Articles | Volume 20, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1521-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1521-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Jul 2024
Research article |
| 22 Jul 2024
| 22 Jul 2024
Reconstructing Younger Dryas ground temperature and snow thickness from cave deposits
Paul Töchterle
Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Anna Baldo
Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Julian B. Murton
Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
Frederik Schenk
Department of Geological Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
R. Lawrence Edwards
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
Gabriella Koltai
Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Related authors
Anika Donner, Paul Töchterle, Christoph Spötl, Irka Hajdas, Xianglei Li, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Gina E. Moseley
Clim. Past, 19, 1607–1621, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the first finding of fine-grained cryogenic cave minerals in Greenland, a type of speleothem that has been notably difficult to date. We present a successful approach for determining the age of these minerals using 230Th / U disequilibrium and 14C dating. We relate the formation of the cryogenic cave minerals to a well-documented extreme weather event in 1889 CE. Additionally, we provide a detailed report on the mineralogical and isotopic composition of these minerals.
Paul Töchterle, Simon D. Steidle, R. Lawrence Edwards, Yuri Dublyansky, Christoph Spötl, Xianglei Li, John Gunn, and Gina E. Moseley
Geochronology, 4, 617–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cryogenic cave carbonates (CCCs) provide a marker for past permafrost conditions. Their formation age is determined by Th / U dating. However, samples can be contaminated with small amounts of Th at formation, which can cause inaccurate ages and require correction. We analysed multiple CCCs and found that varying degrees of contamination can cause an apparent spread of ages, when samples actually formed within distinguishable freezing events. A correction method using isochrons is presented.
Mike Rogerson, Yuri Dublyansky, Dirk L. Hoffmann, Marc Luetscher, Paul Töchterle, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 15, 1757–1769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1757-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1757-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall in North Africa is known to vary through time and is likely to change as global climate warms. Here, we provide a new level of understanding about past rainfall in North Africa by looking at a stalagmite which formed within northeastern Libya between 67 and 30 thousand years ago. We find that at times more rain falls, and the associated moisture is mostly derived from the western Mediterranean during winter storms. Sometimes, water comes from the eastern Mediterranean.
Juan Luis Bernal-Wormull, Ana Moreno, Yuri Dublyansky, Christoph Spötl, Reyes Giménez, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Miguel Bartolomé, Martin Arriolabengoa, Eneko Iriarte, Isabel Cacho, Richard Lawrence Edwards, and Hai Cheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3612, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3612, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
We present in this manuscript a record of temperature changes during the last deglaciation and the Holocene using isotopes of fluid inclusions in stalagmites from the northeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula. This innovative climate proxy for this study region provides a quantitative understanding of the abrupt temperature changes in southern Europe of the last 16500 years before present.
Timothy J. Pollard, Jon D. Woodhead, Russell N. Drysdale, R. Lawrence Edwards, Xianglei Li, Ashlea N. Wainwright, Mathieu Pythoud, Hai Cheng, John C. Hellstrom, Ilaria Isola, Eleonora Regattieri, Giovanni Zanchetta, and Dylan S. Parmenter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3594, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3594, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The uranium-thorium and uranium-lead radiometric dating methods are both capable of dating carbonate samples ranging in age from about 400,000 to 650,000 years. Here we test agreement between the two methods by 'double dating' speleothems (i.e. secondary cave mineral deposits) that grew within this age range. We demonstrate excellent agreement between the two dating methods and discuss their relative strengths and weaknesses.
Lea Hartl, Bernd Seiser, Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Anna Baldo, Marcela Violeta Lauria, and Andrea Fischer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4077–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the Alps are receding at unprecedented rates. To understand how this affects the hydrology and ecosystems of the affected regions, it is important to measure glacier mass balance and ensure that records of field surveys are kept in standardized formats and well-documented. We describe glaciological measurements of ice ablation and snow accumulation gathered at Mullwitzkees and Venedigerkees, two glaciers in the Austrian Alps, since 2007 and 2012, respectively.
Judit Torner, Isabel Cacho, Heather Stoll, Ana Moreno, Joan O. Grimalt, Francisco J. Sierro, Hai Cheng, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-54, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-54, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for CP
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new speleothem record of the western Mediterranean region that offers new insights into the timeline of glacial terminations TIV, TIII, and TIII.a. The comparison among the studied deglaciations reveals differences in terms of intensity and duration and opens the opportunity to evaluate marine sediment chronologies based on orbital tuning from the North Atlantic and the Western Mediterranean.
Ana Lúcia Lindroth Dauner, Frederik Schenk, Katherine Elizabeth Power, and Maija Heikkilä
The Cryosphere, 18, 1399–1418, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analysed 14 sea-ice proxy records and compared them with the results from two different climate simulations from the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean over the Common Era (last 2000 years). Both proxy and model approaches demonstrated a long-term sea-ice increase. The good correspondence suggests that the state-of-the-art sea-ice proxies are able to capture large-scale climate drivers. Short-term variability, however, was less coherent due to local-to-regional scale forcings.
Miguel Bartolomé, Ana Moreno, Carlos Sancho, Isabel Cacho, Heather Stoll, Negar Haghipour, Ánchel Belmonte, Christoph Spötl, John Hellstrom, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Hai Cheng
Clim. Past, 20, 467–494, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructing past temperatures at regional scales during the Common Era is necessary to place the current warming in the context of natural climate variability. We present a climate reconstruction based on eight stalagmites from four caves in the Pyrenees, NE Spain. These stalagmites were dated precisely and analysed for their oxygen isotopes, which appear dominated by temperature changes. Solar variability and major volcanic eruptions are the two main drivers of observed climate variability.
Giselle Utida, Francisco W. Cruz, Mathias Vuille, Angela Ampuero, Valdir F. Novello, Jelena Maksic, Gilvan Sampaio, Hai Cheng, Haiwei Zhang, Fabio Ramos Dias de Andrade, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 19, 1975–1992, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) behavior during the past 3000 years over northeastern Brazil based on oxygen stable isotopes of stalagmites. Paleoclimate changes were mainly forced by the tropical South Atlantic and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability. We describe an ITCZ zonal behavior active around 1100 CE and the period from 1500 to 1750 CE. The dataset also records historical droughts that affected modern human population in this area of Brazil.
Anika Donner, Paul Töchterle, Christoph Spötl, Irka Hajdas, Xianglei Li, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Gina E. Moseley
Clim. Past, 19, 1607–1621, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the first finding of fine-grained cryogenic cave minerals in Greenland, a type of speleothem that has been notably difficult to date. We present a successful approach for determining the age of these minerals using 230Th / U disequilibrium and 14C dating. We relate the formation of the cryogenic cave minerals to a well-documented extreme weather event in 1889 CE. Additionally, we provide a detailed report on the mineralogical and isotopic composition of these minerals.
Rodrigo Martínez-Abarca, Michelle Abstein, Frederik Schenk, David Hodell, Philipp Hoelzmann, Mark Brenner, Steffen Kutterolf, Sergio Cohuo, Laura Macario-González, Mona Stockhecke, Jason Curtis, Flavio S. Anselmetti, Daniel Ariztegui, Thomas Guilderson, Alexander Correa-Metrio, Thorsten Bauersachs, Liseth Pérez, and Antje Schwalb
Clim. Past, 19, 1409–1434, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Lake Petén Itzá, northern Guatemala, is one of the oldest lakes in the northern Neotropics. In this study, we analyzed geochemical and mineralogical data to decipher the hydrological response of the lake to climate and environmental changes between 59 and 15 cal ka BP. We also compare the response of Petén Itzá with other regional records to discern the possible climate forcings that influenced them. Short-term climate oscillations such as Greenland interstadials and stadials are also detected.
Charlotte Honiat, Gabriella Koltai, Yuri Dublyansky, R. Lawrence Edwards, Haiwei Zhang, Hai Cheng, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 19, 1177–1199, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1177-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1177-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A look at the climate evolution during the last warm period may allow us to test ground for future climate conditions. We quantified the temperature evolution during the Last Interglacial using a tiny amount of water trapped in the crystals of precisely dated stalagmites in caves from the southeastern European Alps. Our record indicates temperatures up to 2 °C warmer than today and an unstable climate during the first half of the Last Interglacial.
Paul Töchterle, Simon D. Steidle, R. Lawrence Edwards, Yuri Dublyansky, Christoph Spötl, Xianglei Li, John Gunn, and Gina E. Moseley
Geochronology, 4, 617–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cryogenic cave carbonates (CCCs) provide a marker for past permafrost conditions. Their formation age is determined by Th / U dating. However, samples can be contaminated with small amounts of Th at formation, which can cause inaccurate ages and require correction. We analysed multiple CCCs and found that varying degrees of contamination can cause an apparent spread of ages, when samples actually formed within distinguishable freezing events. A correction method using isochrons is presented.
Petter L. Hällberg, Frederik Schenk, Kweku A. Yamoah, Xueyuen Kuang, and Rienk H. Smittenberg
Clim. Past, 18, 1655–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1655-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1655-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using climate model simulations, we find that SE Asian tropical climate was strongly seasonal under Late Glacial conditions. During Northern Hemisphere winters, it was highly arid in this region that is today humid year-round. The seasonal aridity was driven by orbital forcing and stronger East Asian winter monsoon. A breakdown of deep convection caused a reorganized Walker Circulation and a mean state resembling El Niño conditions.
Kathleen A. Wendt, Xianglei Li, R. Lawrence Edwards, Hai Cheng, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 17, 1443–1454, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1443-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1443-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we tested the upper limits of U–Th dating precision by analyzing three stalagmites from the Austrian Alps that have high U concentrations. The composite record spans the penultimate interglacial (MIS 7) with an average 2σ age uncertainty of 400 years. This unprecedented age control allows us to constrain the timing of temperature shifts in the Alps during MIS 7 while offering new insight into millennial-scale changes in the North Atlantic leading up to Terminations III and IIIa.
Gabriella Koltai, Christoph Spötl, Alexander H. Jarosch, and Hai Cheng
Clim. Past, 17, 775–789, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-775-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-775-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper utilises a novel palaeoclimate archive from caves, cryogenic cave carbonates, which allow for precisely constraining permafrost thawing events in the past. Our study provides new insights into the climate of the Younger Dryas (12 800 to 11 700 years BP) in mid-Europe from the perspective of a high-elevation cave sensitive to permafrost development. We quantify seasonal temperature and precipitation changes by using a heat conduction model.
Chao-Jun Chen, Dao-Xian Yuan, Jun-Yun Li, Xian-Feng Wang, Hai Cheng, You-Feng Ning, R. Lawrence Edwards, Yao Wu, Si-Ya Xiao, Yu-Zhen Xu, Yang-Yang Huang, Hai-Ying Qiu, Jian Zhang, Ming-Qiang Liang, and Ting-Yong Li
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-20, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-20, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Xianglei Li, Kathleen A. Wendt, Yuri Dublyansky, Gina E. Moseley, Christoph Spötl, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Geochronology, 3, 49–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-49-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-49-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we built a statistical model to determine the initial δ234U in submerged calcite crusts that coat the walls of Devils Hole 2 (DH2) cave (Nevada, USA) and, using a 234U–238U dating method, extended the chronology of the calcite deposition beyond previous well-established 230Th ages and determined the oldest calcite deposited in this cave, a time marker for cave genesis. The novel method presented here may be used in future speleothem studies in similar hydrogeological settings.
Lilian Schuster, Fabien Maussion, Lukas Langhamer, and Gina E. Moseley
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation and moisture sources over an arid region in northeast Greenland are investigated from 1979 to 2017 by a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic driven by reanalysis data. Dominant winter moisture sources are the North Atlantic above 45° N. In summer local and north Eurasian continental sources dominate. In positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation, evaporation and moisture transport from the Norwegian Sea are stronger, resulting in more precipitation.
Ole Valk, Michiel M. Rutgers van der Loeff, Walter Geibert, Sandra Gdaniec, S. Bradley Moran, Kate Lepore, Robert Lawrence Edwards, Yanbin Lu, Viena Puigcorbé, Nuria Casacuberta, Ronja Paffrath, William Smethie, and Matthieu Roy-Barman
Ocean Sci., 16, 221–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-221-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-221-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
After 2007 230Th decreased significantly in the central Amundsen Basin. This decrease is accompanied by a circulation change, indicated by changes in salinity. Ventilation of waters is most likely not the reason for the observed depletion in 230Th as atmospherically derived tracers do not reveal an increase in ventilation rate. It is suggested that these interior waters have undergone enhanced scavenging of Th during transit from Fram Strait and the Barents Sea to the central Amundsen Basin.
Gina E. Moseley, Christoph Spötl, Susanne Brandstätter, Tobias Erhardt, Marc Luetscher, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 16, 29–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-29-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-29-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Abrupt climate change during the last ice age can be used to provide important insights into the timescales on which the climate is capable of changing and the mechanisms that drive those changes. In this study, we construct climate records for the period 60 to 120 ka using stalagmites that formed in caves along the northern rim of the European Alps and find good agreement with the timing of climate changes in Greenland and the Asian monsoon.
Laurie M. Charrieau, Karl Ljung, Frederik Schenk, Ute Daewel, Emma Kritzberg, and Helena L. Filipsson
Biogeosciences, 16, 3835–3852, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3835-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3835-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed environmental changes in the Öresund during the last 200 years, using foraminifera (microfossils), sediment, and climate data. Five zones were identified, reflecting oxygen, salinity, food content, and pollution levels for each period. The largest changes occurred ~ 1950, towards stronger currents. The foraminifera responded quickly (< 10 years) to the changes. Moreover, they did not rebound when the system returned to the previous pattern, but displayed a new equilibrium state.
Mike Rogerson, Yuri Dublyansky, Dirk L. Hoffmann, Marc Luetscher, Paul Töchterle, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 15, 1757–1769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1757-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1757-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall in North Africa is known to vary through time and is likely to change as global climate warms. Here, we provide a new level of understanding about past rainfall in North Africa by looking at a stalagmite which formed within northeastern Libya between 67 and 30 thousand years ago. We find that at times more rain falls, and the associated moisture is mostly derived from the western Mediterranean during winter storms. Sometimes, water comes from the eastern Mediterranean.
Thomas Opel, Julian B. Murton, Sebastian Wetterich, Hanno Meyer, Kseniia Ashastina, Frank Günther, Hendrik Grotheer, Gesine Mollenhauer, Petr P. Danilov, Vasily Boeskorov, Grigoriy N. Savvinov, and Lutz Schirrmeister
Clim. Past, 15, 1443–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1443-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1443-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To reconstruct past winter climate, we studied ice wedges at two sites in the Yana Highlands, interior Yakutia (Russia), the most continental region of the Northern Hemisphere. Our ice wedges of the upper ice complex unit of the Batagay megaslump and a river terrace show much more depleted stable-isotope compositions than other study sites in coastal and central Yakutia, reflecting lower winter temperatures and a higher continentality of the study region during Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 1.
Hanying Li, Hai Cheng, Ashish Sinha, Gayatri Kathayat, Christoph Spötl, Aurèle Anquetil André, Arnaud Meunier, Jayant Biswas, Pengzhen Duan, Youfeng Ning, and Richard Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 14, 1881–1891, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1881-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1881-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The
4.2 ka eventbetween 4.2 and 3.9 ka has been widely discussed in the Northern Hemsiphere but less reported in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we use speleothem records from Rodrigues in the southwestern Indian Ocean spanning from 6000 to 3000 years ago to investigate the regional hydro-climatic variability. Our records show no evidence for an unusual climate anomaly between 4.2 and 3.9 ka. Instead, it shows a multi-centennial drought between 3.9 and 3.5 ka.
Gayatri Kathayat, Hai Cheng, Ashish Sinha, Max Berkelhammer, Haiwei Zhang, Pengzhen Duan, Hanying Li, Xianglei Li, Youfeng Ning, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 14, 1869–1879, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1869-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1869-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The 4.2 ka event is generally characterized as an approximately 300-year period of major global climate anomaly. However, the climatic manifestation of this event remains unclear in the Indian monsoon domain. Our high-resolution and precisely dated speleothem record from Meghalaya, India, characterizes the event as consisting of a series of multi-decadal droughts between 3.9 and 4.0 ka rather than a singular pulse of multi-centennial drought as previously thought.
Haiwei Zhang, Hai Cheng, Yanjun Cai, Christoph Spötl, Gayatri Kathayat, Ashish Sinha, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Liangcheng Tan
Clim. Past, 14, 1805–1817, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1805-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1805-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The collapses of several Neolithic cultures in China are considered to have been associated with abrupt climate change during the 4.2 ka BP event; however, the hydroclimate of this event in China is still poorly known. Based on stalagmite records from monsoonal China, we found that north China was dry but south China was wet during this event. We propose that the rain belt remained longer at its southern position, giving rise to a pronounced humidity gradient between north and south China.
Florian Adolphi, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Tobias Erhardt, R. Lawrence Edwards, Hai Cheng, Chris S. M. Turney, Alan Cooper, Anders Svensson, Sune O. Rasmussen, Hubertus Fischer, and Raimund Muscheler
Clim. Past, 14, 1755–1781, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1755-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1755-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The last glacial period was characterized by a number of rapid climate changes seen, for example, as abrupt warmings in Greenland and changes in monsoon rainfall intensity. However, due to chronological uncertainties it is challenging to know how tightly coupled these changes were. Here we exploit cosmogenic signals caused by changes in the Sun and Earth magnetic fields to link different climate archives and improve our understanding of the dynamics of abrupt climate change.
Monika J. Barcikowska, Scott J. Weaver, Frauke Feser, Simone Russo, Frederik Schenk, Dáithí A. Stone, Michael F. Wehner, and Matthias Zahn
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 679–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-679-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-679-2018, 2018
Gabriella Koltai, Hai Cheng, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 14, 369–381, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-369-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-369-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a multi-proxy study of flowstones in fractures of crystalline rocks with the aim of assessing the palaeoclimate significance of this new type of speleothem archive. Our results indicate a high degree of spatial heterogeneity, whereby changes in speleothem mineralogy and carbon isotope composition are likely governed by aquifer-internal processes. In contrast, the oxygen isotope composition reflects first-order climate variability.
Ny Riavo Gilbertinie Voarintsoa, Loren Bruce Railsback, George Albert Brook, Lixin Wang, Gayatri Kathayat, Hai Cheng, Xianglei Li, Richard Lawrence Edwards, Amos Fety Michel Rakotondrazafy, and Marie Olga Madison Razanatseheno
Clim. Past, 13, 1771–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1771-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1771-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This research has been an investigation of two stalagmites from two caves in NW Madagascar to reconstruct the region's paleoenvironmental changes, and to understand the linkage of such changes to the dynamics of the ITCZ. Stable isotopes, mineralogy, and petrography suggest wetter climate conditions than today during the early and late Holocene, when the mean ITCZ was south, and drier during the mid-Holocene when the ITCZ was north.
Stef Vansteenberge, Sophie Verheyden, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Eddy Keppens, and Philippe Claeys
Clim. Past, 12, 1445–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1445-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1445-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The use of stalagmites for last interglacial continental climate reconstructions in Europe has been successful in the past; however to expand the geographical coverage, additional data from Belgium is presented. It has been shown that stalagmite growth, morphology and stable isotope content reflect regional and local climate conditions, with Eemian optimum climate occurring between 125.3 and 117.3 ka. The start the Weichselian is expressed by a stop of growth caused by a drying climate.
M. Luetscher, M. Borreguero, G. E. Moseley, C. Spötl, and R. L. Edwards
The Cryosphere, 7, 1073–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1073-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1073-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Continental Surface Processes | Archive: Terrestrial Archives | Timescale: Millenial/D-O
Last glacial millennial-scale hydro-climate and temperature changes in Puerto Rico constrained by speleothem fluid inclusion δ18O and δ2H values
Eurasian contribution to the last glacial dust cycle: how are loess sequences built?
Excursions to C4 vegetation recorded in the Upper Pleistocene loess of Surduk (Northern Serbia): an organic isotope geochemistry study
Sophie F. Warken, Therese Weißbach, Tobias Kluge, Hubert Vonhof, Denis Scholz, Rolf Vieten, Martina Schmidt, Amos Winter, and Norbert Frank
Clim. Past, 18, 167–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-167-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-167-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The analysis of fluid inclusions from a Puerto Rican speleothem provides quantitative information about past rainfall conditions and temperatures during the Last Glacial Period, when the climate was extremely variable. Our data show that the region experienced a climate that was generally colder and drier. However, we also reconstruct intervals when temperatures reached nearly modern values, and convective activity was comparable to or only slightly weaker than the present day.
Denis-Didier Rousseau, Anders Svensson, Matthias Bigler, Adriana Sima, Jorgen Peder Steffensen, and Niklas Boers
Clim. Past, 13, 1181–1197, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1181-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1181-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We show that the analysis of δ18O and dust in the Greenland ice cores, and a critical study of their source variations, reconciles these records with those observed on the Eurasian continent. We demonstrate the link between European and Chinese loess sequences, dust records in Greenland, and variations in the North Atlantic sea ice extent. The sources of the emitted and transported dust material are variable and relate to different environments.
C. Hatté, C. Gauthier, D.-D. Rousseau, P. Antoine, M. Fuchs, F. Lagroix, S. B. Marković, O. Moine, and A. Sima
Clim. Past, 9, 1001–1014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1001-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1001-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Atkinson, T. C., Harmon, R. S., Smart, P. L., and Waltham, A. C.: Palaeoclimatic and geomorphic implications of
Atkinson, T. C., Lawson, T. J., Smart, P. L., Harmon, R. S., and Hess, J. W.: New data on speleothem deposition and palaeoclimate in Britain over the last forty thousand years, J. Quaternary Sci., 1, 67–72, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3390010108, 1986.
Atkinson, T. C., Briffa, K. R., and Coope, G. R.: Seasonal temperatures in Britain during the past 22,000 years, reconstructed using beetle remains, Nature, 325, 587–592, https://doi.org/10.1038/325587a0, 1987.
Austrian Science Fund (FWF): Northeast Greenland Speleothem Project, https://doi.org/10.55776/Y1162, 2019.
Baker, A., Smart, P. L., and Edwards, R. L.: Mass spectrometric dating of flowstones from Stump Cross Caverns and Lancaster Hole, Yorkshire: palaeoclimate implications, J. Quaternary Sci., 11, 107–114, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199603/04)11:2<107:AID-JQS236>3.0.CO;2-E, 1996.
Bakke, J., Lie, Ø., Heegaard, E., Dokken, T., Haug, G. H., Birks, H. H., Dulski, P., and Nilsen, T.: Rapid oceanic and atmospheric changes during the Younger Dryas cold period, Nat. Geosci., 2, 202–205, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo439, 2009.
Baldini, L. M., McDermott, F., Baldini, J. U. L., Arias, P., Cueto, M., Fairchild, I. J., Hoffmann, D. L., Mattey, D. P., Müller, W., Nita, D. C., Ontañón, R., Garciá-Moncó, C., and Richards, D. A.: Regional temperature, atmospheric circulation, and sea-ice variability within the Younger Dryas Event constrained using a speleothem from northern Iberia, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 419, 101–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.015, 2015.
Ballantyne, C. K.: Glacially moulded landslide runout debris in the Scottish Highlands, Scot. Geogr. J., 134, 224–236, https://doi.org/10.1080/14702541.2018.1501085, 2018a.
Ballantyne, C. K.: Periglacial geomorphology, Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, 454 pp., ISBN 9781405100069, 2018b.
Ballantyne, C. K. and Harris, C.: The periglaciation of Great Britain, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 340 pp., ISBN 978-0-521-32459-5, 1994.
Bartolomé, M., Sancho, C., Osácar, M. C., Moreno, A., Leunda, M., Spötl, C., Luetscher, M., López-Martínez, J., and Belmonte, A.: Characteristics of cryogenic carbonates in a Pyrenean ice cave (northern Spain), Geogaceta, 58, 107–110, 2015.
Biller-Celander, N., Shakun, J. D., McGee, D., Wong, C. I., Reyes, A. V., Hardt, B., Tal, I., Ford, D. C., and Lauriol, B.: Increasing Pleistocene permafrost persistence and carbon cycle conundrums inferred from Canadian speleothems, Science Advances, 7, eabe5799, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe5799, 2021.
Blockley, S. and Gamble, C.: Europe in the Younger Dryas: Animal Resources, Settlement and Funerary Behaviour, in: Hunter-gatherer behavior: Human response during the Younger Dryas, edited by: Eren, M. I., Routledge, London, New York, 179–194, ISBN 9781315427133, 2016.
Brauer, A., Haug, G. H., Dulski, P., Sigman, D. M., and Negendank, J. F. W.: An abrupt wind shift in western Europe at the onset of the Younger Dryas cold period, Nat. Geosci., 1, 520–523, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo263, 2008.
Broecker, W. S.: Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood?, Science, 312, 1146–1148, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123253, 2006.
Bromley, G., Putnam, A., Borns, H., Lowell, T., Sandford, T., and Barrell, D.: Interstadial Rise and Younger Dryas Demise of Scotland's Last Ice Fields, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 33, 412–429, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018PA003341, 2018.
Bromley, G., Putnam, A., Hall, B., Rademaker, K., Thomas, H., Balter-Kennedy, A., Barker, S., and Rice, D.: Lateglacial shifts in seasonality reconcile conflicting North Atlantic temperature signals, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 128, e2022JF006951, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JF006951, 2023.
Bromley, G. R. M., Putnam, A. E., Rademaker, K. M., Lowell, T. V., Schaefer, J. M., Hall, B., Winckler, G., Birkel, S. D., and Borns, H. W.: Younger Dryas deglaciation of Scotland driven by warming summers, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 6215–6219, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321122111, 2014.
Brooks, S. J. and Langdon, P. G.: Summer temperature gradients in northwest Europe during the Lateglacial to early Holocene transition (15–8 ka BP) inferred from chironomid assemblages, Quatern. Int., 341, 80–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.034, 2014.
Cabedo-Sanz, P., Belt, S. T., Knies, J., and Husum, K.: Identification of contrasting seasonal sea ice conditions during the Younger Dryas, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 79, 74–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.028, 2013.
Carlson, A. E.: Paleoclimate – The Younger Dryas Climate Event, in: Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, Elsevier, 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53643-3.00029-7, 2013.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Shen, C.-C., Polyak, V. J., Asmerom, Y., Woodhead, J., Hellstrom, J., Wang, Y., Kong, X., Spötl, C., Wang, X., and Calvin Alexander, E.: Improvements in 230Th dating, 230Th and 234U half-life values, and U–Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 371–372, 82–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.006, 2013.
Cheng, H., Zhang, H., Spötl, C., Baker, J. L., Sinha, A., Li, H., Bartolomé, M., Moreno, A., Kathayat, G., Zhao, J., Dong, X., Li, Y., Ning, Y., Jia, X., Zong, B., Ait Brahim, Y., Pérez-Mejías, C., Cai, Y., Novello, V. F., Cruz, F. W., Severinghaus, J. P., An, Z., and Edwards, R. L.: Timing and structure of the Younger Dryas event and its underlying climate dynamics, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 23408–23417, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007869117, 2020.
Cronin, T. M.: Rapid sea-level rise, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 56, 11–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.08.021, 2012.
Denton, G., Alley, R., Comer, G., and Broecker, W.: The role of seasonality in abrupt climate change, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1159–1182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.12.002, 2005.
Dublyansky, Y., Moseley, G. E., Lyakhnitsky, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Scholz, D., Koltai, G., and Spötl, C.: Late Palaeolithic cave art and permafrost in the Southern Ural, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 12080, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30049-w, 2018.
Edwards, R. L., Chen, J. H., and Wasserburg, G. J.: 238U–234U–230Th–232Th systematics and the precise measurement of time over the past 500,000 years, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 81, 175–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90154-3, 1987.
Fankhauser, A., McDermott, F., and Fleitmann, D.: Episodic speleothem deposition tracks the terrestrial impact of millennial-scale last glacial climate variability in SW Ireland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 152, 104–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.019, 2016.
Farbrot, H., Isaksen, K., Etzelmüller, B., and Gisnås, K.: Ground Thermal Regime and Permafrost Distribution under a Changing Climate in Northern Norway, Permafrost Periglac., 24, 20–38, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1763, 2013.
Firestone, R. B., West, A., Kennett, J. P., Becker, L., Bunch, T. E., Revay, Z. S., Schultz, P. H., Belgya, T., Kennett, D. J., Erlandson, J. M., Dickenson, O. J., Goodyear, A. C., Harris, R. S., Howard, G. A., Kloosterman, J. B., Lechler, P., Mayewski, P. A., Montgomery, J., Poreda, R., Darrah, T., Hee, S. S. Q., Smith, A. R., Stich, A., Topping, W., Wittke, J. H., and Wolbach, W. S.: Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 16016–16021, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706977104, 2007.
French, H. M.: Past and present permafrost as an indicator of climate change, Polar Res., 18, 269–274, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v18i2.6584, 1999.
French, H. M.: The Periglacial Environment, 4th edn., John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Chichester, UK, ISBN 978-1-119-13278-3, 2017.
Gascoyne, M., Ford, D. C., and Schwarcz, H. P.: Rates of cave and landform development in the Yorkshire Dales from speleothem age data, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 8, 557–568, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290080607, 1983.
Gisnås, K., Etzelmüller, B., Farbrot, H., Schuler, T. V., and Westermann, S.: CryoGRID 1.0: Permafrost Distribution in Norway estimated by a Spatial Numerical Model, Permafrost Periglac., 24, 2–19, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1765, 2013.
Golledge, N. R.: Glaciation of Scotland during the Younger Dryas stadial: a review, J. Quaternary Sci., 25, 550–566, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1319, 2010.
Golledge, N. R., Fabel, D., Everest, J. D., Freeman, S., and Binnie, S.: First cosmogenic 10Be age constraint on the timing of Younger Dryas glaciation and ice cap thickness, western Scottish Highlands, J. Quaternary Sci., 22, 785–791, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1113, 2007.
Gunn, J., Fairchild, I. J., Moseley, G. E., Töchterle, P., Ashley, K. E., Hellstrom, J., and Edwards, R. L.: Palaeoenvironments in the central White Peak District (Derbyshire, UK): evidence from Water Icicle Close Cavern, Cave Karst Sci., 47, 153–168, 2020.
Heiri, O., Brooks, S. J., Renssen, H., Bedford, A., Hazekamp, M., Ilyashuk, B., Jeffers, E. S., Lang, B., Kirilova, E., Kuiper, S., Millet, L., Samartin, S., Toth, M., Verbruggen, F., Watson, J. E., van Asch, N., Lammertsma, E., Amon, L., Birks, H. H., Birks, H. J. B., Mortensen, M. F., Hoek, W. Z., Magyari, E., Muñoz Sobrino, C., Seppä, H., Tinner, W., Tonkov, S., Veski, S., and Lotter, A. F.: Validation of climate model-inferred regional temperature change for late-glacial Europe, Nat. Commun., 5, 4914, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5914., 2014.
Isarin, R. F. B.: Permafrost Distribution and Temperatures in Europe During the Younger Dryas, Permafrost Periglac., 8, 313–333, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199709)8:3<313:AID-PPP255>3.0.CO;2-E, 1997.
Isarin, R. F. B. and Renssen, H.: Reconstructing and modelling Late Weichselian climates: the Younger Dryas in Europe as a case study, Earth-Sci. Rev., 48, 1–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00047-1, 1999.
Israde-Alcántara, I., Bischoff, J. L., Domínguez-Vázquez, G., Li, H.-C., DeCarli, P. S., Bunch, T. E., Wittke, J. H., Weaver, J. C., Firestone, R. B., West, A., Kennett, J. P., Mercer, C., Xie, S., Richman, E. K., Kinzie, C. R., and Wolbach, W. S.: Evidence from central Mexico supporting the Younger Dryas extraterrestrial impact hypothesis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, E738-47, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110614109, 2012.
Jaffey, A. H., Flynn, K. F., Glendenin, L. E., Bentley, W. C., and Essling, A. M.: Precision Measurement of Half-Lives and Specific Activities of 235U and 238U, Phys. Rev. C, 4, 1889–1906, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.4.1889, 1971.
Jones, R. L., O'Brien, C. E., and Coope, G. R.: Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Younger Dryas in Jersey, UK Channel Islands, based on plant and insect fossils, P. Geologist. Assoc., 115, 43–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7878(04)80033-6, 2004.
Koltai, G., Spötl, C., Jarosch, A. H., and Cheng, H.: Cryogenic cave carbonates in the Dolomites (northern Italy): insights into Younger Dryas cooling and seasonal precipitation, Clim. Past, 17, 775–789, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-775-2021, 2021.
Lane, C. S., Brauer, A., Blockley, S. P. E., and Dulski, P.: Volcanic ash reveals time-transgressive abrupt climate change during the Younger Dryas, Geology, 41, 1251–1254, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34867.1, 2013.
LeRoux, L. J. and Glendenin, L. E.: Half-life of thorium-232, in: Proc. Natl. Conf. Nuclear Energy, Application of Isotopes and Radiation, Pretoria, South Africa, 5–8 April 1963, 83–94, 1963.
Lincoln, P. C., Matthews, I. P., Palmer, A. P., Blockley, S. P. E., Staff, R. A., and Candy, I.: Hydroclimatic changes in the British Isles through the Last-Glacial-Interglacial Transition: Multiproxy reconstructions from the Vale of Pickering, NE England, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 249, 106630, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106630, 2020.
Luetscher, M., Borreguero, M., Moseley, G. E., Spötl, C., and Edwards, R. L.: Alpine permafrost thawing during the Medieval Warm Period identified from cryogenic cave carbonates, The Cryosphere, 7, 1073–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1073-2013, 2013.
McDermott, F., Frisia, S., Huang, Y., Longinelli, A., Spiro, B., Heaton, T. H. E., Hawkesworth, C. J., Borsato, A., Keppens, E., Fairchild, I. J., van der Borg, K., Verheyden, S., and Selmo, E.: Holocene climate variability in Europe: Evidence from δ18O, textural and extension-rate variations in three speleothems, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 18, 1021–1038, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00107-3, 1999.
Müller, J. and Stein, R.: High-resolution record of late glacial and deglacial sea ice changes in Fram Strait corroborates ice–ocean interactions during abrupt climate shifts, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 403, 446–455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.016, 2014.
Muñoz Sabater, J.: ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.68d2bb30, 2019.
Munroe, J., Kimble, K., Spötl, C., Marks, G. S., McGee, D., and Herron, D.: Cryogenic cave carbonate and implications for thawing permafrost at Winter Wonderland Cave, Utah, USA, Sci. Rep., 11, 6430, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85658-9, 2021.
Murton, J. B.: Permafrost and climate change, in: Climate Change, edited by: Letcher, T. M., Elsevier, 281–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821575-3.00014-1, 2021.
Murton, J. B., Bateman, M. D., Dallimore, S. R., Teller, J. T., and Yang, Z.: Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean, Nature, 464, 740–743, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08954, 2010.
Murton, J. B. and Ballantyne, C. K.: Periglacial and permafrost ground models for Great Britain, in: Engineering Geology and Geomorphology of Glaciated and Periglaciated Terrains – Engineering Group Working Party Report, edited by: Griffiths, J. S. and Martin, C. J., Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications, 28, 501–597, https://doi.org/10.1144/EGSP28.5, 2017.
Obu, J., Westermann, S., Barboux, C., Bartsch, A., Delaloye, R., Grosse, G., Heim, B., Hugelius, G., Irrgang, A., Kääb, A. M., Kroisleitner, C., Matthes, H., Nitze, I., Pellet, C., Seifert, F. M., Strozzi, T., Wegmüller, U., Wieczorek, M., and Wiesmann, A.: ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (Permafrost_cci): Permafrost extent for the Northern Hemisphere, v3.0, NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/6e2091cb0c8b4106921b63cd5357c97c, 2021.
Orvošová, M., Deininger, M., and Milovský, R.: Permafrost occurrence during the Last Permafrost Maximum in the Western Carpathian Mountains of Slovakia as inferred from cryogenic cave carbonate, Boreas, 43, 750–758, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12042, 2014.
Palmer, A. P., Rose, J., Lowe, J. J., and MacLeod, A.: Annually resolved events of Younger Dryas glaciation in Lochaber (Glen Roy and Glen Spean), western Scottish Highlands, J. Quaternary Sci., 25, 581–596, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1370, 2010.
Putnam, A. E., Bromley, G. R. M., Rademaker, K., and Schaefer, J. M.: In situ 10Be production-rate calibration from a 14C-dated late-glacial moraine belt in Rannoch Moor, central Scottish Highlands, Quat. Geochronol., 50, 109–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2018.11.006, 2019.
Rasmussen, S. O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S. P. E., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S. L., Clausen, H. B., Cvijanovic, I., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Fischer, H., Gkinis, V., Guillevic, M., Hoek, W. Z., Lowe, J. J., Pedro, J. B., Popp, T., Seierstad, I. K., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A. M., Vallelonga, P., Vinther, B. M., Walker, M. J. C., Wheatley, J. J., and Winstrup, M.: A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: Refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 106, 14–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.007, 2014.
Rea, B. R., Pellitero, R., Spagnolo, M., Hughes, P., Ivy-Ochs, S., Renssen, H., Ribolini, A., Bakke, J., Lukas, S., and Braithwaite, R. J.: Atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Younger Dryas, Science Advances, 6, eaba4844, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4844, 2020.
Reeves, J. M., Barrows, T. T., Cohen, T. J., Kiem, A. S., Bostock, H. C., Fitzsimmons, K. E., Jansen, J. D., Kemp, J., Krause, C., Petherick, L., and Phipps, S. J.: Climate variability over the last 35,000 years recorded in marine and terrestrial archives in the Australian region: an OZ-INTIMATE compilation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 74, 21–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.001, 2013.
Renssen, H. and Isarin, R. F. B.: Surface temperature in NW Europe during the Younger Dryas: AGCM simulation compared with temperature reconstructions, Clim. Dynam., 14, 33–44, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050206, 1997.
Renssen, H., Mairesse, A., Goosse, H., Mathiot, P., Heiri, O., Roche, D. M., Nisancioglu, K. H., and Valdes, P. J.: Multiple causes of the Younger Dryas cold period, Nat. Geosci., 8, 946–949, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2557, 2015.
Riseborough, D. W. and Smith, M. W.: Exploring the limits of permafrost, in: Permafrost: Seventh International Conference: Proceedings, edited by: Lewkowicz, A. G. and Allard, M., Collection Nordicana No 55, Yellowknife, Canada, 23–27 June 1998, 935–942, 1998.
Schenk, F., Väliranta, M., Muschitiello, F., Tarasov, L., Heikkilä, M., Björck, S., Brandefelt, J., Johansson, A. V., Näslund, J.-O., and Wohlfarth, B.: Warm summers during the Younger Dryas cold reversal, Nat. Commun., 9, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04071-5, 2018.
Shakun, J. D. and Carlson, A. E.: A global perspective on Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene climate change, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 1801–1816, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.016, 2010.
Shen, C.-C., Wu, C.-C., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Hsieh, Y.-T., Gallet, S., Chang, C.-C., Li, T.-Y., Lam, D. D., Kano, A., Hori, M., and Spötl, C.: High-precision and high-resolution carbonate 230Th dating by MC-ICP-MS with SEM protocols, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 99, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.09.018, 2012.
Shtukenberg, A. G., Punin, Y. O., Gunn, E., and Kahr, B.: Spherulites, Chem. Rev., 112, 1805–1838, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200297f, 2012.
Singarayer, J. S., Bamber, J. L., and Valdes, P. J.: Twenty-First-Century Climate Impacts from a Declining Arctic Sea Ice Cover, J. Climate, 19, 1109–1125, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3649.1, 2006.
Smith, D. E., Harrison, S., Firth, C. R., and Jordan, J. T.: The early Holocene sea level rise, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 1846–1860, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.019, 2011.
Smith, M. W. and Riseborough, D. W.: Climate and the limits of permafrost: A zonal analysis, Permafrost Periglac., 13, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.410, 2002.
Spötl, C.: Long-term performance of the Gasbench isotope ratio mass spectrometry system for the stable isotope analysis of carbonate microsamples, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 25, 1683–1685, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.5037, 2011.
Spötl, C. and Vennemann, T. W.: Continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of carbonate minerals, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 17, 1004–1006, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1010, 2003.
Spötl, C., Koltai, G., Jarosch, A. H., and Cheng, H.: Increased autumn and winter precipitation during the Last Glacial Maximum in the European Alps, Nat. Commun., 12, 1839, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22090-7, 2021.
Sturm, M., Taras, B., Liston, G. E., Derksen, C., Jonas, T., and Lea, J.: Estimating Snow Water Equivalent Using Snow Depth Data and Climate Classes, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 1380–1394, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1202.1, 2010.
Swabey, S. E. J.: Rates of natural climate change a study of speleothems, The Open University, https://oro.open.ac.uk/54553/1/262754.pdf (last access: 1 September 2023), 1996.
Timms, R. G. O., Abrook, A. M., Matthews, I. P., Francis, C. P., Mroczkowska, A., Candy, I., Brooks, S. J., Milner, A. M., and Palmer, A. P.: Evidence for centennial-scale Lateglacial and early Holocene climatic complexity from Quoyloo Meadow, Orkney, Scotland, J. Quaternary Sci., 36, 339–359, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3282, 2021.
Töchterle, P., Steidle, S. D., Edwards, R. L., Dublyansky, Y., Spötl, C., Li, X., Gunn, J., and Moseley, G. E.: 230Th/U isochron dating of cryogenic cave carbonates, Geochronology, 4, 617–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-617-2022, 2022.
Vaks, A., Gutareva, O. S., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Avirmed, E., Mason, A. J., Thomas, L., Osinzev, A. V., Kononov, A. M., and Henderson, G. M.: Speleothems reveal 500,000-year history of Siberian permafrost, Science, 340, 183–186, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228729, 2013.
Vaks, A., Mason, A. J., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Kononov, A. M., Osinzev, A. V., Rosensaft, M., Borshevsky, A., Gutareva, O. S., and Henderson, G. M.: Palaeoclimate evidence of vulnerable permafrost during times of low sea ice, Nature, 577, 221–225, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1880-1, 2020.
Vandenberghe, J., Renssen, H., Roche, D. M., Goosse, H., Velichko, A. A., Gorbunov, A., and Levavasseur, G.: Eurasian permafrost instability constrained by reduced sea-ice cover, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 34, 16–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.12.001, 2012.
Vandenberghe, J., French, H. M., Gorbunov, A., Marchenko, S., Velichko, A. A., Jin, H., Cui, Z., Zhang, T., and Wan, X.: The Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM) map of the Northern Hemisphere: Permafrost extent and mean annual air temperatures, 25–17 ka BP, Boreas, 43, 652–666, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12070, 2014.
Walsh, J. E., Fetterer, F., Scott S. J., and Chapman, W. L.: A database for depicting Arctic sea ice variations back to 1850, Geogr. Rev., 107, 89–107, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12195.x, 2017.
Williams, R. B. G.: Permafrost in England during the Last Glacial Period, Nature, 205, 1304, https://doi.org/10.1038/2051304a0, 1965.
Žák, K., Urban, J., Cıìlek, V., and Hercman, H.: Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: Age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model, Chem. Geol., 206, 119–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.012, 2004.
Žák, K., Onac, B. P., and Perşoiu, A.: Cryogenic carbonates in cave environments: A review, Quatern. Int., 187, 84–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.022, 2008.
Žák, K., Richter, D. K., Filippi, M., Živor, R., Deininger, M., Mangini, A., and Scholz, D.: Coarsely crystalline cryogenic cave carbonate – a new archive to estimate the Last Glacial minimum permafrost depth in Central Europe, Clim. Past, 8, 1821–1837, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1821-2012, 2012.
Žák, K., Onac, B. P., Kadebskaya, O., Filippi, M., Dublyansky, Y., and Luetscher, M.: Cryogenic Mineral Formation in Caves, in: Ice caves, edited by: Perşoiu, A. and Lauritzen, S.-E., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, Cambridge, Mass., https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811739-2.00035-8, 2018.
Short summary
We present a reconstruction of permafrost and snow cover on the British Isles for the Younger Dryas period, a time of extremely cold winters that happened approximately 12 000 years ago. Our results indicate that seasonal sea ice in the North Atlantic was most likely a crucial factor to explain the observed climate shifts during this time.
We present a reconstruction of permafrost and snow cover on the British Isles for the Younger...
