Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-547-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-547-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Feb 2025
Research article |
| 25 Feb 2025
| 25 Feb 2025
Public granaries as a source of proxy data on grain harvests and weather extremes for historical climatology
Rudolf Brázdil
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Jan Lhoták
Department of Historical Sciences, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Plzeň, Czech Republic
Kateřina Chromá
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Dominik Collet
Institute for Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Centre for Advanced Study, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo, Norway
Petr Dobrovolný
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Heli Huhtamaa
Institute of History, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Related authors
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Max Carl Arne Torbenson, Lukáš Dolák, and Kateřina Chromá
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3917, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3917, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
Documentary data about weather and climate are used to reconstruct temperature and precipitation patterns as well as hydrometeorological extremes in the Czech Lands for the 15th century. These data significantly complement existing knowledge of climatic patterns in Central Europe during this century and coincide well with other climate reconstructions from this area based on different proxies.
Jan Řehoř, Rudolf Brázdil, Oldřich Rakovec, Martin Hanel, Milan Fischer, Rohini Kumar, Jan Balek, Markéta Poděbradská, Vojtěch Moravec, Luis Samaniego, Yannis Markonis, and Miroslav Trnka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3341–3358, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3341-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3341-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a robust method for identification and classification of global land drought events (GLDEs) based on soil moisture. Two models were used to calculate soil moisture and delimit soil drought over global land from 1980–2022, with clusters of 775 and 630 GLDEs. Using four spatiotemporal and three motion-related characteristics, we categorized GLDEs into seven severity and seven dynamic categories. The frequency of GLDEs has generally increased in recent decades.
Christian Pfister, Stefan Brönnimann, Laurent Litzenburger, Peter Thejll, Andres Altwegg, Rudolf Brázdil, Andrea Kiss, Erich Landsteiner, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, and Thomas Pliemon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3242, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3242, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
Narrative historical records of wine production in Central Europe date back to 1200. A study of taxes paid to authorities in the French-Luxembourg Moselle region, Germany, and the Swiss Plateau over the last few centuries shows that wine yields provide indirect indications of summer temperatures when the impact of heavy frosts is taken into account. This enables climate reconstructions based on tree rings to be refined and confirmed. Occasionally, poor harvests gave rise to witch hunts.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Laurent Litzenburger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2942, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2942, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The tax relief data connected with weather damage to farmers' yields from the Prácheň Region (southwestern Bohemia) in the period 1655–1827 CE were used to identify frequency, severity and impacts of damaging weather events presented in the context of other documentary data. Tax relief data used represent the very rarely used source of administrative records for historical-climatological research.
Rudolf Brázdil, Dominika Faturová, Monika Šulc Michalková, Jan Řehoř, Martin Caletka, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Flash floods belong to natural hazards that can be enhanced in frequency, intensity, and impact during recent climate change. This paper presents a complex analysis of spatiotemporal variability and human impacts (including material damage and fatalities) of flash floods in the Czech Republic for the 2001–2023 period. The analysis generally shows no statistically significant trends in the characteristics analyzed.
Christian Pfister, Stefan Brönnimann, Andres Altwegg, Rudolf Brázdil, Laurent Litzenburger, Daniele Lorusso, and Thomas Pliemon
Clim. Past, 20, 1387–1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This bottle of Riesling from the traditional Bassermann Jordan winery in Deidesheim (Germany) is a relic of the premium wine harvested in 1811. It was named “Comet Wine” after the bright comet that year. The study shows that wine quality can be used to infer summer weather conditions over the past 600 years. After rainy summers with cold winds, wines turned sour, while long periods of high pressure led to excellent qualities. Since 1990, only good wines have been produced due to rapid warming.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Petr Dobrovolný
Clim. Past, 20, 1017–1037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed series of wheat, rye, barley, and oats prices from Sušice (southwestern Bohemia) for the period 1725–1824 CE is used to demonstrate effects of weather, climate, socio-economic, and societal factors on their fluctuations, with particular attention paid to years with extremely high prices. Cold spring temperatures and wet conditions from winter to summer were reflected in very high grain prices.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1437–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The official mortality data in the Czech Republic in 1919–2022 are used to show long-term fluctuations in the number of fatalities caused by excessive natural cold and heat, lightning, natural disasters, and falls on ice/snow, as well as the sex and age of the deceased, based on certain meteorological, historical, and socioeconomic factors that strongly influence changes in the number and structure of such fatalities. Knowledge obtained is usable in risk management for the preservation of lives.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Christian Pfister, Katrin Kleemann, Kateřina Chromá, Péter Szabó, and Piotr Olinski
Clim. Past, 19, 1863–1890, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Thirty Years' War (from 1618 to 1648 CE), an armed military conflict in Europe, brought extensive devastation to Europe. The paper analyses annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation, and drought patterns, as well as severe weather extremes, based particularly on documentary data, during this event in central Europe to demonstrate their broad impacts on human society and human responses in coincidence with weather and climate during this period of hardship.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Zahradník, Péter Szabó, Kateřina Chromá, Petr Dobrovolný, Lukáš Dolák, Miroslav Trnka, Jan Řehoř, and Silvie Suchánková
Clim. Past, 18, 2155–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Bark beetle outbreaks are important disturbances to Norway spruce forests. Their meteorological and climatological triggers are analysed for the main oubreaks over the territory of the Czech Republic based on newly created series of such outbreaks, covering the 1781–2021 CE period. The paper demonstrates the shift from windstorms as the main meteorological triggers of past outbreaks to effects of high temperatures and droughts together with windstorms in past decades.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Jiří Mikšovský, Petr Pišoft, Miroslav Trnka, Martin Možný, and Jan Balek
Clim. Past, 18, 935–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with 520-year series (1501–2020 CE) of temperature, precipitation, and four drought indices reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations for the Czech Lands. Basic features of their fluctuations, long-term trends, and periodicities as well as attribution to changes in external forcings and climate variability modes are analysed. Representativeness of Czech reconstructions at European scale is evaluated. The paper shows extreme character of past decades.
Gerard van der Schrier, Richard P. Allan, Albert Ossó, Pedro M. Sousa, Hans Van de Vyver, Bert Van Schaeybroeck, Roberto Coscarelli, Angela A. Pasqua, Olga Petrucci, Mary Curley, Mirosław Mietus, Janusz Filipiak, Petr Štěpánek, Pavel Zahradníček, Rudolf Brázdil, Ladislava Řezníčková, Else J. M. van den Besselaar, Ricardo Trigo, and Enric Aguilar
Clim. Past, 17, 2201–2221, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 1921 drought was the most severe drought to hit Europe since the start of the 20th century. Here the climatological description of the drought is coupled to an overview of its impacts, sourced from newspapers, and an analysis of its drivers. The area from Ireland to the Ukraine was affected but hardest hit was the triangle between Brussels, Paris and Lyon. The drought impacts lingered on until well into autumn and winter, affecting water supply and agriculture and livestock farming.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Jan Řehoř, Ladislava Řezníčková, Pavel Zahradníček, and Petr Dobrovolný
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1355–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of fatalities attributable to weather conditions in the Czech Republic during the 2000–2019 period based on our own database created from newspaper reports, on the database of the Czech Statistical Office, and on the database of the police of the Czech Republic as well as on their comparison. Despite some uncertainties, generally declining trends in the number of fatalities appear for the majority of weather variables. The structure of fatalities is described in detail.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Martin Bauch, Chantal Camenisch, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Piotr Oliński, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 16, 2125–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies related to historical droughts in the Czech Lands showed that the summers of 1531–1540 could represent the driest summer decade of the past 500 years. To confirm this hypothesis, documentary data from central Europe were collected and presented for individual summers and complemented by maps of precipitation and drought distribution to document corresponding weather patterns and their various impacts. The main droughts occurred in 1532, 1534–1536, 1538, and particularly in 1540.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Max Carl Arne Torbenson, Lukáš Dolák, and Kateřina Chromá
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3917, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3917, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
Documentary data about weather and climate are used to reconstruct temperature and precipitation patterns as well as hydrometeorological extremes in the Czech Lands for the 15th century. These data significantly complement existing knowledge of climatic patterns in Central Europe during this century and coincide well with other climate reconstructions from this area based on different proxies.
Jan Řehoř, Rudolf Brázdil, Oldřich Rakovec, Martin Hanel, Milan Fischer, Rohini Kumar, Jan Balek, Markéta Poděbradská, Vojtěch Moravec, Luis Samaniego, Yannis Markonis, and Miroslav Trnka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3341–3358, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3341-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3341-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a robust method for identification and classification of global land drought events (GLDEs) based on soil moisture. Two models were used to calculate soil moisture and delimit soil drought over global land from 1980–2022, with clusters of 775 and 630 GLDEs. Using four spatiotemporal and three motion-related characteristics, we categorized GLDEs into seven severity and seven dynamic categories. The frequency of GLDEs has generally increased in recent decades.
Christian Pfister, Stefan Brönnimann, Laurent Litzenburger, Peter Thejll, Andres Altwegg, Rudolf Brázdil, Andrea Kiss, Erich Landsteiner, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, and Thomas Pliemon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3242, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3242, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
Narrative historical records of wine production in Central Europe date back to 1200. A study of taxes paid to authorities in the French-Luxembourg Moselle region, Germany, and the Swiss Plateau over the last few centuries shows that wine yields provide indirect indications of summer temperatures when the impact of heavy frosts is taken into account. This enables climate reconstructions based on tree rings to be refined and confirmed. Occasionally, poor harvests gave rise to witch hunts.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Laurent Litzenburger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2942, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2942, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The tax relief data connected with weather damage to farmers' yields from the Prácheň Region (southwestern Bohemia) in the period 1655–1827 CE were used to identify frequency, severity and impacts of damaging weather events presented in the context of other documentary data. Tax relief data used represent the very rarely used source of administrative records for historical-climatological research.
Richard Warren, Niklaus Emanuel Bartlome, Noémie Wellinger, Jörg Franke, Ralf Hand, Stefan Brönnimann, and Heli Huhtamaa
Clim. Past, 20, 2645–2662, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2645-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2645-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the ClimeApp web application. The app provides quick access to the ModE-RA global climate reanalysis. Users can calculate and plot anomalies, composites, correlations, regressions and annual cycles across three different datasets and four climate variables. By re-examining the 1815 Tambora eruption, we demonstrate how combining results from different datasets and sources can help us investigate the historical palaeoclimate and integrate it into human history.
Rudolf Brázdil, Dominika Faturová, Monika Šulc Michalková, Jan Řehoř, Martin Caletka, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Flash floods belong to natural hazards that can be enhanced in frequency, intensity, and impact during recent climate change. This paper presents a complex analysis of spatiotemporal variability and human impacts (including material damage and fatalities) of flash floods in the Czech Republic for the 2001–2023 period. The analysis generally shows no statistically significant trends in the characteristics analyzed.
Christian Pfister, Stefan Brönnimann, Andres Altwegg, Rudolf Brázdil, Laurent Litzenburger, Daniele Lorusso, and Thomas Pliemon
Clim. Past, 20, 1387–1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This bottle of Riesling from the traditional Bassermann Jordan winery in Deidesheim (Germany) is a relic of the premium wine harvested in 1811. It was named “Comet Wine” after the bright comet that year. The study shows that wine quality can be used to infer summer weather conditions over the past 600 years. After rainy summers with cold winds, wines turned sour, while long periods of high pressure led to excellent qualities. Since 1990, only good wines have been produced due to rapid warming.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Petr Dobrovolný
Clim. Past, 20, 1017–1037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed series of wheat, rye, barley, and oats prices from Sušice (southwestern Bohemia) for the period 1725–1824 CE is used to demonstrate effects of weather, climate, socio-economic, and societal factors on their fluctuations, with particular attention paid to years with extremely high prices. Cold spring temperatures and wet conditions from winter to summer were reflected in very high grain prices.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1437–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The official mortality data in the Czech Republic in 1919–2022 are used to show long-term fluctuations in the number of fatalities caused by excessive natural cold and heat, lightning, natural disasters, and falls on ice/snow, as well as the sex and age of the deceased, based on certain meteorological, historical, and socioeconomic factors that strongly influence changes in the number and structure of such fatalities. Knowledge obtained is usable in risk management for the preservation of lives.
Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Bo Christiansen, Jan Esper, Heli Huhtamaa, Lotta Leijonhufvud, Christian Pfister, Andrea Seim, Martin Karl Skoglund, and Peter Thejll
Clim. Past, 19, 2463–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2463-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2463-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the climate signal in long harvest series from across Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. The climate–harvest yield relationship is found to be relatively weak but regionally consistent and similar in strength and sign to modern climate–harvest yield relationships. The strongest climate–harvest yield patterns are a significant summer soil moisture signal in Sweden, a winter temperature and precipitation signal in Switzerland, and spring temperature signals in Spain.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Christian Pfister, Katrin Kleemann, Kateřina Chromá, Péter Szabó, and Piotr Olinski
Clim. Past, 19, 1863–1890, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Thirty Years' War (from 1618 to 1648 CE), an armed military conflict in Europe, brought extensive devastation to Europe. The paper analyses annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation, and drought patterns, as well as severe weather extremes, based particularly on documentary data, during this event in central Europe to demonstrate their broad impacts on human society and human responses in coincidence with weather and climate during this period of hardship.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Zahradník, Péter Szabó, Kateřina Chromá, Petr Dobrovolný, Lukáš Dolák, Miroslav Trnka, Jan Řehoř, and Silvie Suchánková
Clim. Past, 18, 2155–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Bark beetle outbreaks are important disturbances to Norway spruce forests. Their meteorological and climatological triggers are analysed for the main oubreaks over the territory of the Czech Republic based on newly created series of such outbreaks, covering the 1781–2021 CE period. The paper demonstrates the shift from windstorms as the main meteorological triggers of past outbreaks to effects of high temperatures and droughts together with windstorms in past decades.
Heli Huhtamaa, Markus Stoffel, and Christophe Corona
Clim. Past, 18, 2077–2092, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2077-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2077-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tree-ring data and written sources from northern Fennoscandia reveal that large 17th century eruptions had considerable climatic, agricultural, and socioeconomic impacts far away from the eruption locations. Yet, micro-regional investigation shows that the human consequences were commonly indirect, as various factors, like agro-ecosystems, resource availability, institutions, and personal networks, dictated how the volcanic cold pulses and related crop failures materialized on a societal level.
Markus Stoffel, Christophe Corona, Francis Ludlow, Michael Sigl, Heli Huhtamaa, Emmanuel Garnier, Samuli Helama, Sébastien Guillet, Arlene Crampsie, Katrin Kleemann, Chantal Camenisch, Joseph McConnell, and Chaochao Gao
Clim. Past, 18, 1083–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1083-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1083-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-17th century saw several volcanic eruptions, deteriorating climate, political instability, and famine in Europe, China, and Japan. We analyze impacts of the eruptions on climate but also study their socio-political context. We show that an unambiguous distinction of volcanic cooling or wetting from natural climate variability is not straightforward. It also shows that political instability, poor harvest, and famine cannot only be attributed to volcanic climatic impacts.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Jiří Mikšovský, Petr Pišoft, Miroslav Trnka, Martin Možný, and Jan Balek
Clim. Past, 18, 935–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with 520-year series (1501–2020 CE) of temperature, precipitation, and four drought indices reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations for the Czech Lands. Basic features of their fluctuations, long-term trends, and periodicities as well as attribution to changes in external forcings and climate variability modes are analysed. Representativeness of Czech reconstructions at European scale is evaluated. The paper shows extreme character of past decades.
Sam White, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Davide Zanchettin, Heli Huhtamaa, Dagomar Degroot, Markus Stoffel, and Christophe Corona
Clim. Past, 18, 739–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines whether the 1600 Huaynaputina volcano eruption triggered persistent cooling in the North Atlantic. It compares previous paleoclimate simulations with new climate reconstructions from natural proxies and historical documents and finds that the reconstructions are consistent with, but do not support, an eruption trigger for persistent cooling. The study also analyzes societal impacts of climatic change in ca. 1600 and the use of historical observations in model–data comparison.
Gerard van der Schrier, Richard P. Allan, Albert Ossó, Pedro M. Sousa, Hans Van de Vyver, Bert Van Schaeybroeck, Roberto Coscarelli, Angela A. Pasqua, Olga Petrucci, Mary Curley, Mirosław Mietus, Janusz Filipiak, Petr Štěpánek, Pavel Zahradníček, Rudolf Brázdil, Ladislava Řezníčková, Else J. M. van den Besselaar, Ricardo Trigo, and Enric Aguilar
Clim. Past, 17, 2201–2221, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 1921 drought was the most severe drought to hit Europe since the start of the 20th century. Here the climatological description of the drought is coupled to an overview of its impacts, sourced from newspapers, and an analysis of its drivers. The area from Ireland to the Ukraine was affected but hardest hit was the triangle between Brussels, Paris and Lyon. The drought impacts lingered on until well into autumn and winter, affecting water supply and agriculture and livestock farming.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Jan Řehoř, Ladislava Řezníčková, Pavel Zahradníček, and Petr Dobrovolný
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1355–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of fatalities attributable to weather conditions in the Czech Republic during the 2000–2019 period based on our own database created from newspaper reports, on the database of the Czech Statistical Office, and on the database of the police of the Czech Republic as well as on their comparison. Despite some uncertainties, generally declining trends in the number of fatalities appear for the majority of weather variables. The structure of fatalities is described in detail.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Martin Bauch, Chantal Camenisch, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Piotr Oliński, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 16, 2125–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies related to historical droughts in the Czech Lands showed that the summers of 1531–1540 could represent the driest summer decade of the past 500 years. To confirm this hypothesis, documentary data from central Europe were collected and presented for individual summers and complemented by maps of precipitation and drought distribution to document corresponding weather patterns and their various impacts. The main droughts occurred in 1532, 1534–1536, 1538, and particularly in 1540.
Cited articles
Bachmann, J.: Aufzeichnungen eines Alt-Leitmeritzers, Mitteilungen des Vereines für Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen, 50, 254–281, 1911.
Bauernfeind, W. and Woitek, U.: The influence of climatic change on price fluctuations in Germany during the 16th century price revolution, Clim. Change, 43, 303–321, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005502518695, 1999.
Berg, B. Å.: Volatility, Integration and Grain Banks: Studies in Harvests, Rye Prices and Institutional Development of the Parish Magazines in Sweden in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden, 216 pp., ISBN 9789172587229, 2007.
Binterová, Z.: Od Kalku po Boleboř a Blatno (From Kalek to Boleboř and Blatno), Okresní museum, Chomutov, Czech Republic, 127 pp., ISBN 80-238-6410-6, 2000.
Blau, J.: Ein Kapitel vom Getreidepreis, Mitteilungen des Vereines für die Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen, 47, 277–283, 1908.
Brázdil, R. and Durďáková, M.: The effect of weather factors on fluctuations of grain prices in the Czech Lands in the 16th–18th centuries, Prace Geograficzne, 108, 19–25, 2000.
Brázdil, R. and Trnka, M. (Eds.): Sucho v českých zemích: minulost, současnost, budoucnost (Droughts in the Czech Lands: Past, Present and Future), Centrum výzkumu globální změny Akademie věd České republiky, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic, 400 pp., ISBN 978-80-87902-11-0, 2015.
Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Wanner, H., von Storch, H., and Luterbacher, J.: Historical climatology in Europe – the state of the art, Clim. Change, 70, 363–430, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5924-1, 2005.
Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., Trnka, M., Büntgen, U., Řezníčková, L., Kotyza, O., Valášek, H., and Štěpánek, P.: Documentary and instrumental-based drought indices for the Czech Lands back to AD 1501, Clim. Res., 70, 103–117, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01380, 2016a.
Brázdil, R., Řezníčková, L., Valášek, H., Dolák, L., and Kotyza, O.: Climatic effects and impacts of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Czech Lands, Clim. Past, 12, 1361–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016, 2016b.
Brázdil, R., Kotyza, O., and Bauch, M.: Climate and famines in the Czech Lands prior to AD 1500: Possible interconnections in a European context, in: Famines during the “Little Ice Age” (1300–1800), edited by: Collet, D. and Schuh, M., Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 91–114, ISBN 978-3-319-54341-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54337-6_5, 2018.
Brázdil, R., Demarée, G. R., Kiss, A., Dobrovolný, P., Chromá, K., Trnka, M., Dolák, L., Řezníčková, L., Zahradníček, P., Limanowka, D., and Jourdain, S.: The extreme drought of 1842 in Europe as described by both documentary data and instrumental measurements, Clim. Past, 15, 1861–1884, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1861-2019, 2019a.
Brázdil, R., Možný, M., Klír, T., Řezníčková, L., Trnka, M., Dobrovolný, P., and Kotyza, O.: Climate variability and changes in the agricultural cycle in the Czech Lands from the sixteenth century to the present, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 136, 553–573, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2508-3, 2019b.
Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., Mikšovský, J., Pišoft, P., Trnka, M., Možný, M., and Balek, J.: Documentary-based climate reconstructions in the Czech Lands 1501–2020 CE and their European context, Clim. Past, 18, 935–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, 2022.
Brázdil, R., Lhoták, J., Chromá, K., and Dobrovolný, P.: Effects of weather and climate on fluctuations of grain prices in southwestern Bohemia, 1725–1824 CE, Clim. Past, 20, 1017–1037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, 2024a.
Brázdil, R., Lhoták, J., Chromá, K., and Dobrovolný, P.: Data from public granaries as a source of proxy data on grain harvests and weather extremes (Sušice region, Czech Republic), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13918307, 2024b.
Brunt, L.: Weather shocks and English wheat yields, 1690–1871, Explor. Econ. Hist., 57, 50–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2014.12.001, 2015.
Camenisch, C.: Endlose Kälte. Witterungsverlauf und Getreidepreise in den Burgundischen Niederlanden im 15. Jahrhundert, Schwabe, Basel, Switzerland, 523 pp., ISBN 3796534686, 2015.
Campbell, B. M. and Ó Gráda, C.: Harvest shortfalls, grain prices, and famines in preindustrial England, J. Econ. Hist., 71, 859–886, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050711002178, 2011.
Campbell, B. M. S.: Four famines and a pestilence: harvest, price, and wage variations in England, 13th to 19th centuries, in: Agrarhistoria på många sätt, edited by: Liljewall, B., Flygare, I. A., Lange, U., Ljunggren, L., and Söderberg, J., KSLAB, Stockholm, Sweden, 23–56, 2009.
Collet, D.: Storage and starvation: public granaries as agents of food security in early modern Europe, Hist. Soc. Res., 35, 234–252, https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.35.2010.4.234-252, 2010.
Collet, D.: Die doppelte Katastrophe. Klima und Kultur in der europäischen Hungerkrise 1770–1772, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, Germany, 466 pp., ISBN 978-3-525-35592-3, 2019.
Černý, V.: Kontribučenské fondy obilní (Contribution grain funds), in: Okresní záložny hospodářské 1882–1932, Almanach vydaný na pamět' padesátiletého jejich trvání (Regional economic credit unions 1882–1932. Anthology published at 50-years of their duration), Svaz okresních záložen hospodářských, Praha, Czechoslovakia, 7–33, 1932.
Dobrovolný, P., Moberg, A., Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Glaser, R., Wilson, R., van Engelen, A., Limanówka, D., Kiss, A., Halíčková, M., Macková, J., Riemann, D., Luterbacher, J., and Böhm, R.: Monthly and seasonal temperature reconstructions for Central Europe derived from documentary evidence and instrumental records since AD 1500, Clim. Change, 101, 69–107, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9724-x, 2010.
Dobrovolný, P., Brázdil, R., Trnka, M., Kotyza, O., and Valášek, H.: Precipitation reconstruction for the Czech Lands, AD 1501–2010, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3957, 2015.
Edvinsson, R.: Harvests and grain prices in Sweden, 1665–1870, Agr. Hist. Rev., 60, 1–18, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23317128 (last access: 19 May 2024), 2012.
Eitzinger, J., Trnka, M., Semerádová, D., Thaler, S., Svobodová, E., Hlavinka, P., Šiška, B., Takáč, J., Malatinská, L., Nováková, M., Dubrovský, M., and Žalud, Z.: Regional climate change impacts on agricultural crop production in Central and Eastern Europe – hotspots, regional differences and common trends, J. Agr. Sci., 151, 787–812, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859612000767, 2013.
Esdaile, C. J.: The Wars of Napoleon, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London, New York, UK, USA, 628 pp., ISBN 9781138324145, 2019.
Esper, J., Büntgen, U., Denzer, S., Krusic, P. J., Luterbacher, J., Schäfer, R., Schreg, R., and Werner, J.: Environmental drivers of historical grain price variations in Europe, Clim. Res., 72, 39–52, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01449, 2017.
Franko, I.: Gromadski shpichliri v Galičini 1784–1840 r. (Communal Granaries in Galicia, 1784–1840), Ukrainsko-Ruskiy Archiv II, Lwov, Galicia, LXXXIV and 168 pp., 1907.
Gast, M. and Sigaut, F.: Les techniques de conservation des grains à long terme. Leur rôle dans la dynamique des systèmes de cultures et des sociétés, Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, France, 232 pp., ISBN 978-2-222-02507-8, 1979.
Gates, D.: Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815, Pimlico, London, UK, 304 pp., ISBN 9780712607193, 2003.
Higgins, J. J.: An Introduction to Modern Nonparametric Statistics, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, USA, 366 pp., ISBN 9780534387754, 2004.
Hildebrandt, H. and Gudd, M.: Getreidebau, Missernten und Witterung in südwestlichen Vogelsberg und dem angrenzenden Vorland während des 16. und frühen 17. Jahrhunderts, Archiv für hessische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 49, 85–146, 1991.
Holopainen, J., Rickard, I. J., and Helama, S.: Climatic signatures in crops and grain prices in 19th-century Sweden, Holocene, 22, 939–945, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683611434220, 2012.
Huhtamaa, H.: Combining written and tree-ring evidence to trace past food crises: a case study from Finland, in: Famines during the “Little Ice Age” (1300–1800), edited by: Collet, D. and Schuh, M., Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 43–66, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54337-6_3, 2018.
Huhtamaa, H., Helama, S., Holopainen, J., Rethorn, C., and Rohr, C.: Crop yield responses to temperature fluctuations in 19th century Finland: Provincial variation in relation to climate and tree-rings, Boreal Environ. Res., 20, 707–723, 2015.
Jonášová, S.: Paměti Františka Jana Vaváka, souseda a rychtáře milčického z let 1770–1816 (Memoirs of František J. Vavák, Inhabitant of the Neighbourhood and Reeve in Milčice for the Years 1770–1816), Kniha VI–VII (1810–1816), Nakladatelství Karolinum, Praha, Czech Republic, 486 pp., ISBN 978-80-246-1482-3, 2009.
Jones, E. L.: Seasons and Prices. The Role of the Weather in English Agricultural History, George Allen & Unwin, London, UK, 193 pp., 1964.
Kalousek, J.: Řády selské a instrukce hospodářské 1781–1850 (Peasantry Codes and Economic Instructions 1781–1850), Archiv český 25, Domestikální fond království Českého, Praha, Bohemia, 800 pp., 1910.
Kaplan, S. L.: Lean years, fat years: The “community” granary system and the search for abundance in eighteenth-century Paris, Fr. Hist. Stud., 10, 197–230, https://doi.org/10.2307/286069, 1977.
Kendall, M. G.: Rank Correlation Methods, 4th ed., Charles Griffin, London, UK, 202 pp., ISBN 9780852641996, 1975.
Komárek, F.: Paměti panství a farní osady budenické (Memoirs of the Domain and Parish Settlement of Budenice), Nákladem vlastním, Praha, Bohemia, 171 pp., 1911.
Krofta, K.: Dějiny selského stavu (The History of Peasant Status), Jan Laichter, Praha, Czechoslovakia, 458 pp., 1949.
Li, L. and Dolman, A. J.: On the reliability of composite analysis: an example of wet summers in North China, Atmos. Res., 292, 106881, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106881, 2023.
Liu, T.-J. and Fei, J. C. H.: The Public Granary Institution of the Ch'ing Dynasty, 1644–1911, Center Discussion Paper No. 299, Yale University, Economic Growth Center, New Haven, USA, 46 pp., https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/160226/1/cdp299.pdf (last access: 19 May 2024), 1978.
Ljungqvist, F. C. and Seim, A.: Reassessing grain price variability in early modern Europe (c. 1500–1800), Eur. Econ. Rev., 170, 104852, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104852, 2024.
Ljungqvist, F. C., Thejll, P., Christiansen, B., Seim, A., Hartl, C., and Esper, J.: The significance of climate variability on early modern European grain prices, Cliometrica, 16, 29–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-021-00224-7, 2022.
Ljungqvist, F. C., Christiansen, B., Esper, J., Huhtamaa, H., Leijonhufvud, L., Pfister, C., Seim, A., Skoglund, M. K., and Thejll, P.: Climatic signatures in early modern European grain harvest yields, Clim. Past, 19, 2463–2491, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2463-2023, 2023.
Løvdal, Ø.: Kornmagasin, klima og kriser En studie av kornmagasiner som håndtering av klimatiske kriser på 1700- og 1800-tallet i Norge (Granaries, Climate, and Crisis, A Study on Coping with Climatic Crises in the 18th and 19th Centuries), MA-thesis, University of Oslo, Norway, 88 pp., http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-87397 (last access: 19 May 2024), 2020.
Luterbacher, J. and Pfister, C.: The year without a summer, Nat. Geosci., 8, 246–248, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2404, 2015.
Mann, H. B.: Non-parametric tests against trend, Econometrica, 13, 163–171, https://doi.org/10.2307/1907187, 1945.
Martínez-Gonzáles, J. L.: Assessing agricultural adaptation to changing climatic conditions during the English agricultural revolution (1645–1740), Cliometrica, 19, 163–193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-024-00285-4, 2025.
Meuvret, J.: Le problème des subsistances à l'époque de Louis XIV. Tome I: La production des céréales dans la France du XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle, Paris-La Haye et École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, ISBN 978-2713200342, 224 pp., 1977.
Meuvret, J.: Le problème des subsistances à l'époque de Louis XIV. Tome II: La production des céréales et la société rurale, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, ISBN 978-3110985658, 286 and 275 pp., 1987.
Meuvret, J.: Le problème des subsistances à l'époque de Louis XIV. Tome III: Le commerce des grains et la conjoncture, Éditions de École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, ISBN 978-2713208867, 191 and 162 pp., 1988.
Morales, J., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, A., González-Marrero, M. del C., Martín-Rodríguez, E., Henríquez-Valido, P., and del-Pino-Curbelo, M.: The archaeobotany of long-term crop storage in northwest African communal granaries: a case study from pre-Hispanic Gran Canaria (cal. AD 1000–1500), Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 23, 789–804, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-014-0444-4, 2014.
Neruda, J.: Výjimky z kroniky selské (Excerption from peasant chronicle), in: Dílo Jana Nerudy XI, Drobné klepy, Nakladatelé Kvasnička a Hanyl, Praha, Bohemia, 203–212, 1862.
Neue Schriften: Neue Schriften der kais. königl. patriotisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen, Gottlieb Haase Söhne, Prag, Bohemia, 1830–1847.
Neue Schriften: Neue Schriften der kais. königl. patriotisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen, Zweiten Bandes erstes Heft, Gottlieb Haase Söhne, Prag, Bohemia, 216 pp., 1830.
Neue Schriften: Neue Schriften der kais. königl. patriotisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen, Dritten Bandes Erstes Heft, Gottlieb Haase Söhne, Prag, Bohemia, 179 pp., 1833.
Neue Schriften: Neue Schriften der kaiserl. königl. patriotisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen, Sechsten Bandes Erstes Heft, Gottlieb Haase Söhne, Prag, Bohemia, 216 pp., 1838.
Neue Schriften: Neue Schriften der kaiserl. königl. patriotisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen, Siebenten Bandes Erstes Heft, Gottlieb Haase Söhne, Prag, Bohemia, 215 pp., 1840.
Neue Schriften: Neue Schriften der kaiserl. königl. patriotisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen, Siebenten Bandes Zweites Heft, Gottlieb Haase Söhne, Prag, Bohemia, 237 pp., 1841.
Petr, J. (Ed.): Počasí a výnosy (Weather and yields), Státní zemědělské nakladatelství, Praha, Czechoslovakia, 368 pp., 1987.
Petráň, J.: Ceny obilí a tržní okruhy v Čechách v 18. a počátkem 19. století (Grain prices and market cycles in Bohemia in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century), Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Philosophica et historica 3, Studia historica, 17, 9–49, 1977.
Pfister, C.: Fluctuations climatiques et prix céréaliers en Europe du XVIe au XXe siècle, Ann. Hist. Sci. Soc., 43, 25–53, 1988.
Pfister, C. and Brázdil, R.: Social vulnerability to climate in the ”Little Ice Age”: an example from Central Europe in the early 1770s, Clim. Past, 2, 115–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2-115-2006, 2006.
Pfister, C. and Wanner, H.: Climate and Society in Europe, The Last Thousand Years, Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern, Switzerland, 400 pp., ISBN 9783258082349, 2021.
Polanyi, K.: The Great Transformation. The Political and Economic Origin of Our Time, Beacon Press, Boston, USA, 360 pp., ISBN 9780807056431, 2018.
Prasek, V.: Záložny kontribučenské jak vznikly (How originated taxation credit unions), Selský archiv, 3, 212–220, 1904.
Pribyl, K.: Climate and the grain price, 1264–1431, in: Farming, Famine and Plague: The Impact of Climate in Late Medieval England, edited by: Pribyl, K., Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 187–198, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55953-7_9, 2017.
Rácz, L.: Carpathian Basin – the winner of the Little Ice Age climate changes: Long-term time-series analysis of grain, grape and hay harvests between 1500 and 1850, Economic- and Ecohistory, 16, 81–96, https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/369363 (last access: 19 May 2024), 2020.
Rácz, L.: The impact of the Little Ice Age on winter wheat yields in the Carpathian Basin in the first half of the 19th century, Economic- and Ecohistory, 19, 5–27, https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/file/462752 (last access: 19 May 2024), 2023.
Reimarus, J. A. H.: Preisschrift über die, von der K. Societät der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen aufgegebene Frage: In wie fern und unter welchen Umständen die Anlegung beträchtlicher öffentlicher Kornmagazine dem Kornhandel und dem Lande überhaupt nachtheilig oder nützlich oder gleichgültig sey? Wie diese Magazine mit den wenigsten Kosten anzulegen und zu erhalten, auch dergestalt zu verwalten seyn, daß dem Lande daraus der meiste Nutzen zuwachse? Welche Folgen aus den öffentlichen Kornmagazinen in den Ländern, wo dergleichen befindlich sind, entstanden? und welche Folgen deren Mangel veranlasset habe, Hannoversches Magazin, 10, 1057–1070 and 1073–1082, 1772.
Resultate: Resultate aus den Witterungsbeobachtungen von den Jahren 1822 bis einschliessig 1826, nebst Jahresberichten; als Fortsetzung der in der ersten und zweiten Lieferung dargestellten Witterungsbeobachtungen, Gottlieb Haase Söhne, Prag, Bohemia, 1828.
Robek, A.: Lidové kronikářství na Kralupsku a Mělnicku. Edice lidových kronikářských textů (Folk Chronicle Writing of the Kralupy and Mělník Regions. Edition of the Texts of Folk Chronicles), Ústav pro etnografii a folkloristiku ČSAV, Praha, Czechoslovakia, 253 pp., 1974.
Robek, A.: Městské lidové kronikářství na Rychnovsku I. Edice lidových kronikářských textů (Town Folk Chronicle Writing of the Rychnov Region I. Edition of the Texts of Folk Chronicles), Ústav pro etnografii a folkloristiku ČSAV, Praha, Czechoslovakia, 211 pp., 1976.
Robek, A.: Lidové kronikářství na Lounsku. Prameny lidové provenience 3. Edice etnografických pramenů (Folk Chronicle Writing of the Louny Region, Sources of Folk Origin 3, Edition of the Ethnographic Sources), Ústav pro etnografii a folkloristiku ČSAV, Praha, Czechoslovakia, 161 pp., 1979.
Salido Domínguez, J.: Supplying the Roman towns in Hispania. Granaries and warehouses, in: Wirtschaftsbauten in der Antiken Stadt, edited by: Fellmeth, U., Krüger, J., Ohr, K., and Rasch, J. J., KIT Scientific Publishing, Karlsruhe, Germany, 181–196, https://books.openedition.org/ksp/5464 (last access: 20 May 2024), 2016.
Scott, S., Duncan, S. R., and Duncan, C. J.: The origins, interactions and causes of the cycles in grain prices in England, 1450–1812, Agr. Hist. Rev., 46, 1–14, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40275190 (last access: 19 May 2024), 1998.
Sen, P. K.: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934, 1968.
Seppel, M.: Communal granaries in the Russian Empire, Jahrb. Gesch. Osteur., 67, 183–205, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26831808 (last access: 9 May 2024), 2019.
Shiue, C.: Local granaries and central government disaster relief: Moral hazard and intergovernmental finance in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century China, J. Econ. Hist., 64, 100–124, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002205070400261X, 2024.
Skoglund, M. K.: Climate variability and grain production in Scania, 1702–1911, Clim. Past, 18, 405–433, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-405-2022, 2022.
Skoglund, M. K.: Farming at the margin: Climatic impacts on harvest yields and agricultural practices in Central Scandinavia, c. 1560–1920, Agr. Hist. Rev., 71, 203–233, 2023.
Skoglund, M. K.: The impact of drought on Northern European pre-industrial agriculture, Holocene, 34, 120–135, https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836231200431, 2024.
Skopec, J.: Paměti Františka J. Vaváka, souseda a rychtáře milčického z let 1770–1816 (Memoirs of František J. Vavák, Inhabitant of the Neighbourhood and Reeve in Milčice for the Years 1770–1816), Kniha třetí (Rok 1791–1801), Část II. (1795–1797), Nákladem “Dědictví sv. Jana Nepomuckého”, Praha, Bohemia, 111 pp., 1916.
Skopec, J.: Paměti Františka J. Vaváka, souseda a rychtáře milčického z let 1770–1816 (Memoirs of František J. Vavák, Inhabitant of the Neighbourhood and Reeve in Milčice for the Years 1770–1816), Kniha třetí (Rok 1791–1801), Část III. (1798–1800), Nákladem “Dědictví sv. Jana Nepomuckého”, Praha, Bohemia, 132 pp., 1918.
Skopec, J.: Paměti Františka J. Vaváka, souseda a rychtáře milčického z let 1770–1816 (Memoirs of František J. Vavák, Inhabitant of the Neighbourhood and Reeve in Milčice for the Years 1770–1816), Kniha pátá (Rok 1807–srpen 1810), Nákladem ”Dědictví sv. Jana Nepomuckého”, Praha, Czechoslovakia, 232 pp., 1938.
Sommer, J. G.: Das Königreich Böhmen; statistisch-topographisch dargestellt. Siebenter Band. Klattauer Kreis, J. G. Calve Buchhandlung, Prag, Bohemia, 284 pp., 1839.
Sommer, J. G.: Das Königreich Böhmen; statistisch-topographisch dargestellt. Achter Band. Prachiner Kreis, J. G. Calve Buchhandlung, Prag, Bohemia, 448 pp., 1840.
Šedivý, I.: Napoleonské války a české země (Napoleonic Wars and Czech Lands), Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Praha, Czech Republic, 301 pp., ISBN 978807106467X, 2001.
Šimon, A.: Záznamy přírodních zjevů na Hradišt'sku (Notes of natural phenomena in the Hradiště region), Od Ještěda k Troskám, 6, 56–60, 1927.
Teerijoki, I.: Nälkävuosien turva? Pitäjänmakasiinit Suomessa 1700-luvulla (A Securite Measure for Famine Years? Parish Grain Storehouses in Finland during the 18th Century), Suomen historiallinen seura, Helsinki, Finland, 280 pp., ISBN 9518915776, 1993.
Theil, H.: A rank-invariant method of linear and polynomial regression analysis, in: Henri Theil's Contributions to Economics and Econometrics, Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics 23, edited by: Raj, B. and Koerts, J., Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 345–381, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2546-8_20, 1992.
Tolasz, R., Míková, T., Valeriánová, A., and Voženílek, V.: Atlas podnebí Česka (Climate Atlas of Czechia), Český hydrometeorologický ústav, Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, Praha, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 255 pp., ISBN 9788086690261, 2007.
Trnka, M., Brázdil, R., Brilli, L., von Czettritz und Neuhaus, H. C., Costafreda-Aumedes, S., Dobrovolný, P., Holub, P., Klem, K., Kuhnert, M., Leolini, L., Moriondo, M., Muntean, N., Olesen, J. E., Poděbradská, M., Potopová, V., Štěpánek, P., Urban, O., Zander, P., and Nendel, C.: Modelling the impact of climate change on agriculture in Europe, in: Modelling climate change impacts on agricultural systems, edited by: Nendel, C., Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 361–408, ISBN 978 1 80146 174 0, https://doi.org/10.19103/AS.2022.0115.14, 2023.
Urban, J. F.: Písmák jižního Plzeňska Václav Jan Mašek (The chronicler of the south Plzeň region, Václav Jan Mašek), Granát, Horní Bříza, Czech Reublic, 177 pp., ISBN 9788090221130, 1999.
Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen: Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen der k. k. patriotisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen, und des mit ihr verbundenen Schafzüchter-, so wie des pomologischen Vereins. Erster Band, Friedrich Tempsky, Prag, Bohemia, 419 pp. + appendices, 1849.
Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen: Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen der k. k. patriotisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft im Königreiche Böhmen, und des mit ihr verbundenen pomologischen, so wie des Schafzüchter-Vereines. Zweiter Band, Friedrich Tempsky, Prag, Bohemia, 300 pp. + appendix, 1850.
Vodnařík, E.: Dějiny a statistika moravských kontribučenských záložen (The History and Statistics of Moravian Taxation Credit Unions), Eduard Vodnařík, Brno, Moravia, 100 pp., 1886.
von Storch, H. and Zwiers, F. W.: Statistical Analysis in Climate Research, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 484 pp., ISBN 0-521-01230-9, 1999.
White, S., Brooke, J., and Pfister, C.: Climate, weather, agriculture, and food, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, edited by: White, S., Pfister, C., and Mauelshagen, F., Palgrave Macmillan, London, UK, 331–353, ISBN 978-1-137-43019-9, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_27, 2018a.
White, S., Pfister, C., and Mauelshagen, F.: The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, Palgrave Macmillan, London, UK, 656 pp., ISBN 978-1-137-43019-9, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5, 2018b.
Will, P.-É. and Wong, R. B.: Nourish the People. The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650–1850, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, USA, 634 pp., ISBN 978-0-472-90182-1, https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.19044, 1991.
Wrigley, E.: Some reflections on corn yields and prices in pre-industrial economies, in: Famine, disease and the social order in early modern society, edited by: Walter, J. and Schofield, R., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 235–278, ISBN 9780521259064, 1989.
Yin, J., Su, Y., and Fang, X.: Relationships between temperature change and grain harvest fluctuations in China from 210 BC to 1910 AD, Quatern. Int., 355, 153–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.037, 2015.
Short summary
Public granaries served as key infrastructure to improve food security in agrarian societies. Granary data from 15 domains at the Sušice region (southwestern Bohemia) in the period 1789–1849 CE are used here to identify years with bad and good grain harvests, which have been further analysed using documentary data and climatic reconstructions. The data used represent a new source of proxy data for historical–climatological research.
Public granaries served as key infrastructure to improve food security in agrarian societies....
