showed abrupt change during the period known as the Little Ice Age, about 400 years ago.
Xingxing Liu, Youbin Sun, Jef Vandenberghe, Peng Cheng, Xu Zhang, Evan J. Gowan, Gerrit Lohmann, and Zhisheng An
Clim. Past, 16, 315–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-315-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-315-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The East Asian summer monsoon and winter monsoon are anticorrelated on a centennial timescale during 16–1 ka. The centennial monsoon variability is connected to changes of both solar activity and North Atlantic cooling events during the Early Holocene. Then, North Atlantic cooling became the major forcing of events during the Late Holocene. This work presents the great challenge and potential to understand the response of the monsoon system to global climate changes in the past and the future.
Antonio García-Alix, Jaime L. Toney, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Carmen Pérez-Martínez, Laura Jiménez, Marta Rodrigo-Gámiz, R. Scott Anderson, Jon Camuera, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo, Dhais Peña-Angulo, and María J. Ramos-Román
Clim. Past, 16, 245–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we identify warming thresholds, rates, and forcing mechanisms from a novel alpine temperature record of the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Common Era in order to contextualize the modern warming and its potential impact on these vulnerable alpine ecosystems. To do so, we have developed and applied the first lacustrine temperature calibration in alpine lakes for algal compounds, called long-chain alkyl diols, which is a significant advance in biomarker paleothermometry.
Stef Vansteenberge, Niels J. de Winter, Matthias Sinnesael, Sophie Verheyden, Steven Goderis, Stijn J. M. Van Malderen, Frank Vanhaecke, and Philippe Claeys
Clim. Past, 16, 141–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-141-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-141-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the chemical composition (trace-element concentrations and stable-isotope ratios) of a Belgian speleothem that deposited annual layers. Our sub-annual resolution dataset allows us to investigate how the chemistry of this speleothem recorded changes in the environment and climate in northwestern Europe. We then use this information to reconstruct climate change during the 16th and 17th century on the seasonal scale and demonstrate that environmental change drives speleothem chemistry.
Alexander Land, Sabine Remmele, Jutta Hofmann, Daniel Reichle, Margaret Eppli, Christian Zang, Allan Buras, Sebastian Hein, and Reiner Zimmermann
Clim. Past, 15, 1677–1690, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1677-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1677-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
With the use of precipitation sensitive oak ring-width series from the Main River region (southern Germany) a 2000-year long hydroclimate reconstruction has been developed. The ring series are sensitive to the sum of rainfall from 26 February to 6 July. This region suffered from severe, long-lasting droughts in the past two millennia (e.g., AD 500/510s, 940s, 1170s, 1390s and 1160s). In the AD 550s, 1050s, 1310s and 1480s, multi-year periods with high rainfall hit the region.
Nils Weitzel, Andreas Hense, and Christian Ohlwein
Clim. Past, 15, 1275–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1275-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1275-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new method for probabilistic spatial reconstructions of past climate states is presented, which combines pollen data with a multi-model ensemble of climate simulations in a Bayesian framework. The approach is applied to reconstruct summer and winter temperature in Europe during the mid-Holocene. Our reconstructions account for multiple sources of uncertainty and are well suited for quantitative statistical analyses of the climate under different forcing conditions.
Inken Heidke, Denis Scholz, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Clim. Past, 15, 1025–1037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1025-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1025-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first quantitative study of lignin biomarkers in stalagmites and cave drip water. Lignin is only produced by higher plants; therefore, its analysis can be used to reconstruct the vegetation of the past. We compared our lignin results with stable isotope and trace element records from the same samples and found correlations or similarities with P, Ba, U and Mg concentrations as well as δ13C values. These results can help to better interpret other vegetation proxies.
Johannes Hepp, Lorenz Wüthrich, Tobias Bromm, Marcel Bliedtner, Imke Kathrin Schäfer, Bruno Glaser, Kazimierz Rozanski, Frank Sirocko, Roland Zech, and Michael Zech
Clim. Past, 15, 713–733, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-713-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-713-2019, 2019
Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Marina V. Fonti, Matthias Saurer, Sébastien Guillet, Christophe Corona, Patrick Fonti, Vladimir S. Myglan, Alexander V. Kirdyanov, Oksana V. Naumova, Dmitriy V. Ovchinnikov, Alexander V. Shashkin, Irina P. Panyushkina, Ulf Büntgen, Malcolm K. Hughes, Eugene A. Vaganov, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, and Markus Stoffel
Clim. Past, 15, 685–700, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-685-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-685-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a unique dataset of multiple tree-ring and stable isotope parameters, representing temperature-sensitive Siberian ecotones, to assess climatic impacts after six large stratospheric volcanic eruptions at 535, 540, 1257, 1640, 1815, and 1991 CE. Besides the well-documented effects of temperature derived from tree-ring width and latewood density, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in tree-ring cellulose provide information about moisture and sunshine duration changes after the events.
Monica Bini, Giovanni Zanchetta, Aurel Perşoiu, Rosine Cartier, Albert Català, Isabel Cacho, Jonathan R. Dean, Federico Di Rita, Russell N. Drysdale, Martin Finnè, Ilaria Isola, Bassem Jalali, Fabrizio Lirer, Donatella Magri, Alessia Masi, Leszek Marks, Anna Maria Mercuri, Odile Peyron, Laura Sadori, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Fabian Welc, Christoph Zielhofer, and Elodie Brisset
Clim. Past, 15, 555–577, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-555-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-555-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean region has returned some of the clearest evidence of a climatically dry period occurring approximately 4200 years ago. We reviewed selected proxies to infer regional climate patterns between 4.3 and 3.8 ka. Temperature data suggest a cooling anomaly, even if this is not uniform, whereas winter was drier, along with dry summers. However, some exceptions to this prevail, where wetter condition seems to have persisted, suggesting regional heterogeneity.
Amy J. Dougherty, Jeong-Heon Choi, Chris S. M. Turney, and Anthony Dosseto
Clim. Past, 15, 389–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-389-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-389-2019, 2019
Áslaug Geirsdóttir, Gifford H. Miller, John T. Andrews, David J. Harning, Leif S. Anderson, Christopher Florian, Darren J. Larsen, and Thor Thordarson
Clim. Past, 15, 25–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-25-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-25-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Compositing climate proxies in sediment from seven Iceland lakes documents abrupt summer cooling between 4.5 and 4.0 ka, statistically indistinguishable from 4.2 ka. Although the decline in summer insolation was an important factor, a combination of superposed changes in ocean circulation and explosive Icelandic volcanism were likely responsible for the abrupt perturbation recorded by our proxies. Lake and catchment proxies recovered to a colder equilibrium state following the perturbation.
Haiwei Zhang, Hai Cheng, Yanjun Cai, Christoph Spötl, Gayatri Kathayat, Ashish Sinha, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Liangcheng Tan
Clim. Past, 14, 1805–1817, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1805-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1805-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The collapses of several Neolithic cultures in China are considered to have been associated with abrupt climate change during the 4.2 ka BP event; however, the hydroclimate of this event in China is still poorly known. Based on stalagmite records from monsoonal China, we found that north China was dry but south China was wet during this event. We propose that the rain belt remained longer at its southern position, giving rise to a pronounced humidity gradient between north and south China.
Alice Callegaro, Dario Battistel, Natalie M. Kehrwald, Felipe Matsubara Pereira, Torben Kirchgeorg, Maria del Carmen Villoslada Hidalgo, Broxton W. Bird, and Carlo Barbante
Clim. Past, 14, 1543–1563, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1543-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1543-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Holocene fires and vegetation are reconstructed using different molecular markers with a single analytical method, applied for the first time to lake sediments from Tibet. The early Holocene shows oscillations between grasses and conifers, with smouldering fires represented by levoglucosan peaks, and high-temperature fires represented by PAHs. The lack of human FeSts excludes local human influence on fire and vegetation changes. Late Holocene displays an increase in local to regional combustion.
Kees Nooren, Wim Z. Hoek, Brian J. Dermody, Didier Galop, Sarah Metcalfe, Gerald Islebe, and Hans Middelkoop
Clim. Past, 14, 1253–1273, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1253-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1253-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present two new palaeoclimatic records for the central Maya lowlands, adding valuable new insights to the impact of climate change on the development of Maya civilisation. Lake Tuspan's diatom record is indicative of precipitation changes at a local scale, while a beach ridge elevation record from the world's largest late Holocene beach ridge plain provides a regional picture.
Markus Czymzik, Raimund Muscheler, Florian Adolphi, Florian Mekhaldi, Nadine Dräger, Florian Ott, Michał Słowinski, Mirosław Błaszkiewicz, Ala Aldahan, Göran Possnert, and Achim Brauer
Clim. Past, 14, 687–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-687-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-687-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our results provide a proof of concept for facilitating 10Be in varved lake sediments as a novel synchronization tool required for investigating leads and lags of proxy responses to climate variability. They also point to some limitations of 10Be in these archives mainly connected to in-lake sediment resuspension processes.
Darrell S. Kaufman and PAGES 2k special-issue editorial team
Clim. Past, 14, 593–600, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-593-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We explain the procedure used to attain a high and consistent level of data stewardship across a special issue of the journal Climate of the Past. We discuss the challenges related to (1) determining which data are essential for public archival, (2) using data generated by others, and (3) understanding data citations. We anticipate that open-data sharing in paleo sciences will accelerate as the advantages become more evident and as practices that reduce data loss become the accepted convention.
Haipeng Wang, Jianhui Chen, Shengda Zhang, David D. Zhang, Zongli Wang, Qinghai Xu, Shengqian Chen, Shijin Wang, Shichang Kang, and Fahu Chen
Clim. Past, 14, 383–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-383-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-383-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The chironomid-inferred temperature record from Gonghai Lake exhibits a stepwise decreasing trend since 4 ka. A cold event in the Era of Disunity, the Sui-Tang Warm Period, the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age can all be recognized in our record, as well as in many other temperature reconstructions in China. Local wars in Shanxi Province, documented in the historical literature during the past 2700 years, are statistically significantly correlated with changes in temperature.
Hansi K. A. Singh, Gregory J. Hakim, Robert Tardif, Julien Emile-Geay, and David C. Noone
Clim. Past, 14, 157–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-157-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-157-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is prominent in the climate system. We study the AMO over the last 2000 years using a novel proxy framework, the Last Millennium Reanalysis. We find that the AMO is linked to continental warming, Arctic sea ice retreat, and an Atlantic precipitation shift. Low clouds decrease globally. We find no distinct multidecadal spectral peak in the AMO over the last 2 millennia, suggesting that human activities may have enhanced the AMO in the modern era.
Ny Riavo Gilbertinie Voarintsoa, Loren Bruce Railsback, George Albert Brook, Lixin Wang, Gayatri Kathayat, Hai Cheng, Xianglei Li, Richard Lawrence Edwards, Amos Fety Michel Rakotondrazafy, and Marie Olga Madison Razanatseheno
Clim. Past, 13, 1771–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1771-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1771-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This research has been an investigation of two stalagmites from two caves in NW Madagascar to reconstruct the region's paleoenvironmental changes, and to understand the linkage of such changes to the dynamics of the ITCZ. Stable isotopes, mineralogy, and petrography suggest wetter climate conditions than today during the early and late Holocene, when the mean ITCZ was south, and drier during the mid-Holocene when the ITCZ was north.
Wei Ding, Qinghai Xu, and Pavel E. Tarasov
Clim. Past, 13, 1285–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1285-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1285-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Pollen-based past climate reconstruction for regions with long-term human occupation is always controversial. We examined the bias induced by the human impact on vegetation in a climate reconstruction for temperate eastern China by comparing the deviations in the reconstructed results for a fossil record based on two pollen–climate calibration sets. Climatic signals in pollen assemblages are indeed obscured by human impact; however, the extent of the bias could be assessed.
Oliver Rach, Ansgar Kahmen, Achim Brauer, and Dirk Sachse
Clim. Past, 13, 741–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-741-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-741-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Currently, reconstructions of past changes in the hydrological cycle are usually qualitative, which is a major drawback for testing the accuracy of models in predicting future responses. Here we present a proof of concept of a novel approach to deriving quantitative paleohydrological data, i.e. changes in relative humidity, from lacustrine sediment archives, employing a combination of organic geochemical methods and plant physiological modeling.
Juan José Gómez-Navarro, Eduardo Zorita, Christoph C. Raible, and Raphael Neukom
Clim. Past, 13, 629–648, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-629-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-629-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This contribution aims at assessing to what extent the analogue method, a classic technique used in other branches of meteorology and climatology, can be used to perform gridded reconstructions of annual temperature based on the limited information from available but un-calibrated proxies spread across different locations of the world. We conclude that it is indeed possible, albeit with certain limitations that render the method comparable to more classic techniques.
Atsushi Okazaki and Kei Yoshimura
Clim. Past, 13, 379–393, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-379-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-379-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Data assimilation has been successfully applied in the field of paleoclimatology to reconstruct past climate. However, data reconstructed from proxies have been assimilated, as opposed to the actual proxy values, which prevented full utilization of the information recorded in the proxies. This study propose a new data assimilation system in which actual proxy data are directly assimilated.
Enlou Zhang, Jie Chang, Yanmin Cao, Hongqu Tang, Pete Langdon, James Shulmeister, Rong Wang, Xiangdong Yang, and Ji Shen
Clim. Past, 13, 185–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-185-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-185-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first development of sub-fossil chironomid-based mean July temperature transfer functions from China. The transfer functions yield reliable reconstructions that are comparable to the instrumental record. The application of this new tool will provide long-term quantitative palaeoclimate estimates from south-western China which is a critical region for understanding the dynamic and evolution of the Indian Ocean south-west Monsoon system.
Kira Rehfeld, Mathias Trachsel, Richard J. Telford, and Thomas Laepple
Clim. Past, 12, 2255–2270, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2255-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2255-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Indirect evidence on past climate comes from the former composition of ecological communities such as plants, preserved as pollen grains in sediments of lakes. Transfer functions convert relative counts of species to a climatologically meaningful scale (e.g. annual mean temperature in degrees C). We show that the fundamental assumptions in the algorithms impact the reconstruction results in he idealized model world, in particular if the reconstructed variables were not ecologically relevant.
Qing Yang, Xiaoqiang Li, Xinying Zhou, Keliang Zhao, and Nan Sun
Clim. Past, 12, 2229–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2229-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2229-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The fossilized seeds of common millet are suited to the production of quantitative Holocene precipitation reconstructions. Our reconstructed results showed that summer precipitation from 7.7–3.4 ka BP was ~ 50 mm, or 17 % higher than present levels. Maximal mean summer precipitation peaked at 414 mm during 6.1–5.5 ka BP, ~ 109 mm, or 36 % higher than today, indicating the EASM peaked at this time. This work can provide a new proxy for further research into continuous paleoprecipitation sequences.
Michael Deininger, Martin Werner, and Frank McDermott
Clim. Past, 12, 2127–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2127-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2127-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the NAO (Northern Atlantic Oscillation)-related mechanisms that control winter precipitation stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope gradients across Europe. The results show that past longitudinal stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope gradients in European rainfall stored in palaeoclimate archives (e.g. speleothems) can be used to infer the past winter NAO modes from its variations.
Liangjun Zhu, Yuandong Zhang, Zongshan Li, Binde Guo, and Xiaochun Wang
Clim. Past, 12, 1485–1498, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1485-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1485-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 368-year late summer maximum temperature reconstruction based on spruce tree rings. It touches on the critical topic of climate reconstruction in the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau and represents an extension and enhancement of climate records for this area. The Little Ice Age was well represented and 20th century warming was not obvious in this reconstruction. This temperature variation may be affected by global land–sea atmospheric circulation as well as solar and volcanic forcing.
Frazer Matthews-Bird, Stephen J. Brooks, Philip B. Holden, Encarni Montoya, and William D. Gosling
Clim. Past, 12, 1263–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1263-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1263-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Chironomidae are a family of two-winged aquatic fly of the order Diptera. The family is species rich (> 5000 described species) and extremely sensitive to environmental change, particualy temperature. Across the Northern Hemisphere, chironomids have been widely used as paleotemperature proxies as the chitinous remains of the insect are readily preserved in lake sediments. This is the first study using chironomids as paleotemperature proxies in tropical South America.
Karsten Schittek, Sebastian T. Kock, Andreas Lücke, Jonathan Hense, Christian Ohlendorf, Julio J. Kulemeyer, Liliana C. Lupo, and Frank Schäbitz
Clim. Past, 12, 1165–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1165-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1165-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Cushion peatlands are versatile climate archives for the study of past environmental changes. We present the environmental history for the last 2100 years of Cerro Tuzgle peatland, which is located in the NW Argentine Puna. The results reflect prominent late Holocene climate anomalies and provide evidence that Northern Hemisphere climate oscillations were extensive. Volcanic forcing at the beginning of the 19th century seems to have had an impact on climatic settings in the Central Andes
Nicholas P. McKay and Julien Emile-Geay
Clim. Past, 12, 1093–1100, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1093-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1093-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The lack of accepted data formats and data standards in paleoclimatology is a growing problem that slows progress in the field. Here, we propose a preliminary data standard for paleoclimate data, general enough to accommodate all the proxy and measurement types encountered in a large international collaboration (PAGES 2k). We also introduce a data format for such structured data (Linked Paleo Data, or LiPD), leveraging recent advances in knowledge representation (Linked Open Data).
Niamh Cahill, Andrew C. Kemp, Benjamin P. Horton, and Andrew C. Parnell
Clim. Past, 12, 525–542, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-525-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-525-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a Bayesian model for the reconstruction and analysis of former sea levels. The model provides a single, unifying framework for reconstructing and analyzing sea level through time with fully quantified uncertainty. We illustrate our approach using a case study of Common Era (last 2000 years) sea levels from New Jersey.
Cited articles
Aas, B. and Faarlund, T.: Postglasiale skoggrenser i sentrale sørnorske fjelltrakter, 14C-datering av subfossile furu- och bjørkerester, Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr., 42, 25–61, 1988.
Andreassen, K., Solberg, S., Tveito O. E., and Lystad, S. O.: Regional differences in climatic responses of Norway spruce (Picea Abies L. Karst) growth in Norway, Forest Ecol. Manag., 222, 211–221, 2006.
Aniol, R. W. and Eckstein, D.: Dendrochronological studies at the northern timberline, in: Climate changes on a yearly to millennial basis, edited by: Mörner, N. A. and Karlén, W., Reidel, Dordrecht, 273–279, 1984.
Barber, V. A., Juday, G. P., and Finney, B. P.: Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress, Nature, 405, 668–673, 2000.
Barnekow, L.: Holocene regional and local vegetation history and lake-level changes in the Torneträsk area, northern Sweden, J. Paleolimnol., 23, 399–420, 2000.
Barry, R. G. (ed.): Mountain weather and climate, Routledge, London, 401 pp., 1992.
Bartholin, T. S.: Dendrochronology of oak in Southern Sweden, Tree-Ring Bull., 35, 25–29, 1975.
Bartholin, T. S.: Dendrochronology in Sweden, Climate changes on a yearly to millennial basis, in: Climate changes on a yearly to millennial basis, edited by: Mörner N. A. and Karlén, W., Reidel, Dordrecht, 261–262, 1984.
Bartholin, T. S.: Dendrochronology in Sweden, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., 145, 79–88, 1987.
Bartholin, T. S. and Karlén, W.: Dendrokronologi i Lapland AD 436–1981, Dendrokronologiska Sällskapets Meddelanden, 45, 3–16, 1983.
Bjune, A. E., Bakke, J., Nesje, A., and Birks, H. J. B.: Holocene mean July temperature and winter precipitation in western Norway inferred from palynological and glaciological lake-sediment proxies, Holocene, 15, 177–189, 2005.
Bradley, R. S.: Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary, International Geophysics Series, 68, Elsevier Academic Press, 614 pp., 1985.
Branstator, G.: Circumglobal teleconnections, the jet stream waveguide, and the North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Climate,, 15, 1893–1910, 2002.
Briffa, K. R., Bartholin, T. S., Eckstein, D., Jones, P. D., Karlén, W., Schweingruber, F. H., and Zetterberg, P.: A 1400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia, Nature, 346, 434–439, 1990.
Briffa, K. R., Jones, P. D., Bartholin, T. S., Eckstein, D., Schweingruber, F. H., Karlén, W., Zetterberg, P., and Eronen, M.: Fennoscandian summers from AD 500: temperature changes on short and long time scales, Clim. Dynam., 7, 111–119, 1992.
Briffa, K. R., Jones, P. D., Pilcher, J. R., and Hughes, M. K.: Reconstructing summer temperatures n northern Fennoscandinavia back to AD 1700 using tree-ring data from Scots pine, Arctic Alpine Res., 20, 385–394, 1988.
Briffa, K. R. and Matthews, J. A.: ADVANCE–10K: a European contribution towards a hemispheric dendroclimatology for the Holocene, Holocene, 12, 639–642, 2002.
Briffa, K. R. and Melvin, T. M.: A closer look at Regional Curve Standardization of tree-ring records: justification of the need, a warning of some pitfalls, and suggested improvements of its application, in: Dendroclimatology: Progress and prospects, edited by: Hughes, M. K., Diaz, H. F., and Swetnam, T. W., Springer Verlag, in press, 2010.
Briffa, K. R., Osborn, T. J., Schweingruber, F. H., Harris, I. C., Jones, P. D., Shiyatov, S. G., and Vaganov, E. A.: Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree-ring density network, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2929–2941, 2001.
Briffa, K. R., Osborn, T. J., Schweingruber, F. H., Jones, P. D., Shiyatov, S. G., and Vaganov, E. A.: Tree-ring width and density around the Northern Hemisphere: Part 1, local and regional climate signals, Holocene, 12, 737–757, 2002.
Briffa, K. R., Schweingruber, F. H., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., Harris, I. C., Shiyatov, S. G., Vaganov, E. A., and Grudd, H.: Trees tell of past climates: but are they speaking less clearly today?, Phil. T. Roy. Soc. B, 353, 65–73, 1998a.
Briffa, K. R., Schweingruber, F. H., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., Shiyatov, S. G., and Vaganov, E. A.: Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes, Nature, 391, 678–682, 1998b.
Broocman, C. F.: Beskrifning Öfwer the i Öster-Götland Befintelige Städer, Slott, Sokne-Kyrkor, Soknar, Säterier, Öfwer-Officers-Boställen, Jernbruk och Prestegårdar, med mera, Johan Edman, Norrköping, 770 pp., 1760.
Chase, T. N., Pielke, R. N., and Avissar, R.: Teleconnections in the earth system, in: Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, Part 15. Global Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005.
Collins, M., Osborn, T. J., Briffa, K. R., and Schweingruber, F. H.: A comparison of the variability of a climate model with palaeo-temperature estimates from a network of tree-ring densities, J. Climate, 15, 1497–1515, 2002.
Cook, E. R., Briffa, K. R., Meko, D. M., Graybill, D. A., and Funkhouser, G.: The "segment length curse" in long tree-ring chronology development for palaeoclimatic studies, Holocene, 5, 229–237, 1995.
Cook, E. R., D'Arrigo, R. D., and Briffa, K. R.: A reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation using tree-ring chronologies from North America and Europe, Holocene, 8, 9–17, 1998.
Cook, E. R., D'Arrigo, R. D., and Mann, M. E.: A well-verified, multiproxy reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index since AD 1400, J. Climate, 15, 1754–1764, 2002.
Cook, E. R. and Kairiukstis, L. A. (eds.): Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in The Environmental Sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 394 pp., 1989.
D'Arrigo, R. D., Cook, E. R, Jacoby, G. C., and Briffa, K. R.: NAO and sea surface temperature signatures in tree-ring records from the North Atlantic sector, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 12, 431–440, 1993.
D'Arrigo, R. D., Cook, E. R., Mann, M. E., and Jacoby, G. C.: Tree-ring reconstructions of temperature and sea-level pressure variability associated with the warm-season Arctic Oscillation since AD 1650, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(11), 1549, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017250, 2003.
D'Arrigo, R. D., Jacoby, G. C., Free, M., and Robock, A.: Northern Hemisphere annual to decadal temperature variability for the past three centuries: Tree-ring and model estimates, Clim. Change, 42, 663–675, 1999.
D'Arrigo, R. D., Wilson, R., and Jacoby, G.: On the long-term context for late twentieth century warming, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D03103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006352, 2006.
Delworth, T. L. and Mann, M. E.: Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere, Clim. Dynam., 16, 661–676, 2000.
Douglass, A. E.: Weather Cycles in growth of big trees, Mon. Weather Rev., 37, Washington, 1909.
Douglass, A. E.: Method of estimating rainfall by the growth of trees, B. Am. Geogr. Soc., 46, New York, 1914.
Douglass, A. E.: Climate cycles and tree-growth, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub., 1, Washington, 1919.
Drobyshev, I., Niklasson, M., Linderson, H., and Sonesson, K.: Influence of annual weather on growth of pedunculate oak in southern Sweden, Ann. For. Sci., 65, 512, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2008033, 2008.
Eddy, J. A.: The Maunder Minimum, Science, 192, 1189–1202, 1976.
Eide, E.: Om sommervarmens innflytelse på årringbredden, Medd. Det. Norske. Skogsforsøksvesen H, 7, Oslo, 1926.
Eidem, P.: On variations in the annual ring widths in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in Trondelag, Medd. Det. Norske. Skogsforsøksvesen, 41, Bergen, 1953.
Eklund, B.: Årsringsbreddens klimatiskt betingade variation hos tall och gran i norra sverige \aa ren 1900–1944, Medd. Från statens skogsforskningsinst., 44, 150 pp., 1954.
Erlandsson, S.: Dendrochronological studies, PhD, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, 119 pp., 1936.
Eronen, M.: The retreat of pine forest in Finnish Lapland since the Holocene climatic optimum: a general discussion with radiocarbon evidence from subfossil pines, Fennia, 157, 93–114, 1979.
Eronen, M. and Hyvärinen, H.: Subfossil pine dates and pollen diagrams from northern Fennoscandia, Geol. Foren. Stock. For., 103, 435–437, 1982.
Eronen, M., Hyvärinen, H., and Zetterberg, P.: Holocene humidity changes in northern Finnish Lapland inferred from lake sediments and submerged Scots pines dated by tree-rings, Holocene, 9, 569–80, 1999.
Eronen, M., Zetterberg, P., Briffa, K. R., Lindholm, M., Meriläinen, J., and Timonen, M.: The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for Finnish Lapland: Part 1, chronology construction and initial inferences, Holocene, 12, 637–680, 2002.
Esper J., Cook E. R., Krusic P. J., Peters K., and Schweingruber F. H.: Tests of the RCS method for preserving low-frequency variability in long tree-ring chronologies, Tree-Ring Res., 59, 81–98, 2003.
Esper, J., Cook, E. R., and Schweingruber, F. H.: Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability, Science, 295, 2250–2253, 2002.
Feng, S. and Hu, Q.: How the North Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation may have influenced the Indian summer monsoon during the past two millennia?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032484, 2008.
Folland, C. K., Knight, J., Linderholm, H. W., Fereday, D., Ineson, S., and Hurrell, J. W.: The Summer North Atlantic Oscillation: past, present and future, J. Climate, 22, 1082–1103, 2009.
Freyer, H. D. and Wiesberg, L.: 13C-decrease in modern wood due to the large-scale combustion of fossil fuels, Naturewissenschaften, 60, 517–518, 1973.
Fritts, H. C.: Tree-Rings and Climate, Academic Press, London, 1976.
Fritts, H. C. and Swetnam, T. W.: Dendroecology: A Tool for Evaluating Variations in Past and Present Forest Environments, Adv. Ecol. Res., 19, 111–188, 1989.
Gagen, M., McCarroll, D., and Edouard, J. L.: Latewood width, maximum density and stable carbon isotope ratios of pine as palaeoclimatic indicators in a dry, subalpine environment, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 36, 166–171, 2004.
Gagen, M., McCarroll, D., Loader, N. J., Robertson, I., Jalkanen, R., and Anchukaitis, K. J.: Exorcising the "segment length curse": summer temperature reconstruction since AD 1640 using non-detrended stable carbon isotope ratios from pine trees in northern Finland, Holocene, 17, 435–446, 2007.
Gagen, M., McCarroll, D., Robertson, I., Loader, N. J., and Jalkanen, R.: Do tree ring 13C series from Pinus sylvestris in northern Fennoscandia contain long-term non-climatic trends?, Chem. Geol., 252, 42–51, 2008.
Glueck, M. F. and Stockton, C. W.: Reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1453–1465, 2001.
Gouirand, I., Linderholm, H. W., Moberg, A. and Wohlfarth, B.: On the spatiotemporal characteristics of Fennoscandian tree-ring based summer temperature reconstructions, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 91, 1–25, 2008.
Gray, S. T., Graumlich, L. J., Betancourt, J. L., and Pederson, G. T.: A tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 AD, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019932, 2004.
Grudd, H.: Torneträsk tree-ring width and density AD 500–2004: A test of climatic sensitivity and a new 1500-year reconstruction of north Fennoscandian summers, Clim. Dynam., 31, 843–857, 2008.
Grudd, H., Briffa, K. R., Karlén, W., Bartholin, T. S., Jones, P. D., and Kromer, B.: A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in northern Swedish Lapland: natural climate variability expressed on annual to millennial timescales, Holocene, 12, 657–665, 2002.
Gunnarson, B. E.: Lake level changes indicated by dendrochronology on subfossil pine, Jämtland, central Scandinavian Mountains, Sweden, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 33, 274–281, 2001.
Gunnarson, B. E.: Temporal distribution pattern of subfossil pines in central Sweden: perspective on Holocene humidity fluctuations, Holocene, 18, 569–77, 2008.
Gunnarson, B. E., Borgmark, A. and Wasteg\aa rd, S.: Holocene humidity fluctuations in Sweden inferred from Dendrochronology and peat stratigraphy, Boreas, 32, 347–360, 2003.
Gunnarson, B. E. and Linderholm, H. W.: Low-frequency summer temperature variation in central Sweden since the tenth century inferred from tree rings, Holocene, 12, 667–671, 2002.
Gunnarson, B. E., Linderholm, H. W. and Moberg, A.: Improving a tree-ring reconstruction from west-central Scandinavia – 900 years of warm-season temperatures, Clim. Dynam., accepted, 2010.
Häggström, C. A.: Nordens äldsta tall, [The oldest known Scots pine tree in the Nordic countries], Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 99, 218, 2005.
Hegerl, G. C., Crowley, T. J., Hyde, W. T., and Frame, D. J.: Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries, Nature, 440, 1029–1032, 2006.
Helama, S. and Lindholm, M.: Droughts and rainfall in south eastern Finland since AD 874, inferred from Scots pine tree-rings, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 171–183, 2003.
Helama, S., Lindholm, M., Timonen, M., and Eronen, M.: Multicentennial ring-width chronologies of Scots pine along a north-south gradient across Finland, Tree-Ring Res., 61, 21–32, 2005.
Helama, S., Lindholm, M., Timonen, M., Meriläinen, J., and Eronen, M.: The supra-long Scots pine tree-ring record for Finnish Lapland: Part 2, interannual to centennial variability in summer temperatures for 7500 years, Holocene, 12, 681–687, 2002.
Helama, S., Meriläinen, J., and Tuomenvirta, H.: Multicentennial megadrought in northern Europe coincided with a global El Niño-Southern Oscillation drought pattern during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, Geology, 37, 175–178, 2009a.
Helama, S., Mielikäinen, K., Timonen, M., and Eronen, M.: Finnish supra-long tree-ring chronology extended to 5634 BC, Norw. J. Geogr., 62, 271–277, 2008.
Helama, S., Schöne, B. R., Kirchhefer, A. J., Nielsen, J. K., Rodland, D. L., and Janssen, R.: Compound response of marine and terrestrial ecosystems to varying climate: Pre-anthropogenic perspective from bivalve shell growth increments and tree-rings, Mar. Environ. Res., 63, 185–199, 2007.
Helama, S., Timonen, M., Holopainen, J., Ogurtsov, M. G., Mielikäinen, K., Eronen, M., Lindholm, M., and Meriläinen, J.: Summer temperature variations in Lapland during the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age relative to natural instability of the thermohaline circulation on multi-decadal and multi-centennial scales, J. Quaternary Sci., 24, 450–456, 2009b.
Hilasvuori, E., Berninger, F., Sonninen, E., Tuomenvirta, H., and Jungner, H.: Stability of climate signal in carbon and oxygen isotope records in ring width from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Finland, J. Quaternary Sci. 24, 469–480, 2009.
Huber, B.: Die Jahresringe der Bäume als Hilfsmittel der Klimatologie, Der Naturwissenschaften, 35, 151–154, 1948.
Hult de Geer, E.: Raknehaugen, Universitetes Oldsaksamling, \AA rsbok 1937, 27–54, 1937.
Hurrell, J. W.: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation, Science, 269, 676–679, 1995.
Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., and Visbeck, M.: An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation – Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, Geoph. Monog. Series, 134, 1–35, 2003.
Hustisch, I.: On the correlation between growth and the recent climatic fluctuation, Geogr. Ann., 31, 90–105, 1949.
Hustisch, I. and Elfving, G.: Die Radialzuwachsvariationen der Waldgrenzkiefer, Soc. c. Fenn. Comm. Biol., 9, 1–18, 1944.
IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
Jansen, E., Overpeck, J., Briffa, K. R., Duplessy, J. C., Joos, F., Masson-Delmotte, V., Olago, D., Otto-Bliesner, B., Peltier, W. R., Rahmstorf, S., Ramesh, R., Raynaud, D., Rind, D., Solomina, O., Villalba, R., and Zhang, D.: Palaeoclimate, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, 433–497, 2007.
Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., Barnett, T. P., and Tett, S. F. B.: High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures, Holocene, 8, 455–471, 1998.
Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., Osborn, T. J., Lough, J. M., van Ommen, T. D., Vinther, B. M., et al.: High-resolution paleoclimatology of the last millennium: a review of current status and future prospects, Holocene, 19, 3–49, 2009.
Jones, P. D., New, M., Parker, D. E., Martin, S., and Rigor, I. G.: Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years, Rev. Geophys., 37, 173–199, 1999.
Jones, P. D. and Moberg, A.: Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: an extensive revision and an update to 2001, J. Climate, 16, 206–223, 2003.
Jonsson, B.: Studier över den av väderleken orsakade variationen i \aa rsringsbredderna hos tall och gran i Sverige, Department of Forest yield Research Notes, Royal College of Forestry, Research notes, 16, 297 pp., 1969.
Jönsson, K. and Nilsson, C.: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on shingle fields: a dendrochronologic reconstruction of early summer precipitation in Mideast Sweden, J. Climate, 22, 4710–4722, 2009.
Josefsson, T.: Pristine Forest Landscape as Ecological References – Human Land use and Ecosystem Change in Boreal Fennoscandia, Doctoral Thesis 2009:77, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 70 pp., 2009.
Kalela-Brundin, M.: Climatic information from tree-rings of (Pinnus sylvestris L.) and a reconstruction of summer temperatures back to AD 1500 in Femundsmarka, Eastern Norway, using partial least squares regression (PLS) analysis, Holocene, 9, 59–77, 1999.
Karlén, W.: Lacustrine sediments and tree-limit variations as indicators of Holocene climatic fluctuations in Lapland, Northern Sweden, Geogr. Ann. A, 58, 1–34, 1976.
Karlén, W.: Dendrochronology, massbalance and glacier front-fluctuations in northern Sweden, in: Mörner N. A., Karlén, W., (Eds.) Climate changes on a yearly to millennial basis, Reidel, Dordrecht, 263–271, 1984.
Kaufman, D. S., Schneider, D. P., McKay, N. P., et al.: Recent warming reverses long-term Arctic cooling, Science, 325, 1236–1239, 2009.
Kerr, R. A.: A North Atlantic climate pacemaker for the centuries, Science, 288, 1984–1985, 2000.
Kirchhefer, A. J.: Reconstruction of summer temperatures from tree-rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in coastal northern Norway, Holocene, 11, 41–52, 2001.
Kirchhefer, A. J.: A discontinuous tree-ring record AD 320–1994 from Dividalen, Norway: Inferences on climate and treeline history, in: Mountain Ecosystems, edited by: Broll, G. and Keplin, K., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 219–235, 2005.
Klingbjer, P. and Moberg, A.: A composite monthly temperature record from Tornedalen in Northern Sweden, 1802–2002, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1465–1494, 2003.
Knight, J. R., Allan, R. J., Folland, C. K., Vellinga, M., and Mann, M. E.: A signature of persistent natural thermohaline circulation cycles in observed climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024233, 2005.
Korhola, A., Weckström, J., Holmström, L., and Erasto, P.: A quantitative Holocene climatic record from diatoms in northern Fennoscandia, Quaternary Res., 54, 284–294, 2000.
Kullman, L.: Holocene tree-limit and climate history from the Scandes Mountains, Sweden, Ecology, 76, 2490–2502, 1995.
Laitakari, E.: Tutkimuksia sääsuhteiden vaikutuksesta männyn piitus – ja paksuuskasvuun, Acta Forestalis Fenn., 17, 53 pp., 1920.
Larsen, L. B., Vinther, B. M., Briffa, K. R., Melvin, T. M., Clausen, H. B., Jones, P. D., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., Hammer, C. U., Eronen, M., Grudd, H., Gunnarson, B. E., Hantemirov, R. M., Naurzbaev, M. M., and Nicolussi, K.: New ice core evidence for a volcanic cause of the AD 536 dust veil, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032450, 2008.
Lauritzen, S. E. and Lundberg, J.: Calibration of the speleothem delta function: an absolute temperature record for the Holocene in northern Norway, Holocene, 9, 659–669, 1999.
Lenton, T. M., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Hall, J. W., Lucht, W., Rahmstorf, S., and Schellnhuber, H. J.: Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system, PNAS, 105, 1786–1793, 2008.
Linderholm, H. W.: Twentieth-century Scots pine growth variations in the central Scandinavian mountains related to climate change, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 34, 440–449, 2002.
Linderholm, H. W. and Bräuning, A.: Comparison of high-resolution climate proxies from the Tibetan Plateau and Scandinavia during the last millennium, Quaternary Int., 154–155, 141–148, 2006.
Linderholm, H. W. and Chen, D.: Central Scandinavian winter precipitation variability during the past five centuries reconstructed from Pinus sylvestris tree rings, Boreas, 34, 43–52, 2005.
Linderholm, H. W., Folland, C. K., and Hurrell, J. W.: Reconstructing Summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) variability over the last five centuries, Tree rings in archaeology, Climatol. Ecol., 6, 8–16, 2008.
Linderholm, H. W., Folland, C. K., and Walther, A.: A multicentury perspective on the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) and drought in the eastern Atlantic Region, J. Quaternary Sci., 24(5), 415–425, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1261, 2009.
Linderholm, H. W. and Gunnarson, B. E.: Summer climate variability in west-central Fennoscandia during the last 3600 years, Geogr. Ann. A, 87, 231–241, 2005.
Linderholm, H. W. and Molin, T.: Early nineteenth century drought in east central Sweden inferred from dendrochronological and historical archives, Clim. Res., 29, 63–72, 2005.
Linderholm, H. W., Solberg, B. O., and Lindholm, M.: Tree-ring records from central Fennoscandia: The relationship between tree growth and climate along an east west transect, Holocene, 13, 887–895, 2003.
Lindholm, M., Eggertsson, O., Lovelius, N., Raspopov, O., Shumilov, O. and Läänelaid, A.: Growth indices of North European Scots pine record the seasonal North Atlantic Oscillation, Boreal Environ. Res., 6, 1–10, 2001.
Lindholm, M. and Eronen, M.: A reconstruction of mid-summer temperatures from ring-widths of Scots pine since AD 50 in northern Fennoscandia, Geogr. Ann. A, 82, 527–535, 2000.
Lindholm, M., Meriläinen, J., Eronen, M., and Zetterberg, P.: Summer temperatures reconstructed from tree-rings of pine in northern Lapland, Paläoklimaforschung – Paleoclim. Res., 20, 83–92, 1996.
Linné, C.: Öländska och Gotländska resa : på riksens höglovlige ständers befallning förättad år 1741: med anmärkningar uti ekonomien, naturalhistorien, antikviteter etc.: med åtskillige figurer. Gottfried Riefemetter, Stockholm och Uppsala, 406 pp., 1745.
Liu, Y., An, Z., Linderholm, H. W., Chen, D., Song, H., Cai, Q., Sun, J., Li, Q., and Tian, H.: Annual temperatures during the last 2485 years in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau inferred from tree rings, Sci. China Ser. D – Earth Sciences, 52, 348–359, 2009.
Ljungqvist, F. C.: Temperature proxy records covering the last two millennia: a tabular and visual overview. Geogr. Ann., 91 A(1), 11–29, 2009.
Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M., and Wanner, H.: European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends and extremes since 1500, Science, 303, 1499–1503, 2004.
Macias, M., Timonen, M., Kirchhefer, A. J., Lindholm, M., Eronen, M., and Gutiérrez, E.: Growth Variability of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) along a West-East Gradient across Northern Fennoscandia: A Dendroclimatic Approach, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 36, 565–574, 2004.
Mäkinen, H., Nöjd, P., Kahle, H. P., Neumann, U., Tveite, B., Mielikäinen, K., Röhle, H., and Spiecker, H.: Radial growth variation of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in central and northern Europe, Forest Ecol. Manag., 171, 243–259, 2002.
Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S., and Hughes, M. K.: Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties and limitations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 759–762, 1999.
McCarroll, D., Gagen, M. H., Loader, N. J., Robertson, I., Anchukaitis, J. K., Los, S., Young, G. H. F., Jalkanen, R., Kirchhefer, A., and Waterhouse, J. S.: Correction of tree ring stable isotope chronologies for changes in the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 1539–1547, 2009.
McCarroll, D., Jalkanen, R., Hicks, S., Tuovinen, M., Gagen, M., Pawellek, F., Eckstein, D., Schmitt, U., Autio, J., and Heikkinen, O.: Multiproxy dendroclimatology: a pilot study in northern Finland, Holocene, 13, 829–838, 2003.
McCarroll, D. and Loader, N. J.: Stable isotopes in tree-rings, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 771–801, 2004.
McCarroll, D. and Pawellek, F.: Stable carbon isotope ratios of latewood cellulose in Pinus sylvestris from northern Finland: variability and signal-strength, Holocene, 8, 675–684, 1998.
McCaroll, D. and Pawellek, F.: Stable carbon isotope ratios of Pinus sylvestris from northern Finland and the potential for extracting a climate signal from long Fennoscandian chronologies, Holocene, 11, 517–526, 2001.
Melvin, T. M.: Historical growth rates and changing climatic sensitivity of boreal conifers, Doctoral thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, 2004.
Melvin, T. M. and Briffa, K. R.: A "signal-free" approach to dendroclimatic standardisation, Dendrochronologia, 26, 71–86, 2008.
Mikola, P.: Havumetsien viimeaikaisesta kehityksestä metsänrajaseudulla, Comm. Inst. For. Fennica, 40, 1–35, 1952.
Mikola, P.: Tree-ring research in Finland, Tree-Ring Bull., 21, 16–20, 1956.
Mitchell, T. D., Carter, T. R., Jones, P. D., Hulme, M. and New, M.: A comprehensive set of high-resolution grids of monthly climate for Europe and the globe: the observed record (1901–2000) and 16 scenarios (2001–2100), Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Working Paper 55, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 25 pp., 2004.
Moberg, A., Gouirand, I., Schoning, K., Wohlfarth, B., Kjellström, E., Rummukainen, M., de Jong, R., Linderholm, H., and Zorita, E.: Climate in Sweden during the past millennium – Evidence from proxy data, instrumental data and model simulations, SKB Technical Report TR-06-35, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, Stockholm, 87 pp., 2006.
Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D. M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N. M., and Karlén, W.: Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data, Nature, 433, 613–617, 2005.
Nielsen, J. K., Helama, S., and Schöne, B.: Shell Growth History of Geoduck Clam (Panopea abrupta) in Parry Passage, British Columbia, Canada: Temporal Variation in Annuli and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, J. Oceanogr., 64, 951–960, 2008.
Nilssen, E. and Vorren, K. D.: Peat humification and climate history, Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr., 71, 215–217, 1991.
Ording, A.: Årringsanalyser på gran og furu. Medd. fra Det norske skogsforsøksvesen, 7(2), 354 pp., 1941.
Randall, D. A., Wood, R. A., Bony, S., Colman, R., Fichefet, T., Fyfe, J., Kattsov, V., Pitman, A., Shukla, J., Srinivasan, J., Stouffer, R. J., Sumi, A., and Taylor, K. E.: Cilmate Models and Their Evaluation, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 589–662, 2007.
Raven, P. H.: Biology of Plants, Sixth Edition, WH Freeman and Company/Worth Publishers, USA, 1999.
Robertson, I., Rolfe, J., Switsur, V. R., Carter, A. H. C., Hall, M. A., Barker, A. C., and Waterhouse, J. S.: Signal Strength and Climate Relationships in 13C/12C Ratios of Tree Ring Cellulose from Oak in Southwest Finland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1487–1490, 1997.
Rodwell, M. J., Rowell, P. D., and Folland, C. K.: Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and European climate, Nature, 398, 320–323, 1999.
Rogers, J. C.: Patterns of low-frequency monthly sea level pressure variability (1899–1986) and associated cyclone frequencies, J. Climate, 3, 1364–1379, 1990.
Rudenschöld, R.: Ulrik Rudenschölds berättelse om ekonomiska o. a. förhållanden i Finland 1738–1741, Helsingissä, 189 pp., 1899.
Schöne, B. R., Fiebig, J., Pfeiffe, M., Gleß, R., Hickson, J., Johnson, A. L. A., Dreyer, W., and Oschmann, W.: Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah (Arctica islandica, Mollusca; Iceland), Palaeogeogr. Palaecol., 228, 130–148, 2005.
Schove, J.: Summer temperatures and tree-rings in North-Scandinavia AD 1461–1950, Geogr. Ann., 36, 40–80, 1954.
Schweingruber, F. H.: Tree Rings: Basics and Applications of Dendrochronology, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 276 pp., 1987.
Schweingruber, F. H., Bartholin, T., Schär, E., and Briffa, K. R.: Radiodensitometric dendroclimatological conifer chronologies from Lapland (Scandinavia) and the Alps (Switzerland), Boreas, 17, 559–566, 1988.
Seppä, H. and Birks, H. J. B.: July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: pollen-based climate reconstructions, Holocene, 11, 527–539, 2001.
Seppä, H., Bjune, A. E., Telford, R. J., Birks, H. J. B., and Veski, S.: Last nine-thousand years of temperature variability in Northern Europe, Clim. Past, 5, 523–535, 2009.
Shemesh, A., Rosqvist, G., Rietti-Shati, M., Rubensdotter, L., Bigler, C., Yam, R., and Karlén, W.: Holocene climatic change in Swedish Lapland inferred from an oxygen-isotope record of lacustrine biogenic silica, Holocene, 11, 474–454, 2001.
Shindell, D. T., Miller, R. L., Schmidt, G. A., and Pandolfo, L.: Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452–455, 1999.
Sirén, G.: Skogsgränstallen som indikator för klimatfluktuationerna i norra Fennoskandien under historisk tid, Comm. Inst. Forest. Fenn., 54, 1–66, 1961.
Slåstad. T.: Årringundersøkelser i Gudbrandsdalen (Tree ring analyses in Gudbrandsdalen), Communications of the Norwegian Forest Research Institute, 14, 571–620, 1957.
Slonosky, V. C., Jones, P. D., and Davies, T. D.: Variability of the surface atmospheric circulation over Europe, 1774–1995, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1875–1897, 2000.
Solberg, B. Ø., Hofgaard, A., and Hytteborn, H.: Shifts in radial growth responses of coastal Picea abies induced by climate change during the 20th century, central Norway, Ecoscience, 9, 79–88, 2002.
Sutton, R. T. and Hodson, D. L. R.: Atlantic Ocean forcing of the North American and European summer climate, Science, 309, 115–118, 2005.
Stine, S.: Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during mediaeval time, Nature, 369, 546–549, 1994.
Stuiver, N. and Braziunas, T. F.: Sun, ocean, climate and atmospheric 14CO2: an evaluation of casual and spectral relationships, Holocene, 3, 289–305, 1993.
Thompson, D. W. J. and Wallace, J. M.: The Arctic Oscillation signature in wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1297–1300, 1998.
Travis, D. J., Meentemeyer, V., and Belanger, R. P.: Stressed trees produce a better climatic signal than healthy trees, Tree-Ring Bull., 50, 29–32, 1990.
Trouet, V., Esper, J., Graham, N. E., Baker, A, Scourse, J. D., and Frank, D. C.: Persistent Positive North Atlantic Oscillation Mode Dominated the Medieval Climate Anomaly, Science, 324, 78–80, 2009.
Vaganov, E. A., Hughes, M. K., Kirdyanov, A. V., Schweingruber, F. H., and Silkin, P. P.: Influence of snowfall and melt timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia, Nature, 400, 149–151, 1999.
van Geel, B., van Der Plicht, J., Kilian, M. R., Klaver, E. R., Kouwenberg, J. H. M., Renssen, H., Reynaud-Farrera, I., and Waterbolks, H. T.: The sharp rise of $\delta^{14}$C ca. 800 cal B.C.: possible causes, related climatic teleconnections and the impact on human environments, in: Proceedings of the 16th International 14C Conference, edited by: Mook W. G. and van der Plicht, J., Radiocarbon, 40, 535–550, 1998.
Visbeck, M. H., Hurrell, J. W., Polvani, L., and Cullen, H. M.: The North Atlantic Oscillation: Past, present, and future, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 98, 12876–12877, 2001.
Wang, G., Swanson, K. L., and Tsonis, A. A.: The pacemaker of major climate shifts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036874, 2009.
Weckström, J., Korhola, A., Erästö, P., and Holmström, L.: Temperature patterns over the past eight centuries in Northern Fennoscandia inferred from sedimentary diatoms, Quaternary Res., 66, 78–86, 2006.
Yang, S., Lau, K. M., and Kim, K. M.: Variations of the East Asian Jet stream and Asian-Pacific-American winter climate anomalies, J. Climate, 15, 306–325, 2002.
Yu, G. and Harrison, S. P.: Holocene changes in atmospheric circulation patterns as shown by lake status changes in northern Europe, Boreas, 24, 260–268, 1995.
Zetterberg, P., Eronen, M., and Briffa, K. R.: Evidence on climatic variability and prehistoric human activities between 165 B.C. and AD 1400 derived from subfossil Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) found in a lake in Utsjoki, Northernmost Finland, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finl., 66, 102–124, 1994.
Special issue