Articles | Volume 21, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-609-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-609-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Mar 2025
Research article |
| 10 Mar 2025
| 10 Mar 2025
Multi-century mean summer temperature variations in the Southern Rhaetian Alps reconstructed from Larix decidua blue intensity data
Riccardo Cerrato
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Earth Sciences Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
Maria Cristina Salvatore
Earth Sciences Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy, Pisa, 56124, Italy
Michele Brunetti
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, 40129, Italy
Andrea Somma
Earth Sciences Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
Carlo Baroni
Earth Sciences Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy, Pisa, 56124, Italy
Related authors
No articles found.
Jamey Stutz, Andrew Mackintosh, Kevin Norton, Ross Whitmore, Carlo Baroni, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Richard S. Jones, Greg Balco, Maria Cristina Salvatore, Stefano Casale, Jae Il Lee, Yeong Bae Seong, Robert McKay, Lauren J. Vargo, Daniel Lowry, Perry Spector, Marcus Christl, Susan Ivy Ochs, Luigia Di Nicola, Maria Iarossi, Finlay Stuart, and Tom Woodruff
The Cryosphere, 15, 5447–5471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the long-term behaviour of ice sheets is essential to projecting future changes due to climate change. In this study, we use rocks deposited along the margin of the David Glacier, one of the largest glacier systems in the world, to reveal a rapid thinning event initiated over 7000 years ago and endured for ~ 2000 years. Using physical models, we show that subglacial topography and ocean heat are important drivers for change along this sector of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Alice Crespi, Michele Brunetti, Maurizio Maugeri, Roberto Ranzi, and Massimo Tomirotti
Adv. Sci. Res., 15, 173–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-15-173-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-15-173-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The gridded dataset of 1845–2016 monthly precipitation series over the upper Adda river basin is presented. It allows to study the evolution of the precipitation regime over the region and to reconstruct extreme past events. The areal 1845–2016 annual precipitation series over the basin is in overall agreement with annual runoff. While the precipitation series shows no significant trend, a significant decrease is pointed out for runoff, probably driven by both natural and anthropic causes.
Giovanni Leonelli, Anna Coppola, Maria Cristina Salvatore, Carlo Baroni, Giovanna Battipaglia, Tiziana Gentilesca, Francesco Ripullone, Marco Borghetti, Emanuele Conte, Roberto Tognetti, Marco Marchetti, Fabio Lombardi, Michele Brunetti, Maurizio Maugeri, Manuela Pelfini, Paolo Cherubini, Antonello Provenzale, and Valter Maggi
Clim. Past, 13, 1451–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1451-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1451-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze a tree-ring network from several sites distributed along the Italian Peninsula with the aims of detecting common climate drivers of tree growth and of reconstructing the past climate. We detect the main climatic drivers modulating tree-ring width (RW) and tree-ring maximum latewood density (MXD) and we reconstruct late summer temperatures since the early 1700s using a MXD chronology: this reconstruction is representative of a wide area around the Italian Peninsula.
Veronica Manara, Michele Brunetti, Angela Celozzi, Maurizio Maugeri, Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo, and Martin Wild
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11145–11161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11145-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11145-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the temporal evolution of solar radiation over Italy for the 1959–2013 period and discusses possible reasons for differences between all-sky and clear-sky conditions in order to understand which part of the solar radiation variability depends on aerosols or clouds. The results give evidence of a relevant influence of both anthropogenic and natural aerosols on solar radiation long-term variability.
Luca Carturan, Carlo Baroni, Michele Brunetti, Alberto Carton, Giancarlo Dalla Fontana, Maria Cristina Salvatore, Thomas Zanoner, and Giulia Zuecco
The Cryosphere, 10, 695–712, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-695-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-695-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyses the longer mass balance series of Italian glaciers. All glaciers experienced mass loss in the observation period, with increasing mass loss rates mainly due to increased ablation during longer and warmer ablation seasons. Low-altitude glaciers with low range of elevation are more out of balance than the higher, larger and steeper glaciers, which maintain accumulation areas. Because most of the monitored glaciers are at risk of extinction, they require a soon replacement.
M. Maugeri, M. Brunetti, M. Garzoglio, and C. Simolo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2347–2358, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2347-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2347-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate 1-day precipitation extremes in Sicily and their frequency distribution, based on a dense data set of high-quality, homogenized station records (1921-2005).
Return levels corresponding to 10-, 50- and 100-year periods are produced on a high-resolution grid using a variant of regional frequency analysis combined with regression techniques.
The results, which clearly reflect the complexity of this region, may be useful in the context of extreme precipitation risk assessment.
Related subject area
Subject: Proxy Use-Development-Validation | Archive: Terrestrial Archives | Timescale: Holocene
A continental reconstruction of hydroclimatic variability in South America during the past 2000 years
A Holocene history of climate, fire, landscape evolution, and human activity in northeastern Iceland
High-resolution Holocene record from Torfdalsvatn, north Iceland, reveals natural and anthropogenic impacts on terrestrial and aquatic environments
A global compilation of diatom silica oxygen isotope records from lake sediment – trends and implications for climate reconstruction
BrGDGT-based seasonal paleotemperature reconstruction for the last 15 000 years from a shallow lake on the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Reconstructing 15 000 years of southern France temperatures from coupled pollen and molecular (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether) markers (Canroute, Massif Central)
Pollen-based reconstructions of Holocene climate trends in the eastern Mediterranean region
Spatiotemporal Intertropical Convergence Zone dynamics during the last 3 millennia in northeastern Brazil and related impacts in modern human history
Holocene climates of the Iberian Peninsula: pollen-based reconstructions of changes in the west–east gradient of temperature and moisture
Holocene climate and oceanography of the coastal Western United States and California Current System
Reconstructing Holocene temperatures in time and space using paleoclimate data assimilation
Long-term trends in diatom diversity and palaeoproductivity: a 16 000-year multidecadal record from Lake Baikal, southern Siberia
A 406-year non-growing-season precipitation reconstruction in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Climatic variations during the Holocene inferred from radiocarbon and stable carbon isotopes in speleothems from a high-alpine cave
Winter–spring warming in the North Atlantic during the last 2000 years: evidence from southwest Iceland
Climate reconstructions based on GDGT and pollen surface datasets from Mongolia and Baikal area: calibrations and applicability to extremely cold–dry environments over the Late Holocene
Sampling density and date along with species selection influence spatial representation of tree-ring reconstructions
Changes in high-intensity precipitation on the northern Apennines (Italy) as revealed by multidisciplinary data over the last 9000 years
Neoglacial trends in diatom dynamics from a small alpine lake in the Qinling mountains of central China
Centennial- to millennial-scale monsoon changes since the last deglaciation linked to solar activities and North Atlantic cooling
Algal lipids reveal unprecedented warming rates in alpine areas of SW Europe during the industrial period
Reconstructing seasonality through stable-isotope and trace-element analyses of the Proserpine stalagmite, Han-sur-Lesse cave, Belgium: indications for climate-driven changes during the last 400 years
Two millennia of Main region (southern Germany) hydroclimate variability
Combining a pollen and macrofossil synthesis with climate simulations for spatial reconstructions of European climate using Bayesian filtering
Lignin oxidation products as a potential proxy for vegetation and environmental changes in speleothems and cave drip water – a first record from the Herbstlabyrinth, central Germany
How dry was the Younger Dryas? Evidence from a coupled δ2H–δ18O biomarker paleohygrometer applied to the Gemündener Maar sediments, Western Eifel, Germany
Siberian tree-ring and stable isotope proxies as indicators of temperature and moisture changes after major stratospheric volcanic eruptions
The 4.2 ka BP Event in the Mediterranean region: an overview
Technical note: Optimizing the utility of combined GPR, OSL, and Lidar (GOaL) to extract paleoenvironmental records and decipher shoreline evolution
The onset of neoglaciation in Iceland and the 4.2 ka event
Hydroclimatic variations in southeastern China during the 4.2 ka event reflected by stalagmite records
Fire, vegetation, and Holocene climate in a southeastern Tibetan lake: a multi-biomarker reconstruction from Paru Co
Climate impact on the development of Pre-Classic Maya civilisation
Synchronizing 10Be in two varved lake sediment records to IntCal13 14C during three grand solar minima
Technical note: Open-paleo-data implementation pilot – the PAGES 2k special issue
A chironomid-based record of temperature variability during the past 4000 years in northern China and its possible societal implications
Insights into Atlantic multidecadal variability using the Last Millennium Reanalysis framework
Three distinct Holocene intervals of stalagmite deposition and nondeposition revealed in NW Madagascar, and their paleoclimate implications
Examining bias in pollen-based quantitative climate reconstructions induced by human impact on vegetation in China
A dual-biomarker approach for quantification of changes in relative humidity from sedimentary lipid D∕H ratios
Pseudo-proxy tests of the analogue method to reconstruct spatially resolved global temperature during the Common Era
Development and evaluation of a system of proxy data assimilation for paleoclimate reconstruction
A chironomid-based mean July temperature inference model from the south-east margin of the Tibetan Plateau, China
Assessing performance and seasonal bias of pollen-based climate reconstructions in a perfect model world
Quantitative reconstruction of summer precipitation using a mid-Holocene δ13C common millet record from Guanzhong Basin, northern China
North Atlantic Oscillation controls on oxygen and hydrogen isotope gradients in winter precipitation across Europe; implications for palaeoclimate studies
A 368-year maximum temperature reconstruction based on tree-ring data in the northwestern Sichuan Plateau (NWSP), China
Inferring late-Holocene climate in the Ecuadorian Andes using a chironomid-based temperature inference model
A high-altitude peatland record of environmental changes in the NW Argentine Andes (24 ° S) over the last 2100 years
Technical note: The Linked Paleo Data framework – a common tongue for paleoclimatology
Mathurin A. Choblet, Janica C. Bühler, Valdir F. Novello, Nathan J. Steiger, and Kira Rehfeld
Clim. Past, 20, 2117–2141, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Past climate reconstructions are essential for understanding climate mechanisms and drivers. Our focus is on the South American continent over the past 2000 years. We offer a new reconstruction that particularly utilizes data from speleothems, previously absent from continent-wide reconstructions. We use paleoclimate data assimilation, a reconstruction method that combines information from climate archives and climate simulations.
Nicolò Ardenghi, David J. Harning, Jonathan H. Raberg, Brooke R. Holman, Thorvaldur Thordarson, Áslaug Geirsdóttir, Gifford H. Miller, and Julio Sepúlveda
Clim. Past, 20, 1087–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Analysing a sediment record from Stóra Viðarvatn (NE Iceland), we reveal how natural factors and human activities influenced environmental changes (erosion, wildfires) over the last 11 000 years. We found increased fire activity around 3000 and 1500 years ago, predating human settlement, likely driven by natural factors like precipitation shifts. Declining summer temperatures increased erosion vulnerability, exacerbated by farming and animal husbandry, which in turn may have reduced wildfires.
David J. Harning, Christopher R. Florian, Áslaug Geirsdóttir, Thor Thordarson, Gifford H. Miller, Yarrow Axford, and Sædís Ólafsdóttir
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-26, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-26, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Questions remain about the past climate in Iceland, including the relative impacts of natural and human factors on vegetation change and soil erosion. We present a sub-centennial scale record of landscape and algal productivity from a lake in north Iceland. Along with high-resolution age constraint that covers the last ~12000 years, our record provides an environmental template for the region and novel insight into the sensitivity of the Icelandic ecosystem to natural and human impacts.
Philip Meister, Anne Alexandre, Hannah Bailey, Philip Barker, Boris K. Biskaborn, Ellie Broadman, Rosine Cartier, Bernhard Chapligin, Martine Couapel, Jonathan R. Dean, Bernhard Diekmann, Poppy Harding, Andrew C. G. Henderson, Armand Hernandez, Ulrike Herzschuh, Svetlana S. Kostrova, Jack Lacey, Melanie J. Leng, Andreas Lücke, Anson W. Mackay, Eniko Katalin Magyari, Biljana Narancic, Cécile Porchier, Gunhild Rosqvist, Aldo Shemesh, Corinne Sonzogni, George E. A. Swann, Florence Sylvestre, and Hanno Meyer
Clim. Past, 20, 363–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-363-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-363-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first comprehensive compilation of diatom oxygen isotope records in lake sediments (δ18OBSi), supported by lake basin parameters. We infer the spatial and temporal coverage of δ18OBSi records and discuss common hemispheric trends on centennial and millennial timescales. Key results are common patterns for hydrologically open lakes in Northern Hemisphere extratropical regions during the Holocene corresponding to known climatic epochs, i.e. the Holocene Thermal Maximum.
Xiaohuan Hou, Nannan Wang, Zhe Sun, Kan Yuan, Xianyong Cao, and Juzhi Hou
Clim. Past, 20, 335–348, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-335-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-335-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present an ice-free season temperature based on brGDGTs over last 15 kyr on the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The result shows that Holocene Thermal Maximum occurred during 8–3.5 ka, which lags behind pollen-based temperature recorded in same core, indicating a significant seasonal bias between different proxies. We also investigated previously published brGDGT-based temperatures on the TP to determine the pattern of Holocene temperature changes and possible reasons for the diverse records.
Léa d'Oliveira, Lucas Dugerdil, Guillemette Ménot, Allowen Evin, Serge D. Muller, Salomé Ansanay-Alex, Julien Azuara, Colline Bonnet, Laurent Bremond, Mehmet Shah, and Odile Peyron
Clim. Past, 19, 2127–2156, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In southern Europe, Holocene climate variability is characterized by a strong heterogeneity whose patterns are still poorly understood. Here, a multi-proxy approach (pollen and biomarkers) is applied to the Canroute sequence to reconstruct the climatic variation over the last 15 000 years in southern Massif Central, France. Results reveal that reconstructions of regional climate trends notably differ depending on proxies and sites, notably concerning the presence of a Holocene thermal maximum.
Esmeralda Cruz-Silva, Sandy P. Harrison, I. Colin Prentice, Elena Marinova, Patrick J. Bartlein, Hans Renssen, and Yurui Zhang
Clim. Past, 19, 2093–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examined 71 pollen records (12.3 ka to present) in the eastern Mediterranean, reconstructing climate changes. Over 9000 years, winters gradually warmed due to orbital factors. Summer temperatures peaked at 4.5–5 ka, likely declining because of ice sheets. Moisture increased post-11 kyr, remaining high from 10–6 kyr before a slow decrease. Climate models face challenges in replicating moisture transport.
Giselle Utida, Francisco W. Cruz, Mathias Vuille, Angela Ampuero, Valdir F. Novello, Jelena Maksic, Gilvan Sampaio, Hai Cheng, Haiwei Zhang, Fabio Ramos Dias de Andrade, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 19, 1975–1992, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) behavior during the past 3000 years over northeastern Brazil based on oxygen stable isotopes of stalagmites. Paleoclimate changes were mainly forced by the tropical South Atlantic and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability. We describe an ITCZ zonal behavior active around 1100 CE and the period from 1500 to 1750 CE. The dataset also records historical droughts that affected modern human population in this area of Brazil.
Mengmeng Liu, Yicheng Shen, Penelope González-Sampériz, Graciela Gil-Romera, Cajo J. F. ter Braak, Iain Colin Prentice, and Sandy P. Harrison
Clim. Past, 19, 803–834, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the Holocene climates in the Iberian Peninsula using a large pollen data set and found that the west–east moisture gradient was much flatter than today. We also found that the winter was much colder, which can be expected from the low winter insolation during the Holocene. However, summer temperature did not follow the trend of summer insolation, instead, it was strongly correlated with moisture.
Hannah M. Palmer, Veronica Padilla Vriesman, Caitlin M. Livsey, Carina R. Fish, and Tessa M. Hill
Clim. Past, 19, 199–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-199-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-199-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand and contextualize modern climate change, this systematic review synthesizes climate and oceanographic patterns in the Western United States and California Current System through the most recent 11.75 kyr. Through a literature review and coded analysis of past studies, we identify distinct environmental phases through time and linkages between marine and terrestrial systems. We explore climate change impacts on ecosystems and human–environment interactions.
Michael P. Erb, Nicholas P. McKay, Nathan Steiger, Sylvia Dee, Chris Hancock, Ruza F. Ivanovic, Lauren J. Gregoire, and Paul Valdes
Clim. Past, 18, 2599–2629, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2599-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2599-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To look at climate over the past 12 000 years, we reconstruct spatial temperature using natural climate archives and information from model simulations. Our results show mild global mean warmth around 6000 years ago, which differs somewhat from past reconstructions. Undiagnosed seasonal biases in the data could explain some of the observed temperature change, but this still would not explain the large difference between many reconstructions and climate models over this period.
Anson W. Mackay, Vivian A. Felde, David W. Morley, Natalia Piotrowska, Patrick Rioual, Alistair W. R. Seddon, and George E. A. Swann
Clim. Past, 18, 363–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-363-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-363-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the diversity of algae called diatoms in Lake Baikal, the oldest and deepest lake in the world, because algae sit at the base of aquatic foodwebs and provide energy (in the form of primary production) for other organisms to use. Diatom diversity and primary production have been influenced by both long-term and abrupt climate change over the past 16 000 years. The shape of these responses appears to be time-period specific.
Maierdang Keyimu, Zongshan Li, Bojie Fu, Guohua Liu, Fanjiang Zeng, Weiliang Chen, Zexin Fan, Keyan Fang, Xiuchen Wu, and Xiaochun Wang
Clim. Past, 17, 2381–2392, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2381-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2381-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We created a residual tree-ring width chronology and reconstructed non-growth-season precipitation (NGSP) over the period spanning 1600–2005 in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP), China. Reconstruction model verification as well as similar variations of NGSP reconstruction and Palmer Drought Severity Index reconstructions from the surrounding region indicate the reliability of the present reconstruction. Our reconstruction is representative of NGSP variability of a large region in the SETP.
Caroline Welte, Jens Fohlmeister, Melina Wertnik, Lukas Wacker, Bodo Hattendorf, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 17, 2165–2177, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Stalagmites are valuable climate archives, but unlike other proxies the use of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) is still difficult. A stalagmite from the Austrian Alps was analyzed using a new laser ablation method for fast radiocarbon (14C) analysis. This allowed 14C and δ13C to be combined, showing that besides soil and bedrock a third source is contributing during periods of warm, wet climate: old organic matter.
Nora Richter, James M. Russell, Johanna Garfinkel, and Yongsong Huang
Clim. Past, 17, 1363–1383, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a reconstruction of winter–spring temperatures developed using organic proxies preserved in well-dated lake sediments from southwest Iceland to assess seasonal temperature changes in the North Atlantic region over the last 2000 years. The gradual warming trend observed in our record is likely influenced by sea surface temperatures, which are sensitive to changes in ocean circulation and seasonal insolation, during the winter and spring season.
Lucas Dugerdil, Sébastien Joannin, Odile Peyron, Isabelle Jouffroy-Bapicot, Boris Vannière, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Julia Unkelbach, Hermann Behling, and Guillemette Ménot
Clim. Past, 17, 1199–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1199-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1199-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Since the understanding of Holocene climate change appears to be a relevant issue for future climate change, the paleoclimate calibrations have to be improved. Here, surface samples from Mongolia and Siberia were analyzed to provide new calibrations for pollen and biomarker climate models. These calibrations appear to be more powerful than global calibrations, especially in an arid central Asian context. These calibrations will improve the understanding of monsoon Holocene oscillations.
Justin T. Maxwell, Grant L. Harley, Trevis J. Matheus, Brandon M. Strange, Kayla Van Aken, Tsun Fung Au, and Joshua C. Bregy
Clim. Past, 16, 1901–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1901-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1901-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We found that increasing the density of chronologies in the tree-ring network resulted in estimated soil moisture conditions that better matched the spatial variability of the values that were instrumentally recorded for droughts and, to a lesser extent, pluvials. By sampling trees in 2010 compared to 1980, the sensitivity of tree rings to soil moisture decreased in the southern portion of our region, where severe drought conditions have been absent over recent decades.
Stefano Segadelli, Federico Grazzini, Veronica Rossi, Margherita Aguzzi, Silvia Marvelli, Marco Marchesini, Alessandro Chelli, Roberto Francese, Maria Teresa De Nardo, and Sandro Nanni
Clim. Past, 16, 1547–1564, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In an attempt to consolidate trends in the hydrological cycle induced by recent warming, we conducted a multidisciplinary study combining meteorological data, climate proxies from the literature, and original coring and pollen data acquired in an area that has been hit by record-breaking precipitation events. A detailed study of recent flash-flood deposits compared with fossil peat bog and lake sediments supports the expected increase in precipitation intensity during warm climatic phases.
Bo Cheng, Jennifer Adams, Jianhui Chen, Aifeng Zhou, Qing Zhang, and Anson W. Mackay
Clim. Past, 16, 543–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-543-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-543-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Qinling mountains in China are biodiversity rich. We studied one of the high-latitude lakes on Mount Taibai with a view to looking at how aquatic diversity responded to long-term changes in climate over the past 3500 years. We specifically looked at a group of single-celled algae called diatoms, as they are very sensitive to the environment. We found that these algae changed gradually over time, but they showed abrupt change during the period known as the Little Ice Age, about 400 years ago.
Xingxing Liu, Youbin Sun, Jef Vandenberghe, Peng Cheng, Xu Zhang, Evan J. Gowan, Gerrit Lohmann, and Zhisheng An
Clim. Past, 16, 315–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-315-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-315-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The East Asian summer monsoon and winter monsoon are anticorrelated on a centennial timescale during 16–1 ka. The centennial monsoon variability is connected to changes of both solar activity and North Atlantic cooling events during the Early Holocene. Then, North Atlantic cooling became the major forcing of events during the Late Holocene. This work presents the great challenge and potential to understand the response of the monsoon system to global climate changes in the past and the future.
Antonio García-Alix, Jaime L. Toney, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Carmen Pérez-Martínez, Laura Jiménez, Marta Rodrigo-Gámiz, R. Scott Anderson, Jon Camuera, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo, Dhais Peña-Angulo, and María J. Ramos-Román
Clim. Past, 16, 245–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we identify warming thresholds, rates, and forcing mechanisms from a novel alpine temperature record of the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Common Era in order to contextualize the modern warming and its potential impact on these vulnerable alpine ecosystems. To do so, we have developed and applied the first lacustrine temperature calibration in alpine lakes for algal compounds, called long-chain alkyl diols, which is a significant advance in biomarker paleothermometry.
Stef Vansteenberge, Niels J. de Winter, Matthias Sinnesael, Sophie Verheyden, Steven Goderis, Stijn J. M. Van Malderen, Frank Vanhaecke, and Philippe Claeys
Clim. Past, 16, 141–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-141-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-141-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the chemical composition (trace-element concentrations and stable-isotope ratios) of a Belgian speleothem that deposited annual layers. Our sub-annual resolution dataset allows us to investigate how the chemistry of this speleothem recorded changes in the environment and climate in northwestern Europe. We then use this information to reconstruct climate change during the 16th and 17th century on the seasonal scale and demonstrate that environmental change drives speleothem chemistry.
Alexander Land, Sabine Remmele, Jutta Hofmann, Daniel Reichle, Margaret Eppli, Christian Zang, Allan Buras, Sebastian Hein, and Reiner Zimmermann
Clim. Past, 15, 1677–1690, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1677-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1677-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
With the use of precipitation sensitive oak ring-width series from the Main River region (southern Germany) a 2000-year long hydroclimate reconstruction has been developed. The ring series are sensitive to the sum of rainfall from 26 February to 6 July. This region suffered from severe, long-lasting droughts in the past two millennia (e.g., AD 500/510s, 940s, 1170s, 1390s and 1160s). In the AD 550s, 1050s, 1310s and 1480s, multi-year periods with high rainfall hit the region.
Nils Weitzel, Andreas Hense, and Christian Ohlwein
Clim. Past, 15, 1275–1301, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1275-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1275-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new method for probabilistic spatial reconstructions of past climate states is presented, which combines pollen data with a multi-model ensemble of climate simulations in a Bayesian framework. The approach is applied to reconstruct summer and winter temperature in Europe during the mid-Holocene. Our reconstructions account for multiple sources of uncertainty and are well suited for quantitative statistical analyses of the climate under different forcing conditions.
Inken Heidke, Denis Scholz, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Clim. Past, 15, 1025–1037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1025-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1025-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first quantitative study of lignin biomarkers in stalagmites and cave drip water. Lignin is only produced by higher plants; therefore, its analysis can be used to reconstruct the vegetation of the past. We compared our lignin results with stable isotope and trace element records from the same samples and found correlations or similarities with P, Ba, U and Mg concentrations as well as δ13C values. These results can help to better interpret other vegetation proxies.
Johannes Hepp, Lorenz Wüthrich, Tobias Bromm, Marcel Bliedtner, Imke Kathrin Schäfer, Bruno Glaser, Kazimierz Rozanski, Frank Sirocko, Roland Zech, and Michael Zech
Clim. Past, 15, 713–733, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-713-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-713-2019, 2019
Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Marina V. Fonti, Matthias Saurer, Sébastien Guillet, Christophe Corona, Patrick Fonti, Vladimir S. Myglan, Alexander V. Kirdyanov, Oksana V. Naumova, Dmitriy V. Ovchinnikov, Alexander V. Shashkin, Irina P. Panyushkina, Ulf Büntgen, Malcolm K. Hughes, Eugene A. Vaganov, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, and Markus Stoffel
Clim. Past, 15, 685–700, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-685-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-685-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a unique dataset of multiple tree-ring and stable isotope parameters, representing temperature-sensitive Siberian ecotones, to assess climatic impacts after six large stratospheric volcanic eruptions at 535, 540, 1257, 1640, 1815, and 1991 CE. Besides the well-documented effects of temperature derived from tree-ring width and latewood density, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in tree-ring cellulose provide information about moisture and sunshine duration changes after the events.
Monica Bini, Giovanni Zanchetta, Aurel Perşoiu, Rosine Cartier, Albert Català, Isabel Cacho, Jonathan R. Dean, Federico Di Rita, Russell N. Drysdale, Martin Finnè, Ilaria Isola, Bassem Jalali, Fabrizio Lirer, Donatella Magri, Alessia Masi, Leszek Marks, Anna Maria Mercuri, Odile Peyron, Laura Sadori, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Fabian Welc, Christoph Zielhofer, and Elodie Brisset
Clim. Past, 15, 555–577, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-555-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-555-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean region has returned some of the clearest evidence of a climatically dry period occurring approximately 4200 years ago. We reviewed selected proxies to infer regional climate patterns between 4.3 and 3.8 ka. Temperature data suggest a cooling anomaly, even if this is not uniform, whereas winter was drier, along with dry summers. However, some exceptions to this prevail, where wetter condition seems to have persisted, suggesting regional heterogeneity.
Amy J. Dougherty, Jeong-Heon Choi, Chris S. M. Turney, and Anthony Dosseto
Clim. Past, 15, 389–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-389-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-389-2019, 2019
Áslaug Geirsdóttir, Gifford H. Miller, John T. Andrews, David J. Harning, Leif S. Anderson, Christopher Florian, Darren J. Larsen, and Thor Thordarson
Clim. Past, 15, 25–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-25-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-25-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Compositing climate proxies in sediment from seven Iceland lakes documents abrupt summer cooling between 4.5 and 4.0 ka, statistically indistinguishable from 4.2 ka. Although the decline in summer insolation was an important factor, a combination of superposed changes in ocean circulation and explosive Icelandic volcanism were likely responsible for the abrupt perturbation recorded by our proxies. Lake and catchment proxies recovered to a colder equilibrium state following the perturbation.
Haiwei Zhang, Hai Cheng, Yanjun Cai, Christoph Spötl, Gayatri Kathayat, Ashish Sinha, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Liangcheng Tan
Clim. Past, 14, 1805–1817, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1805-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1805-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The collapses of several Neolithic cultures in China are considered to have been associated with abrupt climate change during the 4.2 ka BP event; however, the hydroclimate of this event in China is still poorly known. Based on stalagmite records from monsoonal China, we found that north China was dry but south China was wet during this event. We propose that the rain belt remained longer at its southern position, giving rise to a pronounced humidity gradient between north and south China.
Alice Callegaro, Dario Battistel, Natalie M. Kehrwald, Felipe Matsubara Pereira, Torben Kirchgeorg, Maria del Carmen Villoslada Hidalgo, Broxton W. Bird, and Carlo Barbante
Clim. Past, 14, 1543–1563, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1543-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1543-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Holocene fires and vegetation are reconstructed using different molecular markers with a single analytical method, applied for the first time to lake sediments from Tibet. The early Holocene shows oscillations between grasses and conifers, with smouldering fires represented by levoglucosan peaks, and high-temperature fires represented by PAHs. The lack of human FeSts excludes local human influence on fire and vegetation changes. Late Holocene displays an increase in local to regional combustion.
Kees Nooren, Wim Z. Hoek, Brian J. Dermody, Didier Galop, Sarah Metcalfe, Gerald Islebe, and Hans Middelkoop
Clim. Past, 14, 1253–1273, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1253-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1253-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present two new palaeoclimatic records for the central Maya lowlands, adding valuable new insights to the impact of climate change on the development of Maya civilisation. Lake Tuspan's diatom record is indicative of precipitation changes at a local scale, while a beach ridge elevation record from the world's largest late Holocene beach ridge plain provides a regional picture.
Markus Czymzik, Raimund Muscheler, Florian Adolphi, Florian Mekhaldi, Nadine Dräger, Florian Ott, Michał Słowinski, Mirosław Błaszkiewicz, Ala Aldahan, Göran Possnert, and Achim Brauer
Clim. Past, 14, 687–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-687-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-687-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our results provide a proof of concept for facilitating 10Be in varved lake sediments as a novel synchronization tool required for investigating leads and lags of proxy responses to climate variability. They also point to some limitations of 10Be in these archives mainly connected to in-lake sediment resuspension processes.
Darrell S. Kaufman and PAGES 2k special-issue editorial team
Clim. Past, 14, 593–600, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-593-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We explain the procedure used to attain a high and consistent level of data stewardship across a special issue of the journal Climate of the Past. We discuss the challenges related to (1) determining which data are essential for public archival, (2) using data generated by others, and (3) understanding data citations. We anticipate that open-data sharing in paleo sciences will accelerate as the advantages become more evident and as practices that reduce data loss become the accepted convention.
Haipeng Wang, Jianhui Chen, Shengda Zhang, David D. Zhang, Zongli Wang, Qinghai Xu, Shengqian Chen, Shijin Wang, Shichang Kang, and Fahu Chen
Clim. Past, 14, 383–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-383-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-383-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The chironomid-inferred temperature record from Gonghai Lake exhibits a stepwise decreasing trend since 4 ka. A cold event in the Era of Disunity, the Sui-Tang Warm Period, the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age can all be recognized in our record, as well as in many other temperature reconstructions in China. Local wars in Shanxi Province, documented in the historical literature during the past 2700 years, are statistically significantly correlated with changes in temperature.
Hansi K. A. Singh, Gregory J. Hakim, Robert Tardif, Julien Emile-Geay, and David C. Noone
Clim. Past, 14, 157–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-157-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-157-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is prominent in the climate system. We study the AMO over the last 2000 years using a novel proxy framework, the Last Millennium Reanalysis. We find that the AMO is linked to continental warming, Arctic sea ice retreat, and an Atlantic precipitation shift. Low clouds decrease globally. We find no distinct multidecadal spectral peak in the AMO over the last 2 millennia, suggesting that human activities may have enhanced the AMO in the modern era.
Ny Riavo Gilbertinie Voarintsoa, Loren Bruce Railsback, George Albert Brook, Lixin Wang, Gayatri Kathayat, Hai Cheng, Xianglei Li, Richard Lawrence Edwards, Amos Fety Michel Rakotondrazafy, and Marie Olga Madison Razanatseheno
Clim. Past, 13, 1771–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1771-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1771-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This research has been an investigation of two stalagmites from two caves in NW Madagascar to reconstruct the region's paleoenvironmental changes, and to understand the linkage of such changes to the dynamics of the ITCZ. Stable isotopes, mineralogy, and petrography suggest wetter climate conditions than today during the early and late Holocene, when the mean ITCZ was south, and drier during the mid-Holocene when the ITCZ was north.
Wei Ding, Qinghai Xu, and Pavel E. Tarasov
Clim. Past, 13, 1285–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1285-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1285-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Pollen-based past climate reconstruction for regions with long-term human occupation is always controversial. We examined the bias induced by the human impact on vegetation in a climate reconstruction for temperate eastern China by comparing the deviations in the reconstructed results for a fossil record based on two pollen–climate calibration sets. Climatic signals in pollen assemblages are indeed obscured by human impact; however, the extent of the bias could be assessed.
Oliver Rach, Ansgar Kahmen, Achim Brauer, and Dirk Sachse
Clim. Past, 13, 741–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-741-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-741-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Currently, reconstructions of past changes in the hydrological cycle are usually qualitative, which is a major drawback for testing the accuracy of models in predicting future responses. Here we present a proof of concept of a novel approach to deriving quantitative paleohydrological data, i.e. changes in relative humidity, from lacustrine sediment archives, employing a combination of organic geochemical methods and plant physiological modeling.
Juan José Gómez-Navarro, Eduardo Zorita, Christoph C. Raible, and Raphael Neukom
Clim. Past, 13, 629–648, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-629-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-629-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This contribution aims at assessing to what extent the analogue method, a classic technique used in other branches of meteorology and climatology, can be used to perform gridded reconstructions of annual temperature based on the limited information from available but un-calibrated proxies spread across different locations of the world. We conclude that it is indeed possible, albeit with certain limitations that render the method comparable to more classic techniques.
Atsushi Okazaki and Kei Yoshimura
Clim. Past, 13, 379–393, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-379-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-379-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Data assimilation has been successfully applied in the field of paleoclimatology to reconstruct past climate. However, data reconstructed from proxies have been assimilated, as opposed to the actual proxy values, which prevented full utilization of the information recorded in the proxies. This study propose a new data assimilation system in which actual proxy data are directly assimilated.
Enlou Zhang, Jie Chang, Yanmin Cao, Hongqu Tang, Pete Langdon, James Shulmeister, Rong Wang, Xiangdong Yang, and Ji Shen
Clim. Past, 13, 185–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-185-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-185-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first development of sub-fossil chironomid-based mean July temperature transfer functions from China. The transfer functions yield reliable reconstructions that are comparable to the instrumental record. The application of this new tool will provide long-term quantitative palaeoclimate estimates from south-western China which is a critical region for understanding the dynamic and evolution of the Indian Ocean south-west Monsoon system.
Kira Rehfeld, Mathias Trachsel, Richard J. Telford, and Thomas Laepple
Clim. Past, 12, 2255–2270, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2255-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2255-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Indirect evidence on past climate comes from the former composition of ecological communities such as plants, preserved as pollen grains in sediments of lakes. Transfer functions convert relative counts of species to a climatologically meaningful scale (e.g. annual mean temperature in degrees C). We show that the fundamental assumptions in the algorithms impact the reconstruction results in he idealized model world, in particular if the reconstructed variables were not ecologically relevant.
Qing Yang, Xiaoqiang Li, Xinying Zhou, Keliang Zhao, and Nan Sun
Clim. Past, 12, 2229–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2229-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2229-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The fossilized seeds of common millet are suited to the production of quantitative Holocene precipitation reconstructions. Our reconstructed results showed that summer precipitation from 7.7–3.4 ka BP was ~ 50 mm, or 17 % higher than present levels. Maximal mean summer precipitation peaked at 414 mm during 6.1–5.5 ka BP, ~ 109 mm, or 36 % higher than today, indicating the EASM peaked at this time. This work can provide a new proxy for further research into continuous paleoprecipitation sequences.
Michael Deininger, Martin Werner, and Frank McDermott
Clim. Past, 12, 2127–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2127-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2127-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the NAO (Northern Atlantic Oscillation)-related mechanisms that control winter precipitation stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope gradients across Europe. The results show that past longitudinal stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope gradients in European rainfall stored in palaeoclimate archives (e.g. speleothems) can be used to infer the past winter NAO modes from its variations.
Liangjun Zhu, Yuandong Zhang, Zongshan Li, Binde Guo, and Xiaochun Wang
Clim. Past, 12, 1485–1498, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1485-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1485-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 368-year late summer maximum temperature reconstruction based on spruce tree rings. It touches on the critical topic of climate reconstruction in the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau and represents an extension and enhancement of climate records for this area. The Little Ice Age was well represented and 20th century warming was not obvious in this reconstruction. This temperature variation may be affected by global land–sea atmospheric circulation as well as solar and volcanic forcing.
Frazer Matthews-Bird, Stephen J. Brooks, Philip B. Holden, Encarni Montoya, and William D. Gosling
Clim. Past, 12, 1263–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1263-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1263-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Chironomidae are a family of two-winged aquatic fly of the order Diptera. The family is species rich (> 5000 described species) and extremely sensitive to environmental change, particualy temperature. Across the Northern Hemisphere, chironomids have been widely used as paleotemperature proxies as the chitinous remains of the insect are readily preserved in lake sediments. This is the first study using chironomids as paleotemperature proxies in tropical South America.
Karsten Schittek, Sebastian T. Kock, Andreas Lücke, Jonathan Hense, Christian Ohlendorf, Julio J. Kulemeyer, Liliana C. Lupo, and Frank Schäbitz
Clim. Past, 12, 1165–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1165-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1165-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Cushion peatlands are versatile climate archives for the study of past environmental changes. We present the environmental history for the last 2100 years of Cerro Tuzgle peatland, which is located in the NW Argentine Puna. The results reflect prominent late Holocene climate anomalies and provide evidence that Northern Hemisphere climate oscillations were extensive. Volcanic forcing at the beginning of the 19th century seems to have had an impact on climatic settings in the Central Andes
Nicholas P. McKay and Julien Emile-Geay
Clim. Past, 12, 1093–1100, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1093-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1093-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The lack of accepted data formats and data standards in paleoclimatology is a growing problem that slows progress in the field. Here, we propose a preliminary data standard for paleoclimate data, general enough to accommodate all the proxy and measurement types encountered in a large international collaboration (PAGES 2k). We also introduce a data format for such structured data (Linked Paleo Data, or LiPD), leveraging recent advances in knowledge representation (Linked Open Data).
Cited articles
Anchukaitis, K. J., Wilson, R., Briffa, K. R., Büntgen, U., Cook, E. R., D'Arrigo, R. D., Davi, N., Esper, J., Frank, D. C., Gunnarson, B. E., Hegerl, G., Helama, S., Klesse, S., Krusic, P. J., Linderholm, H. W., Myglan, V. S., Osborn, T. J., Zhang, P., Rydval, M., Schneider, L., Schurer, A., Wiles, G. C., and Zorita, E.: Last millennium Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: Part II, spatially resolved reconstructions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 163, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.02.020, 2017.
Andreis, C., Armiraglio, S., Caccianiga, M., Bortolas, D., and Broglia, A.: Pinus Cembra L. nel settore sud-Alpino Lombardo (Italia Settentrionale), Nat. Brescia. – Ann. Mus. Civ. Sc. Nat., Brescia, 34, 19–39, 2005.
Arbellay, E., Jarvis, I., Chavardès, R. D., Daniels, L. D., and Stoffel, M.: Tree-ring proxies of larch bud moth defoliation: Latewood width and blue intensity are more precise than tree-ring width, Tree Physiol., 38, 1237–1245, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpy057, 2018.
Auer, I., Böhm, R., Jurkovic, A., Lipa, W., Orlik, A., Potzmann, R., Schöner, W., Ungersböck, M., Matulla, C., Briffa, K. R., Jones, P., Efthymiadis, D., Brunetti, M., Nanni, T., Maugeri, M., Mercalli, L., Mestre, O., Moisselin, J.-M., Begert, M., Müller-Westermeier, G., Kveton, V., Bochnicek, O., Šťastný, P., Lapin, M., Szalai, S., Szentimrey, T., Cegnar, T., Dolinar, M., Gajic-Capka, M., Zaninović, K., Majstorović, Ž., and Nieplova, E.: HISTALP – historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region, Int. J. Climatol., 27, 17–46, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1377, 2007.
Babst, F., Frank, D. C., Büntgen, U., Nievergelt, D., and Esper, J.: Effect of sample preparation and scanning resolution on the Blue Reflectance of Picea abies, TRACE–Tree Rings Archaeol. Climatol. Ecol., 7, 188–195, 2009.
Backmeroff, C. E.: Historical land-use and upper timberline dynamics determined by a thousand-year larch chronology made up of charcoal fragments from kilns and ancient trees, in: 2001. International Conference Tree rings and people, Davos, Switzerland, 22–26 September 2001, Abstracts, edited by: Kaennel Dobbertin, M. and Bräker, O. U., Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 1–2, 2001.
Baltensweiler, W. and Rubli, D.: Dispersal: an important driving force of the cyclic population dynamics of the larch bud moth, Zeiraphera diniana Gn., For. Snow Landsc. Res., 74, 3–153, 1999.
Beniston, M.: The 2003 heat wave in Europe: A shape of things to come? An analysis based on Swiss climatological data and model simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L02202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018857, 2004.
Biondi, F. and Waikul, K.: DENDROCLIM2002: A C
Björklund, J., Gunnarson, B. E., Seftigen, K., Zhang, P., and Linderholm, H. W.: Using adjusted Blue Intensity data to attain high-quality summer temperature information: A case study from Central Scandinavia, Holocene, 25, 547–556, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614562434, 2015.
Björklund, J., von Arx, G., Nievergelt, D., Wilson, R., Van den Bulcke, J., Günther, B., Loader, N. J., Rydval, M., Fonti, P., Scharnweber, T., Andreu-Hayles, L., Büntgen, U., D'Arrigo, R., Davi, N., De Mil, T., Esper, J., Gärtner, H., Geary, J., Gunnarson, B. E., Hartl, C., Hevia, A., Song, H., Janecka, K., Kaczka, R. J., Kirdyanov, A. V., Kochbeck, M., Liu, Y., Meko, M., Mundo, I., Nicolussi, K., Oelkers, R., Pichler, T., Sánchez-Salguero, R., Schneider, L., Schweingruber, F., Timonen, M., Trouet, V., Van Acker, J., Verstege, A., Villalba, R., Wilmking, M., and Frank, D.: Scientific Merits and Analytical Challenges of Tree-Ring Densitometry, Rev. Geophys., 57, 1224–1264, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000642, 2019.
Björklund, J., Seftigen, K., Fonti, P., Nievergelt, D., and von Arx, G.: Dendroclimatic potential of dendroanatomy in temperature-sensitive Pinus sylvestris, Dendrochronologia, 60, 125673, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125673, 2020.
Björklund, J., Fonti, M. V., Fonti, P., Van den Bulcke, J., and von Arx, G.: Cell wall dimensions reign supreme: cell wall composition is irrelevant for the temperature signal of latewood density/blue intensity in Scots pine, Dendrochronologia, 65, 125785, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125785, 2021.
Björklund, J., Seftigen, K., Kaczka, R. J., Rydval, M., and Wilson, R.: A definition and standardised terminology for Blue Intensity from Conifers, Dendrochronologia, 85, 126200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2024.126200, 2024.
Björklund, J. A., Gunnarson, B. E., Seftigen, K., Esper, J., and Linderholm, H. W.: Blue intensity and density from northern Fennoscandian tree rings, exploring the potential to improve summer temperature reconstructions with earlywood information, Clim. Past, 10, 877–885, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-877-2014, 2014.
Blake, S. A. P., Palmer, J. G., Björklund, J., Harper, J. B., and Turney, C. S. M.: Palaeoclimate potential of New Zealand Manoao colensoi (silver pine) tree rings using Blue-Intensity (BI), Dendrochronologia, 60, 125664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125664, 2020.
Böhm, R., Auer, I., Brunetti, M., Maugeri, M., Nanni, T., and Schöner, W.: Regional temperature variability in the European Alps: 1760–1998 from homogenized instrumental time series, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1779–1801, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.689, 2001.
Brunetti, M., Maugeri, M., Monti, F., and Nanni, T.: Temperature and precipitation variability in Italy in the last two centuries from homogenised instrumental time series, Int. J. Climatol., 26, 345–381, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1251, 2006.
Brunetti, M., Lentini, G., Maugeri, M., Nanni, T., Auer, I., Böhm, R., and Schöner, W.: Climate variability and change in the Greater Alpine Region over the last two centuries based on multi-variable analysis, Int. J. Climatol., 29, 2197–2225, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1857, 2009.
Brunetti, M., Lentini, G., Maugeri, M., Nanni, T., Simolo, C., and Spinoni, J.: Projecting North Eastern Italy temperature and precipitation secular records onto a high-resolution grid, Phys. Chem. Earth, Parts A/B/C, 40–41, 9–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2009.12.005, 2012.
Brunetti, M., Maugeri, M., Nanni, T., Simolo, C., and Spinoni, J.: High-resolution temperature climatology for Italy: interpolation method intercomparison, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 1278–1296, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3764, 2014.
Buckley, B. M., Hansen, K. G., Griffin, K. L., Schmiege, S., Oelkers, R., D'Arrigo, R. D., Stahle, D. K., Davi, N., Nguyen, T. Q. T., Le, C. N., Wilson, R., and D'Arrigo, R. D.: Blue intensity from a tropical conifer's annual rings for climate reconstruction: An ecophysiological perspective, Dendrochronologia, 50, 10–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2018.04.003, 2018.
Bunn, A. G.: A dendrochronology program library in R (dplR), Dendrochronologia, 26, 115–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2008.01.002, 2008.
Bunn, A. G.: Statistical and visual crossdating in R using the dplR library, Dendrochronologia, 28, 251–258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2009.12.001, 2010.
Büntgen, U., Esper, J., Frank, D. C., Nicolussi, K., and Schmidhalter, M.: A 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summer temperatures, Clim. Dynam., 25, 141–153, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0028-1, 2005.
Büntgen, U., Frank, D. C., Nievergelt, D., and Esper, J.: Summer temperature variations in the European Alps, A.D. 755-2004, J. Climate, 19, 5606–5623, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3917.1, 2006.
Büntgen, U., Frank, D. C., Wilson, R., Carrer, M., Urbinati, C., and Esper, J.: Testing for tree-ring divergence in the European Alps, Glob. Chang. Biol., 14, 2443–2453, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01640.x, 2008.
Büntgen, U., Frank, D. C., Liebhold, A. M., Johnson, D. M., Carrer, M., Urbinati, C., Grabner, M., Nicolussi, K., Levanič, T., and Esper, J.: Three centuries of insect outbreaks across the European Alps, New Phytol., 182, 929–941, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02825.x, 2009.
Büntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D. C., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J. O., Herzig, F., Heussner, K.-U., Wanner, H., Luterbacher, J., and Esper, J.: 2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility, Science, 331, 578–582, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197175, 2011.
Buras, A., Zang, C., and Menzel, A.: Testing the stability of transfer functions, Dendrochronologia, 42, 56–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2017.01.005, 2017.
Buras, A., Spyt, B., Janecka, K., and Kaczka, R. J.: Divergent growth of Norway spruce on Babia Góra Mountain in the western Carpathians, Dendrochronologia, 50, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2018.04.005, 2018.
Camiz, S. and Spada, F.: Checking the stability of correlation of chronologies over time: an example on Pinus pinea L. rings widths, Ann. Silvic. Res., 49, 13–23, https://doi.org/10.12899/asr-2455, 2023.
Camiz, S., Spada, F., Denimal, J. J., and Piraino, S.: Hierarchical factor classification of dendrochronological time-series, Ann. Silvic. Res., 45, 62–75, https://doi.org/10.12899/asr-1968, 2020.
Carrer, M. and Urbinati, C.: Age-dependent tree-ring growth responses to climate in Larix decidua and Pinus cembra, Ecology, 85, 730–740, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0478, 2004.
Carrer, M., Dibona, R., Prendin, A. L., and Brunetti, M.: Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries, Nat. Clim. Chang., 13, 155–160, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01575-3, 2023.
Carturan, L., Dalla Fontana, G., and Borga, M.: Estimation of winter precipitation in a high-altitude catchment of the Eastern Italian Alps: Validation by means of glacier mass balance observations, Geogr. Fis. e Din. Quat., 35, 37–48, https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2012.35.4, 2012.
Carturan, L., Baroni, C., Becker, M., Bellin, A., Cainelli, O., Carton, A., Casarotto, C., Dalla Fontana, G., Godio, A., Martinelli, T., Salvatore, M. C., and Seppi, R.: Decay of a long-term monitored glacier: Careser Glacier (Ortles-Cevedale, European Alps), The Cryosphere, 7, 1819–1838, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1819-2013, 2013.
Carturan, L., Baroni, C., Carton, A., Cazorzi, F., Dalla Fontana, G., Delpero, C., Salvatore, M. C., Seppi, R., and Zanoner, T.: Reconstructing fluctuations of La Mare glacier (Eastern Italian Alps) in the late Holocene: new evidence for a Little Ice Age maximum around 1600 AD, Geogr. Ann. Ser. A, Phys. Geogr., 96, 287–306, https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12048, 2014.
Cerrato, R. and Baroni, C.: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – Cerrato – Bosco Antico – LADE – ITRDB ITAL050, ital050.rwl, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/hw52-rp85, 2018.
Cerrato, R., Salvatore, M. C., Brunetti, M., Coppola, A., and Baroni, C.: Dendroclimatic relevance of “Bosco Antico”, the most ancient living European larch wood in the Southern Rhaetian Alps (Italy), Geogr. Fis. e Din. Quat., 41, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2018.41.3, 2018.
Cerrato, R., Salvatore, M. C., Gunnarson, B. E., Linderholm, H. W., Carturan, L., Brunetti, M., De Blasi, F., and Baroni, C.: A Pinus cembra L. tree-ring record for late spring to late summer temperature in the Rhaetian Alps, Italy, Dendrochronologia, 53, 22–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2018.10.010, 2019a.
Cerrato, R., Cherubini, P., Büntgen, U., Coppola, A., Salvatore, M. C., and Baroni, C.: Tree-ring-based reconstruction of larch budmoth outbreaks in the Central Italian Alps since 1774 CE, iForest – Biogeosciences For., 12, 289–296, https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2533-012, 2019b.
Cerrato, R., Salvatore, M. C., Gunnarson, B. E., Linderholm, H. W., Carturan, L., Brunetti, M., and Baroni, C.: Pinus cembra L. tree-ring data as a proxy for summer mass-balance variability of the Careser Glacier (Italian Rhaetian Alps), J. Glaciol., 66, 714–726, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.40, 2020.
Cerrato, R., Salvatore, M. C., Carrer, M., Brunetti, M., and Baroni, C.: Blue intensity of Swiss stone pine as a high-frequency temperature proxy in the Alps, Eur. J. For. Res., 142, 933–948, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-023-01566-9, 2023.
Cerrato, R., Salvatore, M. C., Somma, A., and Baroni, C.: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – Cerrato – Bosco Antico Update – LADE – ITRDB ITA072, ita072bl25.rwl, ita072be100.rwl, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/868n-2d38, 2025a.
Cerrato, R., Salvatore, M. C., and Baroni, C.: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – Cerrato – Val di Barco – LADE – ITRDB ITA073, ita073.rwl, ita073bl25.rwl, ita073be100.rwl, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/j2vd-tn67, 2025b.
Cerrato, R., Salvatore, M. C., and Baroni, C.: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – Cerrato – Pradach di Val Palù – LADE – ITRDB ITA074, ita074.rwl, ita074be100.rwl, ita074bl25.rwl, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/a4kb-dq50, 2025c.
Cook, E. R. and Holmes, R. L.: Users Manual for Program ARSTAN, Tucson, Arizona, 13 pp., https://sheppard.ltrr.arizona.edu/DISC2019/arstan.txt (last access: 28 Febuary 2025), 1999.
Cook, E. R., Briffa, K. R., and Jones, P. D.: Spatial regression methods in dendroclimatology: A review and comparison of two techniques, Int. J. Climatol., 14, 379–402, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370140404, 1994.
Coppola, A., Leonelli, G., Salvatore, M. C., Pelfini, M., and Baroni, C.: Weakening climatic signal since mid-20th century in European larch tree-ring chronologies at different altitudes from the Adamello-Presanella Massif (Italian Alps), Quaternary Res., 77, 344–354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.01.004, 2012.
Coppola, A., Leonelli, G., Salvatore, M. C., Pelfini, M., and Baroni, C.: Tree-ring–based summer mean temperature variations in the Adamello–Presanella Group (Italian Central Alps), 1610–2008 AD, Clim. Past, 9, 211–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-211-2013, 2013.
Corona, C., Guiot, J., Edouard, J. L., Chalié, F., Büntgen, U., Nola, P., and Urbinati, C.: Millennium-long summer temperature variations in the European Alps as reconstructed from tree rings, Clim. Past, 6, 379–400, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-379-2010, 2010.
Crespi, A., Brunetti, M., Lentini, G., and Maugeri, M.: 1961–1990 high-resolution monthly precipitation climatologies for Italy, Int. J. Climatol., 38, 878–895, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5217, 2018.
Crespi, A., Brunetti, M., Ranzi, R., Tomirotti, M., and Maugeri, M.: A multi-century meteo-hydrological analysis for the Adda river basin (Central Alps). Part I: Gridded monthly precipitation (1800–2016) records, Int. J. Climatol., 41, 162–180, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6614, 2021.
Dannenberg, M. P. and Wise, E. K.: Seasonal climate signals from multiple tree ring metrics: A case study of Pinus ponderosa in the upper Columbia River Basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 121, 1178–1189, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003155, 2016.
D'Arrigo, R. D., Wilson, R., Liepert, B., and Cherubini, P.: On the “Divergence Problem” in Northern Forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes, Glob. Planet. Change, 60, 289–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.004, 2008.
Dixon, P. M.: Bootstrap Resampling, in: Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, Wiley, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470057339.vab028, 2001.
Dolgova, E.: June-September temperature reconstruction in the Northern Caucasus based on blue intensity data, Dendrochronologia, 39, 17–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2016.03.002, 2016.
Esper, J., Cook, E. R., and Schweingruber, F. H.: Low-Frequency Signals in Long Tree-Ring Chronologies for Reconstructing Past Temperature Variability, Science, 295, 2250–2253, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066208, 2002.
Esper, J., Frank, D. C., Wilson, R., and Briffa, K. R.: Effect of scaling and regression on reconstructed temperature amplitude for the past millennium, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021236, 2005.
Esper, J., George, S. S., Anchukaitis, K., D'Arrigo, R., Ljungqvist, F. C., Luterbacher, J., Schneider, L., Stoffel, M., Wilson, R., and Büntgen, U.: Large-scale, millennial-length temperature reconstructions from tree-rings, Dendrochronologia, 50, 81–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2018.06.001, 2018.
Eyring, V., Gillett, N. P., Rao, K. M. A., Barimalala, R., Barreiro Parrillo, M., Bellouin, N., Cassou, C., Durack, P. J., Kosaka, Y., McGregor, S., Min, S., Morgenstern, O., and Sun, Y.: Human Influence on the Climate System, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 423–552, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.005, 2023.
Fink, A. H., Brücher, T., Krüger, A., Leckebusch, G. C., Pinto, J. G., and Ulbrich, U.: The 2003 European summer heatwaves and drought -synoptic diagnosis and impacts, Weather, 59, 209–216, https://doi.org/10.1256/wea.73.04, 2004.
Frank, D. C. and Esper, J.: Characterization and climate response patterns of a high-elevation, multi-species tree-ring network in the European Alps, Dendrochronologia, 22, 107–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2005.02.004, 2005.
Frank, T. and Nicolussi, K.: Testing different Earlywood/Latewood delimitations for the establishment of Blue Intensity data: A case study based on Alpine Picea abies samples, Dendrochronologia, 64, 125775, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125775, 2020.
Fritts, H. C. (Ed.): Tree Rings and Climate, Elsevier, London, 582 pp., https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-268450-0.X5001-0, 1976.
Fuentes, M., Salo, R., Björklund, J., Seftigen, K., Zhang, P., Gunnarson, B. E., Aravena, J. C., and Linderholm, H. W.: A 970-year-long summer temperature reconstruction from Rogen, west-central Sweden, based on blue intensity from tree rings, Holocene, 28, 254–266, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617721322, 2018.
Galvan, P., Ponge, J.-F., Chersich, S., and Zanella, A.: Humus Components and Soil Biogenic Structures in Norway Spruce Ecosystems, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 72, 548, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0317, 2008.
Gentili, R., Armiraglio, S., Sgorbati, S., and Baroni, C.: Geomorphological disturbance affects ecological driving forces and plant turnover along an altitudinal stress gradient on alpine slopes, Plant Ecol., 214, 571–586, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0190-1, 2013.
Gentili, R., Baroni, C., Panigada, C., Rossini, M., Tagliabue, G., Armiraglio, S., Citterio, S., Carton, A., and Salvatore, M. C.: Glacier shrinkage and slope processes create habitat at high elevation and microrefugia across treeline for alpine plants during warm stages, CATENA, 193, 104626, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104626, 2020.
Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P., and Lister, D.: Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset, Sci. Data, 7, 109, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0453-3, 2020.
Heeter, K. J., Harley, G. L., Maxwell, J. T., McGee, J. H., and Matheus, T. J.: Late summer temperature variability for the Southern Rocky Mountains (USA) since 1735 CE: applying blue light intensity to low-latitude Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm, Clim. Change, 162, 965–988, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02772-9, 2020.
Helama, S., Melvin, T. M., and Briffa, K. R.: Regional curve standardization: State of the art, Holocene, 27, 172–177, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683616652709, 2017.
IPCC: Summary for policymakers, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, 1–28, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf (last access: 28 February 2025), 2013.
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Global warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H. O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., Pidcock, R., Connors, S., Matthews, J. B. R., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Gomis, M. I., Lonnoy, E., Maycock, T., Tignor, M., and Waterfield, T., World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 32, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940, 2018.
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 3–35, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.001, 2019.
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems, edited by: Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Buendia Calvo, E., Masson-Delmotte, V., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Zhai, P., Slade, R., Connors, S., van Diemen, R., Ferrat, M., Haughey, E., Luz, S., Neogi, S., Pathak, M., Petzold, J., Portugal Pereira, J., Vyas, P., Huntley, E., Kissick, K., Belkacemi, M., and Malley, J., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1–36, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.001, 2022.
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Poloczanska, E. S., Mintenbeck, K., Tignor, M., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., and Okem, A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 3–34, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.001, 2023.
Isotta, F. A., Frei, C., Weilguni, V., Perčec Tadić, M., Lassègues, P., Rudolf, B., Pavan, V., Cacciamani, C., Antolini, G., Ratto, S. M., Munari, M., Micheletti, S., Bonati, V., Lussana, C., Ronchi, C., Panettieri, E., Marigo, G., and Vertačnik, G.: The climate of daily precipitation in the Alps: Development and analysis of a high-resolution grid dataset from pan-Alpine rain-gauge data, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 1657–1675, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3794, 2014.
IUSS Working Group: WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources, International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps, 4th edn., International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), Vienna, Austria, 132 pp., https://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/WRB_fourth_edition_2022-12-18.pdf (last access: 28 February 2025), 2022.
Kaczka, R. J., Spyt, B., Janecka, K., Beil, I., Büntgen, U., Scharnweber, T., Nievergelt, D., and Wilmking, M.: Different maximum latewood density and blue intensity measurements techniques reveal similar results, Dendrochronologia, 49, 94–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2018.03.005, 2018.
Lê, S., Josse, J., and Husson, F.: FactoMineR: An R Package for Multivariate Analysis, J. Stat. Softw., 25, 253–258, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v025.i01, 2008.
Leavitt, S. W. and Roden, J.: Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, edited by: Siegwolf, R. T. W., Brooks, J. R., Roden, J., and Saurer, M., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 3–20 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4, 2022.
Leonelli, G., Pelfini, M., D'Arrigo, R. D., Haeberli, W., and Cherubini, P.: Non-stationary Responses of Tree-Ring Chronologies and Glacier Mass Balance to Climate in the European Alps, Arctic, Antarct. Alp. Res., 43, 56–65, https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-43.1.56, 2011.
Leonelli, G., Coppola, A., Baroni, C., Salvatore, M. C., Maugeri, M., Brunetti, M., and Pelfini, M.: Multispecies dendroclimatic reconstructions of summer temperature in the European Alps enhanced by trees highly sensitive to temperature, Clim. Change, 137, 275–291, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1658-5, 2016.
Ljungqvist, F. C., Thejll, P., Björklund, J., Gunnarson, B. E., Piermattei, A., Rydval, M., Seftigen, K., Støve, B., and Büntgen, U.: Assessing non-linearity in European temperature-sensitive tree-ring data, Dendrochronologia, 59, 125652, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2019.125652, 2020.
Marazzi, S.: Atlante orografico delle Alpi: SOIUSA: suddivisione orografica internazionale unificata del sistema alpino, Priuli & Verlucca, 416 pp., 2005.
McCarroll, D., Pettigrew, E., and Luckman, A.: Blue Reflectance Provides a Surrogate for Latewood Density of High-Latitude Pine Tree Rings Reflectance Provides a Surrogate for Latewood of High-latitude Density Pine Tree Rings, Arctic, Antarct. Alp. Res., 34, 450–453, 2002.
McPartland, M. Y., St. George, S., Pederson, G. T., and Anchukaitis, K. J.: Does signal-free detrending increase chronology coherence in large tree-ring networks?, Dendrochronologia, 63, 125755, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125755, 2020.
Melvin, T. M.: Historical Growth Rates and Changing Climatic Sensitivity of Boreal Conifers, PhD dissertation, University of East Anglia, 271 pp., https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/42398/1/melvin-2004-thesis.pdf (last access: 28 February 2025), 2004.
Melvin, T. M. and Briffa, K. R.: A “signal-free” approach to dendroclimatic standardisation, Dendrochronologia, 26, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2007.12.001, 2008.
Mitchell, T. D. and Jones, P. D.: An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 693–712, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1181, 2005.
New, M., Hulme, M., and Jones, P. D.: Representing Twentieth-Century Space–Time Climate Variability. Part II: Development of 1901–96 Monthly Grids of Terrestrial Surface Climate, J. Climate, 13, 2217–2238, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2217:RTCSTC>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Nicolussi, K., Österreicher, A., Weber, G., Leuenberger, M., Bauer, A., and Vogeleit, T.: Blue intensity analyses on spruce, larch and cembran pine cores of living trees from the Alps, in: EuroDendro 2015, 18–23 October 2015, Antalya, Turkey, Book of Abstracts, edited by: Akkemik, Ü., 139–140, 2015.
Ols, C., Klesse, S., Girardin, M. P., Evans, M. E. K., DeRose, R. J., and Trouet, V.: Detrending climate data prior to climate–growth analyses in dendroecology: A common best practice?, Dendrochronologia, 79, 126094, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2023.126094, 2023.
Österreicher, A., Weber, G., Leuenberger, M., and Nicolussi, K.: Exploring blue intensity – comparison of blue intensity and MXD data from Alpine spruce trees, Sci. Tech. Rep., 56–61, https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-15069, 2014.
Pepin, N., Bradley, R. S., Diaz, H. F., Baraer, M., Caceres, E. B., Forsythe, N., Fowler, H., Greenwood, G., Hashmi, M. Z., Liu, X. D., Miller, J. R., Ning, L., Ohmura, A., Palazzi, E., Rangwala, I., Schöner, W., Severskiy, I., Shahgedanova, M., Wang, M. B., Williamson, S. N., and Yang, D. Q.: Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world, Nat. Clim. Chang., 5, 424–430, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2563, 2015.
R Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, https://www.r-project.org/ (last access: 28 February 2025), 2024.
Reid, E. and Wilson, R.: Delta blue intensity vs. maximum density: A case study using Pinus uncinata in the Pyrenees, Dendrochronologia, 61, 125706, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125706, 2020.
Rydval, M., Larsson, L. Å., McGlynn, L., Gunnarson, B. E., Loader, N. J., Young, G. H. F., and Wilson, R.: Blue intensity for dendroclimatology: Should we have the blues? Experiments from Scotland, Dendrochronologia, 32, 191–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2014.04.003, 2014.
Rydval, M., Gunnarson, B. E., Loader, N. J., Cook, E. R., Druckenbrod, D. L., and Wilson, R.: Spatial reconstruction of Scottish summer temperatures from tree rings, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 1540–1556, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4796, 2016.
Salvatore, M. C., Zanoner, T., Baroni, C., Carton, A., Banchieri, F. A., Viani, C., Giardino, M., and Perotti, L.: The state of Italian glaciers: A snapshot of the 2006-2007 hydrological period, Geogr. Fis. e Din. Quat., 38, 175–198, https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2015.38.16, 2015.
Saulnier, M., Corona, C., Stoffel, M., Guibal, F., and Edouard, J.-L.: Climate-growth relationships in a Larix decidua Mill. network in the French Alps, Sci. Total Environ., 664, 554–566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.404, 2019.
Schwab, N., Kaczka, R. J., Janecka, K., Böhner, J., Chaudhary, R., Scholten, T., and Schickhoff, U.: Climate Change-Induced Shift of Tree Growth Sensitivity at a Central Himalayan Treeline Ecotone, Forests, 9, 267, https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050267, 2018.
Schweingruber, F. H.: Tree Rings Basic and Applications of Dendrochronology, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 276 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1273-1, 1988.
Seftigen, K., Fuentes, M., Ljungqvist, F. C., and Björklund, J.: Using Blue Intensity from drought-sensitive Pinus sylvestris in Fennoscandia to improve reconstruction of past hydroclimate variability, Clim. Dynam., 55, 579–594, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05287-2, 2020.
Seftigen, K., Fonti, M. V., Luckman, B., Rydval, M., Stridbeck, P., von Arx, G., Wilson, R., and Björklund, J.: Prospects for dendroanatomy in paleoclimatology – a case study on Picea engelmannii from the Canadian Rockies, Clim. Past, 18, 1151–1168, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1151-2022, 2022.
Sheppard, P. R. and Wiedenhoeft, A.: An advancement in removing extraneous color from wood for low-magnification reflected-light image analysis of conifer tree rings, Wood Fiber Sci., 39, 173–183, 2007.
Solomina, O. N., Bushueva, I., Dolgova, E., Jomelli, V., Alexandrin, M., Mikhalenko, V., and Matskovsky, V. V.: Glacier variations in the Northern Caucasus compared to climatic reconstructions over the past millennium, Glob. Planet. Change, 140, 28–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.02.008, 2016.
Trachsel, M., Kamenik, C., Grosjean, M., McCarroll, D., Moberg, A., Brázdil, R., Büntgen, U., Dobrovolný, P., Esper, J., Frank, D. C., Friedrich, M., Glaser, R., Larocque-Tobler, I., Nicolussi, K., and Riemann, D.: Multi-archive summer temperature reconstruction for the European Alps, AD 1053–1996, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 46, 66–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.021, 2012.
Tsvetanov, N., Dolgova, E., and Panayotov, M.: First measurements of Blue intensity from Pinus peuce and Pinus heldreichii tree rings and potential for climate reconstructions, Dendrochronologia, 60, 125681, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125681, 2020.
Turchin, P., Wood, S. N., Ellner, S. P., Kendall, B. E., Murdoch, W. W., Fischlin, A., Casas, J., McCauley, E., and Briggs, C. J.: Dynamical effects of plant quality and parasitism on population cycles of larch budmoth, Ecology, 84, 1207–1214, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1207:DEOPQA]2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Unterholzner, L., Castagneri, D., Cerrato, R., Ştirbu, M., Roibu, C.-C., and Carrer, M.: Climate response of a glacial relict conifer across its distribution range is invariant in space but not in time, Sci. Total Environ., 906, 167512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167512, 2024.
Wilmking, M., van der Maaten-Theunissen, M., van der Maaten, E., Scharnweber, T., Buras, A., Biermann, C., Gurskaya, M., Hallinger, M., Lange, J., Shetti, R., Smiljanic, M., and Trouillier, M.: Global assessment of relationships between climate and tree growth, Glob. Chang. Biol., 26, 3212–3220, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15057, 2020.
Wilson, R., Rao, R., Rydval, M., Wood, C. V., Larsson, L. Å., and Luckman, B. H.: Blue Intensity for dendroclimatology: The BC blues: A case study from British Columbia, Canada, Holocene, 24, 1428–1438, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614544051, 2014.
Wilson, R., Anchukaitis, K. J., Briffa, K. R., Büntgen, U., Cook, E. R., D'Arrigo, R. D., Davi, N., Esper, J., Frank, D. C., Gunnarson, B. E., Hegerl, G., Helama, S., Klesse, S., Krusic, P. J., Linderholm, H. W., Myglan, V. S., Osborn, T. J., Rydval, M., Schneider, L., Schurer, A., Wiles, G. C., Zhang, P., and Zorita, E.: Last millennium northern hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: Part I: The long term context, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 134, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.005, 2016.
Wilson, R., D'Arrigo, R., Andreu-Hayles, L., Oelkers, R., Wiles, G., Anchukaitis, K., and Davi, N.: Experiments based on blue intensity for reconstructing North Pacific temperatures along the Gulf of Alaska, Clim. Past, 13, 1007–1022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1007-2017, 2017a.
Wilson, R., Wilson, D., Rydval, M., Crone, A., Büntgen, U., Clark, S., Ehmer, J., Forbes, E., Fuentes, M., Gunnarson, B. E., Linderholm, H. W., Nicolussi, K., Wood, C. V., and Mills, C.: Facilitating tree-ring dating of historic conifer timbers using Blue Intensity, J. Archaeol. Sci., 78, 99–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.011, 2017b.
Wilson, R., Anchukaitis, K. J., Andreu-Hayles, L., Cook, E. R., D'Arrigo, R. D., Davi, N., Haberbauer, L., Krusic, P. J., Luckman, B., Morimoto, D., Oelkers, R., Wiles, G., and Wood, C. V.: Improved dendroclimatic calibration using blue intensity in the southern Yukon, The Holocene, 29, 1817–1830, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619862037, 2019.
Wilson, R., Allen, K., Baker, P., Boswijk, G., Buckley, B., Cook, E., D'Arrigo, R., Druckenbrod, D., Fowler, A., Grandjean, M., Krusic, P., and Palmer, J.: Evaluating the dendroclimatological potential of blue intensity on multiple conifer species from Tasmania and New Zealand, Biogeosciences, 18, 6393–6421, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6393-2021, 2021.
Zang, C. and Biondi, F.: treeclim: an R package for the numerical calibration of proxy-climate relationships, Ecography (Cop.)., 38, 431–436, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01335, 2015.
Zemp, M., Frey, H., Gärtner-Roer, I., Nussbaumer, S. U., Hoelzle, M., Paul, F., Haeberli, W., Denzinger, F., Ahlstrøm, A. P., Anderson, B. M., Bajracharya, S., Baroni, C., Braun, L. N., Cáceres, B. E., Casassa, G., Cobos, G., Dávila, L. R., Delgado Granados, H., Demuth, M. N., Espizua, L., Fischer, A., Fujita, K., Gadek, B., Ghazanfar, A., Ove Hagen, J., Holmlund, P., Karimi, N., Li, Z., Pelto, M., Pitte, P., Popovnin, V. V., Portocarrero, C. A., Prinz, R., Sangewar, C. V., Severskiy, I., Sigurđsson, O., Soruco, A., Usubaliev, R., and Vincent, C.: Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century, J. Glaciol., 61, 745–762, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG15J017, 2015.
Short summary
Understanding past climates requires data extending beyond modern instrumental records. This study shows that blue intensity (BI) measurements from European larch trees in the Southern Rhaetian Alps provide a stronger proxy for reconstructing past summer temperatures than traditional tree-ring-width data. BI processing enables regional-scale reconstructions and helps extend these reconstructions to the Mediterranean Basin and northern Europe, with excellent correlations to existing data.
Understanding past climates requires data extending beyond modern instrumental records. This...
