Articles | Volume 15, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1861-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1861-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Oct 2019
Research article |
| 17 Oct 2019
| 17 Oct 2019
The extreme drought of 1842 in Europe as described by both documentary data and instrumental measurements
Rudolf Brázdil
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Gaston R. Demarée
Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Andrea Kiss
Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management,
Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
Department of Historical Auxiliary Sciences, Institute of History,
University of Szeged, Hungary
Petr Dobrovolný
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Kateřina Chromá
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno,
Czech Republic
Miroslav Trnka
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno,
Czech Republic
Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Mendel University in
Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
Lukáš Dolák
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Ladislava Řezníčková
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno,
Czech Republic
Pavel Zahradníček
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno,
Czech Republic
Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
Danuta Limanowka
Rydla 17, Kraków, Poland
Sylvie Jourdain
Météo-France, Direction de la Climatologie et des Services
Climatiques, Toulouse France
Related authors
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, Dominik Collet, Petr Dobrovolný, and Heli Huhtamaa
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-69, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-69, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Public granaries served as key infrastructures to improve food security in agrarian societies. The granary data from 15 domains at the Sušice region (southwestern Bohemia) in the period 1789–1849 CE were used to identify years with bad and good grain harvests, which have been further confronted with documentary data and climatic reconstructions. Data used represent the new source of proxy data for historical-climatological research.
Rudolf Brázdil, Dominika Faturová, Monika Šulc Michalková, Jan Řehoř, Martin Caletka, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Flash floods belong to natural hazards that can be enhanced in frequency, intensity, and impact during recent climate change. This paper presents a complex analysis of spatiotemporal variability and human impacts (including material damage and fatalities) of flash floods in the Czech Republic for the 2001–2023 period. The analysis generally shows no statistically significant trends in the characteristics analyzed.
Christian Pfister, Stefan Brönnimann, Andres Altwegg, Rudolf Brázdil, Laurent Litzenburger, Daniele Lorusso, and Thomas Pliemon
Clim. Past, 20, 1387–1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This bottle of Riesling from the traditional Bassermann Jordan winery in Deidesheim (Germany) is a relic of the premium wine harvested in 1811. It was named “Comet Wine” after the bright comet that year. The study shows that wine quality can be used to infer summer weather conditions over the past 600 years. After rainy summers with cold winds, wines turned sour, while long periods of high pressure led to excellent qualities. Since 1990, only good wines have been produced due to rapid warming.
Jan Řehoř, Rudolf Brázdil, Oldřich Rakovec, Martin Hanel, Milan Fischer, Rohini Kumar, Jan Balek, Markéta Poděbradská, Vojtěch Moravec, Luis Samaniego, and Miroslav Trnka
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1434, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1434, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a robust method for identification and classification of global land drought events (GLDEs) based on soil moisture. Two models were used to calculate soil moisture and delimit soil drought over global land from 1980–2022, which was clustered into 775/630 GLDEs. Using four spatiotemporal and three motion-related characteristics, we categorized GLDEs into seven severity and seven dynamic categories. The frequency of GLDEs has generally increased in recent decades.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Petr Dobrovolný
Clim. Past, 20, 1017–1037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed series of wheat, rye, barley, and oats prices from Sušice (southwestern Bohemia) for the period 1725–1824 CE is used to demonstrate effects of weather, climate, socio-economic, and societal factors on their fluctuations, with particular attention paid to years with extremely high prices. Cold spring temperatures and wet conditions from winter to summer were reflected in very high grain prices.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1437–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The official mortality data in the Czech Republic in 1919–2022 are used to show long-term fluctuations in the number of fatalities caused by excessive natural cold and heat, lightning, natural disasters, and falls on ice/snow, as well as the sex and age of the deceased, based on certain meteorological, historical, and socioeconomic factors that strongly influence changes in the number and structure of such fatalities. Knowledge obtained is usable in risk management for the preservation of lives.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Christian Pfister, Katrin Kleemann, Kateřina Chromá, Péter Szabó, and Piotr Olinski
Clim. Past, 19, 1863–1890, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Thirty Years' War (from 1618 to 1648 CE), an armed military conflict in Europe, brought extensive devastation to Europe. The paper analyses annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation, and drought patterns, as well as severe weather extremes, based particularly on documentary data, during this event in central Europe to demonstrate their broad impacts on human society and human responses in coincidence with weather and climate during this period of hardship.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Zahradník, Péter Szabó, Kateřina Chromá, Petr Dobrovolný, Lukáš Dolák, Miroslav Trnka, Jan Řehoř, and Silvie Suchánková
Clim. Past, 18, 2155–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Bark beetle outbreaks are important disturbances to Norway spruce forests. Their meteorological and climatological triggers are analysed for the main oubreaks over the territory of the Czech Republic based on newly created series of such outbreaks, covering the 1781–2021 CE period. The paper demonstrates the shift from windstorms as the main meteorological triggers of past outbreaks to effects of high temperatures and droughts together with windstorms in past decades.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Jiří Mikšovský, Petr Pišoft, Miroslav Trnka, Martin Možný, and Jan Balek
Clim. Past, 18, 935–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with 520-year series (1501–2020 CE) of temperature, precipitation, and four drought indices reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations for the Czech Lands. Basic features of their fluctuations, long-term trends, and periodicities as well as attribution to changes in external forcings and climate variability modes are analysed. Representativeness of Czech reconstructions at European scale is evaluated. The paper shows extreme character of past decades.
Gerard van der Schrier, Richard P. Allan, Albert Ossó, Pedro M. Sousa, Hans Van de Vyver, Bert Van Schaeybroeck, Roberto Coscarelli, Angela A. Pasqua, Olga Petrucci, Mary Curley, Mirosław Mietus, Janusz Filipiak, Petr Štěpánek, Pavel Zahradníček, Rudolf Brázdil, Ladislava Řezníčková, Else J. M. van den Besselaar, Ricardo Trigo, and Enric Aguilar
Clim. Past, 17, 2201–2221, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 1921 drought was the most severe drought to hit Europe since the start of the 20th century. Here the climatological description of the drought is coupled to an overview of its impacts, sourced from newspapers, and an analysis of its drivers. The area from Ireland to the Ukraine was affected but hardest hit was the triangle between Brussels, Paris and Lyon. The drought impacts lingered on until well into autumn and winter, affecting water supply and agriculture and livestock farming.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Jan Řehoř, Ladislava Řezníčková, Pavel Zahradníček, and Petr Dobrovolný
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1355–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of fatalities attributable to weather conditions in the Czech Republic during the 2000–2019 period based on our own database created from newspaper reports, on the database of the Czech Statistical Office, and on the database of the police of the Czech Republic as well as on their comparison. Despite some uncertainties, generally declining trends in the number of fatalities appear for the majority of weather variables. The structure of fatalities is described in detail.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Martin Bauch, Chantal Camenisch, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Piotr Oliński, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 16, 2125–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies related to historical droughts in the Czech Lands showed that the summers of 1531–1540 could represent the driest summer decade of the past 500 years. To confirm this hypothesis, documentary data from central Europe were collected and presented for individual summers and complemented by maps of precipitation and drought distribution to document corresponding weather patterns and their various impacts. The main droughts occurred in 1532, 1534–1536, 1538, and particularly in 1540.
Olga Petrucci, Luigi Aceto, Cinzia Bianchi, Victoria Bigot, Rudolf Brázdil, Moshe Inbar, Abdullah Kahraman, Özgenur Kılıç, Vassiliki Kotroni, Maria Carmen Llasat, Montserrat Llasat-Botija, Michele Mercuri, Katerina Papagiannaki, Susana Pereira, Jan Řehoř, Joan Rossello Geli, Paola Salvati, Freddy Vinet, and José Luis Zêzere
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-154, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-154, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
EUFF 2020 database (EUropean Flood Fatalities-FF) contains 2483 flood fatalities (1980–2018) occurred in 8 countries. Gender, age, activity of FF and dynamics of accidents were obtained from documentary sources. 64.8 % of FF were killed by floods killing less than 10 people. Males were more numerous than females due higher proportion of them driving and working outdoors. FF 30–64 years old died traveling to home/work, driving vehicles dragged by water. Elderly people were trapped indoor by flood.
Rudolf Brázdil, Hubert Valášek, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Ladislava Řezníčková, Monika Bělínová, Adam Valík, and Pavel Zahradníček
Clim. Past, 15, 1205–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1205-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1205-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper analyses a weather diary of the Reverend Šimon Hausner from Buchlovice in south-east Moravia, Czech Republic, in the 1803–1831 period. From daily weather records, series of numbers of precipitation days, cloudiness, strong winds, fogs, and thunderstorms were created. These records were further used to interpret weighted temperature and precipitation indices. Records of Šimon Hausner represent an important contribution to the study of climate fluctuations on the central European scale.
Jiří Mikšovský, Rudolf Brázdil, Miroslav Trnka, and Petr Pišoft
Clim. Past, 15, 827–847, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-827-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-827-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To reveal sources of variability imprinted in central European drought records, regression and wavelet analysis were applied to 5 centuries of reconstructed data characterizing Czech climate. Mid- to long-term changes in temperature in the North Atlantic and North Pacific were identified as one of the potential sources of drought variations; transient colder and wetter episodes were linked to the effects of large volcanic eruptions.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Miroslav Trnka, Ladislava Řezníčková, Lukáš Dolák, and Oldřich Kotyza
Clim. Past, 15, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper analyses extreme droughts of the pre-instrumental period (1501–1803) over the territory of the recent Czech Republic. In total, 16 droughts were selected for spring, summer and autumn each and 14 droughts for summer half-year (Apr–Sep). They are characterized by very low values of drought indices, high temperatures, low precipitation and by the influence of high-pressure situations. Selected extreme droughts are described in more detail. Effect of droughts on grain prices are studied.
Rudolf Brázdil, Andrea Kiss, Jürg Luterbacher, David J. Nash, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 14, 1915–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a worldwide state of the art of droughts fluctuations based on documentary data. It gives an overview of achievements related to different kinds of documentary evidence with their examples and an overview of papers presenting long-term drought chronologies over the individual continents, analysis of the most outstanding drought events, the influence of external forcing and large-scale climate drivers, and human impacts and responses. It recommends future research directions.
Petr Dobrovolný, Rudolf Brázdil, Miroslav Trnka, Michal Rybníček, Tomáš Kolář, Martin Možný, Tomáš Kyncl, and Ulf Büntgen
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-160, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-160, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Careful selection of available moisture-sensitive proxies resulted in a new reconstruction of short-term drought over the Czech Republic during the last 500 years. It consists of a synthesis of four different proxies and its high reconstruction skill demonstrates the clear advantage of a multi-proxy approach. The new chronology of Z-index shows that central Europe experienced the most severe 30-year late spring–early summer period of drought for the last 500 years.
Chantal Camenisch, Kathrin M. Keller, Melanie Salvisberg, Benjamin Amann, Martin Bauch, Sandro Blumer, Rudolf Brázdil, Stefan Brönnimann, Ulf Büntgen, Bruce M. S. Campbell, Laura Fernández-Donado, Dominik Fleitmann, Rüdiger Glaser, Fidel González-Rouco, Martin Grosjean, Richard C. Hoffmann, Heli Huhtamaa, Fortunat Joos, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Flavio Lehner, Jürg Luterbacher, Nicolas Maughan, Raphael Neukom, Theresa Novy, Kathleen Pribyl, Christoph C. Raible, Dirk Riemann, Maximilian Schuh, Philip Slavin, Johannes P. Werner, and Oliver Wetter
Clim. Past, 12, 2107–2126, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Throughout the last millennium, several cold periods occurred which affected humanity. Here, we investigate an exceptionally cold decade during the 15th century. The cold conditions challenged the food production and led to increasing food prices and a famine in parts of Europe. In contrast to periods such as the “Year Without Summer” after the eruption of Tambora, these extreme climatic conditions seem to have occurred by chance and in relation to the internal variability of the climate system.
Martin Možný, Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, and Miroslav Trnka
Clim. Past, 12, 1421–1434, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1421-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1421-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
April–August temperature reconstruction for the Czech Lands based on grape-harvest dates in the 1499–2012 period constitutes a further important contribution to the better understanding of long-term spatiotemporal temperature variability in central Europe and includes the very long overlap period (1801–2012) used for calibration and verification, the consistent dominance of Pinot varieties through time, and the stability of vineyard management throughout the period reconstructed.
Rudolf Brázdil, Ladislava Řezníčková, Hubert Valášek, Lukáš Dolák, and Oldřich Kotyza
Clim. Past, 12, 1361–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with climatic and human impacts of the strong Tambora (Indonesia) volcanic eruption in April 1815 over the Czech Lands territory based on analysis of documentary data and instrumental records. While climatic effects were related particularly to summers 1815 and 1816 (1816 is known as "a Year Without Summer"), quite important were societal impacts represented after bad harvest by steep increase in prices and shortages of food.
P. Dobrovolný, M. Rybníček, T. Kolář, R. Brázdil, M. Trnka, and U. Büntgen
Clim. Past, 11, 1453–1466, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1453-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1453-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A new data set of 3194 oak (Quercus spp.) ring width samples collected across the Czech Republic and covering the past 1250 years was analysed. The temporal distribution of negative and positive TRW extremes occurring is regular with no indication of clustering. Negative TRW extremes coincided with above-average March-May and June-August temperature means and below-average precipitation totals. Positive extremes coincided with higher summer precipitation, while temperatures were mostly normal.
G. Benito, R. Brázdil, J. Herget, and M. J. Machado
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3517–3539, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3517-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3517-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Historical hydrology combines documentary data with hydrological methods to lengthen flow records to the past centuries. We describe the methodological evolution of historical hydrology under the influence of developments in hydraulics and statistics. Analysis of 45 case studies in Europe show that present flood magnitudes are not unusual in the context of the past, whereas flood frequency has decreased, although some rivers show a reactivation of rare floods over the last two decades.
Y. Brugnara, R. Auchmann, S. Brönnimann, R. J. Allan, I. Auer, M. Barriendos, H. Bergström, J. Bhend, R. Brázdil, G. P. Compo, R. C. Cornes, F. Dominguez-Castro, A. F. V. van Engelen, J. Filipiak, J. Holopainen, S. Jourdain, M. Kunz, J. Luterbacher, M. Maugeri, L. Mercalli, A. Moberg, C. J. Mock, G. Pichard, L. Řezníčková, G. van der Schrier, V. Slonosky, Z. Ustrnul, M. A. Valente, A. Wypych, and X. Yin
Clim. Past, 11, 1027–1047, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1027-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1027-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A data set of instrumental pressure and temperature observations for the early instrumental period (before ca. 1850) is described. This is the result of a digitisation effort involving the period immediately after the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815, combined with the collection of already available sub-daily time series. The highest data availability is therefore for the years 1815 to 1817. An analysis of pressure variability and of case studies in Europe is performed for that period.
R. Brázdil, K. Chromá, L. Řezníčková, H. Valášek, L. Dolák, Z. Stachoň, E. Soukalová, and P. Dobrovolný
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3873–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3873-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3873-2014, 2014
J. Hall, B. Arheimer, M. Borga, R. Brázdil, P. Claps, A. Kiss, T. R. Kjeldsen, J. Kriaučiūnienė, Z. W. Kundzewicz, M. Lang, M. C. Llasat, N. Macdonald, N. McIntyre, L. Mediero, B. Merz, R. Merz, P. Molnar, A. Montanari, C. Neuhold, J. Parajka, R. A. P. Perdigão, L. Plavcová, M. Rogger, J. L. Salinas, E. Sauquet, C. Schär, J. Szolgay, A. Viglione, and G. Blöschl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2735–2772, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2735-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2735-2014, 2014
R. Brázdil, P. Dobrovolný, M. Trnka, O. Kotyza, L. Řezníčková, H. Valášek, P. Zahradníček, and P. Štěpánek
Clim. Past, 9, 1985–2002, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1985-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1985-2013, 2013
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, Dominik Collet, Petr Dobrovolný, and Heli Huhtamaa
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-69, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-69, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Public granaries served as key infrastructures to improve food security in agrarian societies. The granary data from 15 domains at the Sušice region (southwestern Bohemia) in the period 1789–1849 CE were used to identify years with bad and good grain harvests, which have been further confronted with documentary data and climatic reconstructions. Data used represent the new source of proxy data for historical-climatological research.
Rudolf Brázdil, Dominika Faturová, Monika Šulc Michalková, Jan Řehoř, Martin Caletka, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Flash floods belong to natural hazards that can be enhanced in frequency, intensity, and impact during recent climate change. This paper presents a complex analysis of spatiotemporal variability and human impacts (including material damage and fatalities) of flash floods in the Czech Republic for the 2001–2023 period. The analysis generally shows no statistically significant trends in the characteristics analyzed.
Zdeněk Stachoň, Petr Kubíček, Lukáš Dolák, Radim Štampach, and Jan Řehoř
Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 7, 163, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-7-163-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-7-163-2024, 2024
Christian Pfister, Stefan Brönnimann, Andres Altwegg, Rudolf Brázdil, Laurent Litzenburger, Daniele Lorusso, and Thomas Pliemon
Clim. Past, 20, 1387–1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This bottle of Riesling from the traditional Bassermann Jordan winery in Deidesheim (Germany) is a relic of the premium wine harvested in 1811. It was named “Comet Wine” after the bright comet that year. The study shows that wine quality can be used to infer summer weather conditions over the past 600 years. After rainy summers with cold winds, wines turned sour, while long periods of high pressure led to excellent qualities. Since 1990, only good wines have been produced due to rapid warming.
Jan Řehoř, Rudolf Brázdil, Oldřich Rakovec, Martin Hanel, Milan Fischer, Rohini Kumar, Jan Balek, Markéta Poděbradská, Vojtěch Moravec, Luis Samaniego, and Miroslav Trnka
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1434, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1434, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a robust method for identification and classification of global land drought events (GLDEs) based on soil moisture. Two models were used to calculate soil moisture and delimit soil drought over global land from 1980–2022, which was clustered into 775/630 GLDEs. Using four spatiotemporal and three motion-related characteristics, we categorized GLDEs into seven severity and seven dynamic categories. The frequency of GLDEs has generally increased in recent decades.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Petr Dobrovolný
Clim. Past, 20, 1017–1037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed series of wheat, rye, barley, and oats prices from Sušice (southwestern Bohemia) for the period 1725–1824 CE is used to demonstrate effects of weather, climate, socio-economic, and societal factors on their fluctuations, with particular attention paid to years with extremely high prices. Cold spring temperatures and wet conditions from winter to summer were reflected in very high grain prices.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1437–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The official mortality data in the Czech Republic in 1919–2022 are used to show long-term fluctuations in the number of fatalities caused by excessive natural cold and heat, lightning, natural disasters, and falls on ice/snow, as well as the sex and age of the deceased, based on certain meteorological, historical, and socioeconomic factors that strongly influence changes in the number and structure of such fatalities. Knowledge obtained is usable in risk management for the preservation of lives.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Christian Pfister, Katrin Kleemann, Kateřina Chromá, Péter Szabó, and Piotr Olinski
Clim. Past, 19, 1863–1890, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Thirty Years' War (from 1618 to 1648 CE), an armed military conflict in Europe, brought extensive devastation to Europe. The paper analyses annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation, and drought patterns, as well as severe weather extremes, based particularly on documentary data, during this event in central Europe to demonstrate their broad impacts on human society and human responses in coincidence with weather and climate during this period of hardship.
Duncan Pappert, Mariano Barriendos, Yuri Brugnara, Noemi Imfeld, Sylvie Jourdain, Rajmund Przybylak, Christian Rohr, and Stefan Brönnimann
Clim. Past, 18, 2545–2565, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2545-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2545-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present daily temperature and sea level pressure fields for Europe for the severe winter 1788/1789 based on historical meteorological measurements and an analogue reconstruction approach. The resulting reconstruction skilfully reproduces temperature and pressure variations over central and western Europe. We find intense blocking systems over northern Europe and several abrupt, strong cold air outbreaks, demonstrating that quantitative weather reconstruction of past extremes is possible.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Zahradník, Péter Szabó, Kateřina Chromá, Petr Dobrovolný, Lukáš Dolák, Miroslav Trnka, Jan Řehoř, and Silvie Suchánková
Clim. Past, 18, 2155–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Bark beetle outbreaks are important disturbances to Norway spruce forests. Their meteorological and climatological triggers are analysed for the main oubreaks over the territory of the Czech Republic based on newly created series of such outbreaks, covering the 1781–2021 CE period. The paper demonstrates the shift from windstorms as the main meteorological triggers of past outbreaks to effects of high temperatures and droughts together with windstorms in past decades.
Veit Blauhut, Michael Stoelzle, Lauri Ahopelto, Manuela I. Brunner, Claudia Teutschbein, Doris E. Wendt, Vytautas Akstinas, Sigrid J. Bakke, Lucy J. Barker, Lenka Bartošová, Agrita Briede, Carmelo Cammalleri, Ksenija Cindrić Kalin, Lucia De Stefano, Miriam Fendeková, David C. Finger, Marijke Huysmans, Mirjana Ivanov, Jaak Jaagus, Jiří Jakubínský, Svitlana Krakovska, Gregor Laaha, Monika Lakatos, Kiril Manevski, Mathias Neumann Andersen, Nina Nikolova, Marzena Osuch, Pieter van Oel, Kalina Radeva, Renata J. Romanowicz, Elena Toth, Mirek Trnka, Marko Urošev, Julia Urquijo Reguera, Eric Sauquet, Aleksandra Stevkov, Lena M. Tallaksen, Iryna Trofimova, Anne F. Van Loon, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Niko Wanders, Micha Werner, Patrick Willems, and Nenad Živković
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2201–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2201-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2201-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recent drought events caused enormous damage in Europe. We therefore questioned the existence and effect of current drought management strategies on the actual impacts and how drought is perceived by relevant stakeholders. Over 700 participants from 28 European countries provided insights into drought hazard and impact perception and current management strategies. The study concludes with an urgent need to collectively combat drought risk via a European macro-level drought governance approach.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Jiří Mikšovský, Petr Pišoft, Miroslav Trnka, Martin Možný, and Jan Balek
Clim. Past, 18, 935–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with 520-year series (1501–2020 CE) of temperature, precipitation, and four drought indices reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations for the Czech Lands. Basic features of their fluctuations, long-term trends, and periodicities as well as attribution to changes in external forcings and climate variability modes are analysed. Representativeness of Czech reconstructions at European scale is evaluated. The paper shows extreme character of past decades.
Duncan Pappert, Yuri Brugnara, Sylvie Jourdain, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska, Rajmund Przybylak, Christian Rohr, and Stefan Brönnimann
Clim. Past, 17, 2361–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2361-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2361-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents temperature and pressure measurements from the 37 stations of the late 18th century network of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina, in addition to providing an inventory of the available observations, most of which have been digitised. The quality of the recovered series is relatively good, as demonstrated by two case studies. Early instrumental data such as these will help to explore past climate and weather extremes in Europe in greater detail.
Gerard van der Schrier, Richard P. Allan, Albert Ossó, Pedro M. Sousa, Hans Van de Vyver, Bert Van Schaeybroeck, Roberto Coscarelli, Angela A. Pasqua, Olga Petrucci, Mary Curley, Mirosław Mietus, Janusz Filipiak, Petr Štěpánek, Pavel Zahradníček, Rudolf Brázdil, Ladislava Řezníčková, Else J. M. van den Besselaar, Ricardo Trigo, and Enric Aguilar
Clim. Past, 17, 2201–2221, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The 1921 drought was the most severe drought to hit Europe since the start of the 20th century. Here the climatological description of the drought is coupled to an overview of its impacts, sourced from newspapers, and an analysis of its drivers. The area from Ireland to the Ukraine was affected but hardest hit was the triangle between Brussels, Paris and Lyon. The drought impacts lingered on until well into autumn and winter, affecting water supply and agriculture and livestock farming.
Michal Bíl, Pavel Raška, Lukáš Dolák, and Jan Kubeček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2581–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2581-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2581-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The online landslide database CHILDA (Czech Historical Landslide Database) summarises information about landslides which occurred in the area of Czechia (the Czech Republic). The database is freely accessible via the https://childa.cz/ website. It includes 699 records (spanning the period of 1132–1989). Overall, 55 % of all recorded landslide events occurred only within 15 years of the extreme landslide incidence.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Jan Řehoř, Ladislava Řezníčková, Pavel Zahradníček, and Petr Dobrovolný
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1355–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of fatalities attributable to weather conditions in the Czech Republic during the 2000–2019 period based on our own database created from newspaper reports, on the database of the Czech Statistical Office, and on the database of the police of the Czech Republic as well as on their comparison. Despite some uncertainties, generally declining trends in the number of fatalities appear for the majority of weather variables. The structure of fatalities is described in detail.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Martin Bauch, Chantal Camenisch, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Piotr Oliński, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 16, 2125–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies related to historical droughts in the Czech Lands showed that the summers of 1531–1540 could represent the driest summer decade of the past 500 years. To confirm this hypothesis, documentary data from central Europe were collected and presented for individual summers and complemented by maps of precipitation and drought distribution to document corresponding weather patterns and their various impacts. The main droughts occurred in 1532, 1534–1536, 1538, and particularly in 1540.
Olga Petrucci, Luigi Aceto, Cinzia Bianchi, Victoria Bigot, Rudolf Brázdil, Moshe Inbar, Abdullah Kahraman, Özgenur Kılıç, Vassiliki Kotroni, Maria Carmen Llasat, Montserrat Llasat-Botija, Michele Mercuri, Katerina Papagiannaki, Susana Pereira, Jan Řehoř, Joan Rossello Geli, Paola Salvati, Freddy Vinet, and José Luis Zêzere
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-154, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-154, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
EUFF 2020 database (EUropean Flood Fatalities-FF) contains 2483 flood fatalities (1980–2018) occurred in 8 countries. Gender, age, activity of FF and dynamics of accidents were obtained from documentary sources. 64.8 % of FF were killed by floods killing less than 10 people. Males were more numerous than females due higher proportion of them driving and working outdoors. FF 30–64 years old died traveling to home/work, driving vehicles dragged by water. Elderly people were trapped indoor by flood.
Rudolf Brázdil, Hubert Valášek, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Ladislava Řezníčková, Monika Bělínová, Adam Valík, and Pavel Zahradníček
Clim. Past, 15, 1205–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1205-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1205-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper analyses a weather diary of the Reverend Šimon Hausner from Buchlovice in south-east Moravia, Czech Republic, in the 1803–1831 period. From daily weather records, series of numbers of precipitation days, cloudiness, strong winds, fogs, and thunderstorms were created. These records were further used to interpret weighted temperature and precipitation indices. Records of Šimon Hausner represent an important contribution to the study of climate fluctuations on the central European scale.
Jiří Mikšovský, Rudolf Brázdil, Miroslav Trnka, and Petr Pišoft
Clim. Past, 15, 827–847, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-827-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-827-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To reveal sources of variability imprinted in central European drought records, regression and wavelet analysis were applied to 5 centuries of reconstructed data characterizing Czech climate. Mid- to long-term changes in temperature in the North Atlantic and North Pacific were identified as one of the potential sources of drought variations; transient colder and wetter episodes were linked to the effects of large volcanic eruptions.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Miroslav Trnka, Ladislava Řezníčková, Lukáš Dolák, and Oldřich Kotyza
Clim. Past, 15, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper analyses extreme droughts of the pre-instrumental period (1501–1803) over the territory of the recent Czech Republic. In total, 16 droughts were selected for spring, summer and autumn each and 14 droughts for summer half-year (Apr–Sep). They are characterized by very low values of drought indices, high temperatures, low precipitation and by the influence of high-pressure situations. Selected extreme droughts are described in more detail. Effect of droughts on grain prices are studied.
Rudolf Brázdil, Andrea Kiss, Jürg Luterbacher, David J. Nash, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 14, 1915–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a worldwide state of the art of droughts fluctuations based on documentary data. It gives an overview of achievements related to different kinds of documentary evidence with their examples and an overview of papers presenting long-term drought chronologies over the individual continents, analysis of the most outstanding drought events, the influence of external forcing and large-scale climate drivers, and human impacts and responses. It recommends future research directions.
Petr Dobrovolný, Rudolf Brázdil, Miroslav Trnka, Michal Rybníček, Tomáš Kolář, Martin Možný, Tomáš Kyncl, and Ulf Büntgen
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-160, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-160, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Careful selection of available moisture-sensitive proxies resulted in a new reconstruction of short-term drought over the Czech Republic during the last 500 years. It consists of a synthesis of four different proxies and its high reconstruction skill demonstrates the clear advantage of a multi-proxy approach. The new chronology of Z-index shows that central Europe experienced the most severe 30-year late spring–early summer period of drought for the last 500 years.
Chantal Camenisch, Kathrin M. Keller, Melanie Salvisberg, Benjamin Amann, Martin Bauch, Sandro Blumer, Rudolf Brázdil, Stefan Brönnimann, Ulf Büntgen, Bruce M. S. Campbell, Laura Fernández-Donado, Dominik Fleitmann, Rüdiger Glaser, Fidel González-Rouco, Martin Grosjean, Richard C. Hoffmann, Heli Huhtamaa, Fortunat Joos, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Flavio Lehner, Jürg Luterbacher, Nicolas Maughan, Raphael Neukom, Theresa Novy, Kathleen Pribyl, Christoph C. Raible, Dirk Riemann, Maximilian Schuh, Philip Slavin, Johannes P. Werner, and Oliver Wetter
Clim. Past, 12, 2107–2126, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Throughout the last millennium, several cold periods occurred which affected humanity. Here, we investigate an exceptionally cold decade during the 15th century. The cold conditions challenged the food production and led to increasing food prices and a famine in parts of Europe. In contrast to periods such as the “Year Without Summer” after the eruption of Tambora, these extreme climatic conditions seem to have occurred by chance and in relation to the internal variability of the climate system.
Martin Možný, Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, and Miroslav Trnka
Clim. Past, 12, 1421–1434, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1421-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1421-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
April–August temperature reconstruction for the Czech Lands based on grape-harvest dates in the 1499–2012 period constitutes a further important contribution to the better understanding of long-term spatiotemporal temperature variability in central Europe and includes the very long overlap period (1801–2012) used for calibration and verification, the consistent dominance of Pinot varieties through time, and the stability of vineyard management throughout the period reconstructed.
Rudolf Brázdil, Ladislava Řezníčková, Hubert Valášek, Lukáš Dolák, and Oldřich Kotyza
Clim. Past, 12, 1361–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with climatic and human impacts of the strong Tambora (Indonesia) volcanic eruption in April 1815 over the Czech Lands territory based on analysis of documentary data and instrumental records. While climatic effects were related particularly to summers 1815 and 1816 (1816 is known as "a Year Without Summer"), quite important were societal impacts represented after bad harvest by steep increase in prices and shortages of food.
P. Dobrovolný, M. Rybníček, T. Kolář, R. Brázdil, M. Trnka, and U. Büntgen
Clim. Past, 11, 1453–1466, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1453-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1453-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A new data set of 3194 oak (Quercus spp.) ring width samples collected across the Czech Republic and covering the past 1250 years was analysed. The temporal distribution of negative and positive TRW extremes occurring is regular with no indication of clustering. Negative TRW extremes coincided with above-average March-May and June-August temperature means and below-average precipitation totals. Positive extremes coincided with higher summer precipitation, while temperatures were mostly normal.
G. Benito, R. Brázdil, J. Herget, and M. J. Machado
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3517–3539, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3517-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3517-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Historical hydrology combines documentary data with hydrological methods to lengthen flow records to the past centuries. We describe the methodological evolution of historical hydrology under the influence of developments in hydraulics and statistics. Analysis of 45 case studies in Europe show that present flood magnitudes are not unusual in the context of the past, whereas flood frequency has decreased, although some rivers show a reactivation of rare floods over the last two decades.
Y. Brugnara, R. Auchmann, S. Brönnimann, R. J. Allan, I. Auer, M. Barriendos, H. Bergström, J. Bhend, R. Brázdil, G. P. Compo, R. C. Cornes, F. Dominguez-Castro, A. F. V. van Engelen, J. Filipiak, J. Holopainen, S. Jourdain, M. Kunz, J. Luterbacher, M. Maugeri, L. Mercalli, A. Moberg, C. J. Mock, G. Pichard, L. Řezníčková, G. van der Schrier, V. Slonosky, Z. Ustrnul, M. A. Valente, A. Wypych, and X. Yin
Clim. Past, 11, 1027–1047, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1027-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1027-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A data set of instrumental pressure and temperature observations for the early instrumental period (before ca. 1850) is described. This is the result of a digitisation effort involving the period immediately after the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815, combined with the collection of already available sub-daily time series. The highest data availability is therefore for the years 1815 to 1817. An analysis of pressure variability and of case studies in Europe is performed for that period.
J. Hall, B. Arheimer, G. T. Aronica, A. Bilibashi, M. Boháč, O. Bonacci, M. Borga, P. Burlando, A. Castellarin, G. B. Chirico, P. Claps, K. Fiala, L. Gaál, L. Gorbachova, A. Gül, J. Hannaford, A. Kiss, T. Kjeldsen, S. Kohnová, J. J. Koskela, N. Macdonald, M. Mavrova-Guirguinova, O. Ledvinka, L. Mediero, B. Merz, R. Merz, P. Molnar, A. Montanari, M. Osuch, J. Parajka, R. A. P. Perdigão, I. Radevski, B. Renard, M. Rogger, J. L. Salinas, E. Sauquet, M. Šraj, J. Szolgay, A. Viglione, E. Volpi, D. Wilson, K. Zaimi, and G. Blöschl
Proc. IAHS, 370, 89–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-89-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-89-2015, 2015
R. Brázdil, K. Chromá, L. Řezníčková, H. Valášek, L. Dolák, Z. Stachoň, E. Soukalová, and P. Dobrovolný
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3873–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3873-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3873-2014, 2014
J. Hall, B. Arheimer, M. Borga, R. Brázdil, P. Claps, A. Kiss, T. R. Kjeldsen, J. Kriaučiūnienė, Z. W. Kundzewicz, M. Lang, M. C. Llasat, N. Macdonald, N. McIntyre, L. Mediero, B. Merz, R. Merz, P. Molnar, A. Montanari, C. Neuhold, J. Parajka, R. A. P. Perdigão, L. Plavcová, M. Rogger, J. L. Salinas, E. Sauquet, C. Schär, J. Szolgay, A. Viglione, and G. Blöschl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2735–2772, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2735-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2735-2014, 2014
P. Yiou, M. Boichu, R. Vautard, M. Vrac, S. Jourdain, E. Garnier, F. Fluteau, and L. Menut
Clim. Past, 10, 797–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-797-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-797-2014, 2014
A. Stickler, S. Brönnimann, S. Jourdain, E. Roucaute, A. Sterin, D. Nikolaev, M. A. Valente, R. Wartenburger, H. Hersbach, L. Ramella-Pralungo, and D. Dee
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 29–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-29-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-29-2014, 2014
R. Brázdil, P. Dobrovolný, M. Trnka, O. Kotyza, L. Řezníčková, H. Valášek, P. Zahradníček, and P. Štěpánek
Clim. Past, 9, 1985–2002, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1985-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1985-2013, 2013
G. R. Demarée and H. Van de Vyver
Adv. Geosci., 35, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-35-1-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-35-1-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Proxy Use-Development-Validation | Archive: Historical Records | Timescale: Decadal-Seasonal
Processes, spatial patterns, and impacts of the 1743 extreme-heat event in northern China: from the perspective of historical documents
Weather and climate and their human impacts and responses during the Thirty Years' War in central Europe
Documents, Reanalysis, and Global Circulation Models: A New Method for Reconstructing Historical Climate Focusing on Present-day Inland Tanzania, 1856–1890
A global inventory of quantitative documentary evidence related to climate since the 15th century
The 1600 CE Huaynaputina eruption as a possible trigger for persistent cooling in the North Atlantic region
Analysis of early Japanese meteorological data and historical weather documents to reconstruct the winter climate between the 1840s and the early 1850s
Climate indices in historical climate reconstructions: a global state of the art
Could phenological records from Chinese poems of the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1279 CE) be reliable evidence of past climate changes?
Central Europe, 1531–1540 CE: The driest summer decade of the past five centuries?
“Everything is scorched by the burning sun”: missionary perspectives and experiences of 19th- and early 20th-century droughts in semi-arid central Namibia
Patterns in data of extreme droughts/floods and harvest grades derived from historical documents in eastern China during 801–1910
The climate in south-east Moravia, Czech Republic, 1803–1830, based on daily weather records kept by the Reverend Šimon Hausner
The climate of Granada (southern Spain) during the first third of the 18th century (1706–1730) according to documentary sources
Extracting weather information from a plantation document
Variation of extreme drought and flood in North China revealed by document-based seasonal precipitation reconstruction for the past 300 years
300 years of hydrological records and societal responses to droughts and floods on the Pacific coast of Central America
Multi-proxy reconstructions of May–September precipitation field in China over the past 500 years
Climatic effects and impacts of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Czech Lands
Endless cold: a seasonal reconstruction of temperature and precipitation in the Burgundian Low Countries during the 15th century based on documentary evidence
Observations of a stratospheric aerosol veil from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the Unknown ∼1809 eruption?
Documentary-derived chronologies of rainfall variability in Antigua, Lesser Antilles, 1770–1890
An underestimated record breaking event – why summer 1540 was likely warmer than 2003
Snow and weather climatic control on snow avalanche occurrence fluctuations over 50 yr in the French Alps
Climate variability in Andalusia (southern Spain) during the period 1701–1850 based on documentary sources: evaluation and comparison with climate model simulations
Spring-summer temperatures reconstructed for northern Switzerland and southwestern Germany from winter rye harvest dates, 1454–1970
Le Tao, Yun Su, Xudong Chen, and Fangyu Tian
Clim. Past, 20, 2455–2471, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2455-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2455-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study collected 63 historical documents on the extreme heat of 1743 from three kinds of historical materials. Using text analysis methods, such as keyword extraction, grading, and classification, we reconstructed the 1743 extreme heat event. This heat event developed cumulatively, and the key areas affected are consistent with those impacted in modern times. Timely cooling and reducing exposure have been limited but necessary means of addressing extreme heat in both ancient and modern times.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Christian Pfister, Katrin Kleemann, Kateřina Chromá, Péter Szabó, and Piotr Olinski
Clim. Past, 19, 1863–1890, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Thirty Years' War (from 1618 to 1648 CE), an armed military conflict in Europe, brought extensive devastation to Europe. The paper analyses annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation, and drought patterns, as well as severe weather extremes, based particularly on documentary data, during this event in central Europe to demonstrate their broad impacts on human society and human responses in coincidence with weather and climate during this period of hardship.
Philip Gooding, Melissa J. Lazenby, Michael R. Frogley, Cecile Dai, and Wenqi Su
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-992, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-992, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This article integrates data from historical documents and global climate reconstructions to make a time-series of seasonal rainfall variability in nineteenth-century Tanzania. It both makes a scientifically grounded interpretation of qualitative descriptions written in documents and acknowledges the limits of current climate reconstructions over Africa. The result is a trans-disciplinary methodological breakthrough that incorporates history into the practice of climate reconstruction.
Angela-Maria Burgdorf
Clim. Past, 18, 1407–1428, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1407-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1407-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This comprehensive inventory of quantitative documentary evidence related to climate extending back to 1400 CE promotes the first ever global perspective on documentary climate records. It lays the foundation for incorporating documentary evidence from archives of societies into global-scale climate reconstructions, complementing (early) instrumental measurements and natural climate proxies. Documentary records are particularly relevant in seasons and regions poorly covered by natural proxies.
Sam White, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Davide Zanchettin, Heli Huhtamaa, Dagomar Degroot, Markus Stoffel, and Christophe Corona
Clim. Past, 18, 739–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines whether the 1600 Huaynaputina volcano eruption triggered persistent cooling in the North Atlantic. It compares previous paleoclimate simulations with new climate reconstructions from natural proxies and historical documents and finds that the reconstructions are consistent with, but do not support, an eruption trigger for persistent cooling. The study also analyzes societal impacts of climatic change in ca. 1600 and the use of historical observations in model–data comparison.
Junpei Hirano, Takehiko Mikami, and Masumi Zaiki
Clim. Past, 18, 327–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The East Asian winter monsoon causes orographic snowfall over the windward side of the Japanese islands (facing the Sea of Japan and the northwesterly winter monsoon flow) and negative temperature anomalies around Japan. In this study, we reconstruct the outbreak of the winter monsoon around Japan for the winter from the 1840s to the early 1850s by using daily weather information recorded in old Japanese diaries and early daily instrumental temperature data.
David J. Nash, George C. D. Adamson, Linden Ashcroft, Martin Bauch, Chantal Camenisch, Dagomar Degroot, Joelle Gergis, Adrian Jusopović, Thomas Labbé, Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin, Sharon D. Nicholson, Qing Pei, María del Rosario Prieto, Ursula Rack, Facundo Rojas, and Sam White
Clim. Past, 17, 1273–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Qualitative evidence contained within historical sources provides an important record of climate variability for periods prior to the onset of systematic meteorological data collection. Before such evidence can be used for climate reconstructions, it needs to be converted to a quantitative format. A common approach is the generation of ordinal-scale climate indices. This review, written by members of the PAGES CRIAS working group, provides a global synthesis of the use of the index approach.
Yachen Liu, Xiuqi Fang, Junhu Dai, Huanjiong Wang, and Zexing Tao
Clim. Past, 17, 929–950, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
There are controversies about whether poetry can be used as one of the evidence sources for past climate changes. We tried to discuss the reliability and validity of phenological records from poems of the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1279 CE) by analyzing their certainties and uncertainties. A standardized processing method for phenological records from poems is introduced. We hope that this study can provide a reference for the extraction and application of phenological records from poems.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Martin Bauch, Chantal Camenisch, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Piotr Oliński, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 16, 2125–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies related to historical droughts in the Czech Lands showed that the summers of 1531–1540 could represent the driest summer decade of the past 500 years. To confirm this hypothesis, documentary data from central Europe were collected and presented for individual summers and complemented by maps of precipitation and drought distribution to document corresponding weather patterns and their various impacts. The main droughts occurred in 1532, 1534–1536, 1538, and particularly in 1540.
Stefan Grab and Tizian Zumthurm
Clim. Past, 16, 679–697, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-679-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-679-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here we describe the unique nature of droughts over semi-arid central Namibia (southern Africa) between 1850 and 1920. We establish temporal shifts in the influence and impact that historical droughts had on society and the environment during this period. The paper demonstrates and argues that human experience and the associated reporting of drought events depend strongly on social, environmental, spatial, and societal developmental situations and perspectives.
Zhixin Hao, Maowei Wu, Jingyun Zheng, Jiewei Chen, Xuezhen Zhang, and Shiwei Luo
Clim. Past, 16, 101–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-101-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using reconstructed extreme drought/flood chronologies and grain harvest series derived from historical documents, it is found that the frequency of reporting of extreme droughts in any subregion of eastern China was significantly associated with lower reconstructed harvests during 801–1910. The association was weak during the warm epoch of 920–1300 but strong during the cold epoch of 1310–1880, which indicates that a warm climate might weaken the impact of extreme drought on poor harvests.
Rudolf Brázdil, Hubert Valášek, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Ladislava Řezníčková, Monika Bělínová, Adam Valík, and Pavel Zahradníček
Clim. Past, 15, 1205–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1205-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1205-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper analyses a weather diary of the Reverend Šimon Hausner from Buchlovice in south-east Moravia, Czech Republic, in the 1803–1831 period. From daily weather records, series of numbers of precipitation days, cloudiness, strong winds, fogs, and thunderstorms were created. These records were further used to interpret weighted temperature and precipitation indices. Records of Šimon Hausner represent an important contribution to the study of climate fluctuations on the central European scale.
Fernando S. Rodrigo
Clim. Past, 15, 647–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-647-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-647-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The climate of Granada (southern Spain) during the first third of the 18th century is reconstructed. Results suggest that climatic conditions were similar to those of the first decades of the 20th century, when the global warming signal was of less importance than today. In addition, the paper presents the instrumental data taken in Granada in 1729, probably the first instrumental meteorological data recorded in Spain. Some extreme events, such as the cold wave of winter 1729, are studied.
Gregory Burris, Jane Washburn, Omar Lasheen, Sophia Dorribo, James B. Elsner, and Ronald E. Doel
Clim. Past, 15, 477–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-477-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-477-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Historical documents are full of untapped data on past climate conditions. Our paper sets out a method for extracting this information into a database that is easily utilized by climate scientists. We apply this method to a document from Shirley Plantation covering the years 1816–1842. We then provide two case studies to demonstrate the validity and utility of the new method and database.
Jingyun Zheng, Yingzhuo Yu, Xuezhen Zhang, and Zhixin Hao
Clim. Past, 14, 1135–1145, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods in North China using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive. Then, the link of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO episodes and large volcanic eruptions was discussed. This study helps us understand whether the recent extreme events observed by instruments exceed the natural variability at a regional scale, which may be useful for adaptation to extremes and disasters in the future.
Alvaro Guevara-Murua, Caroline A. Williams, Erica J. Hendy, and Pablo Imbach
Clim. Past, 14, 175–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-175-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-175-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study reconstructs a new semi-quantitative rainfall index for the Pacific coast of Central America using documentary sources for the period 1640 to 1945. In addition, we explore the various mechanisms and processes that may explain inter-annual and inter-decadal rainfall variability over the Pacific coast of Central America.
Feng Shi, Sen Zhao, Zhengtang Guo, Hugues Goosse, and Qiuzhen Yin
Clim. Past, 13, 1919–1938, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1919-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1919-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the multi-proxy precipitation field for China over the past 500 years, which includes three leading modes (a monopole, a dipole, and a triple) of precipitation variability. The dipole mode may be controlled by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability. Such reconstruction is an essential source of information to document the climate variability over decadal to centennial timescales and can be used to assess the ability of climate models to simulate past climate change.
Rudolf Brázdil, Ladislava Řezníčková, Hubert Valášek, Lukáš Dolák, and Oldřich Kotyza
Clim. Past, 12, 1361–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with climatic and human impacts of the strong Tambora (Indonesia) volcanic eruption in April 1815 over the Czech Lands territory based on analysis of documentary data and instrumental records. While climatic effects were related particularly to summers 1815 and 1816 (1816 is known as "a Year Without Summer"), quite important were societal impacts represented after bad harvest by steep increase in prices and shortages of food.
C. Camenisch
Clim. Past, 11, 1049–1066, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1049-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1049-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper applies the methods of historical climatology to present a climate reconstruction for the area of the Burgundian Low Countries during the 15th century. The results are based on documentary evidence. Approximately 3000 written records derived from about 100 different sources were examined and converted into seasonal seven-degree indices of temperature and precipitation.
A. Guevara-Murua, C. A. Williams, E. J. Hendy, A. C. Rust, and K. V. Cashman
Clim. Past, 10, 1707–1722, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1707-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1707-2014, 2014
A. J. Berland, S. E. Metcalfe, and G. H. Endfield
Clim. Past, 9, 1331–1343, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1331-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1331-2013, 2013
O. Wetter and C. Pfister
Clim. Past, 9, 41–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-41-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-41-2013, 2013
H. Castebrunet, N. Eckert, and G. Giraud
Clim. Past, 8, 855–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-855-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-855-2012, 2012
F. S. Rodrigo, J. J. Gómez-Navarro, and J. P. Montávez Gómez
Clim. Past, 8, 117–133, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-117-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-117-2012, 2012
O. Wetter and C. Pfister
Clim. Past, 7, 1307–1326, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1307-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1307-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Adámek, K. V.: Památní kniha školy hlinecké od roku
1833 (The “Book of Memory” kept by the school in Hlinsko, 1833 onwards),
Zprávy Musea okresu hlineckého, 1, 27–40, 1908.
Allan, R. and Ansell, T.: A new globally complete monthly historical gridded
mean sea level pressure dataset (HadSLP2): 1850–2004, J. Climate, 19,
5816–5842, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3937.1, 2006.
Auer, I., Böhm, R., Jurkovic, A., Lipa, W., Orlik, A., Potzmann, R.,
Schöner, W., Ungersböck, M., Matulla, C., Briffa, K., Jones, P. D.,
Efthymiadis, D., Brunetti, M., Nanni, T., Maugeri, M., Mercalli, L., Mestre,
O., Moisselin, J.-M., Begert, M., Müller-Westermeier, G., Kveton, V.,
Bochnicek, O., Stastny, P., Lapin, M., Szalai, S., Szentimrey, T., Cegnar,
T., Dolinar, M., Gajic-Capka, M., Zaninovic, K., Majstorovic, Z., and
Nieplova, E.: HISTALP – Historical instrumental climatological surface time
series of the greater Alpine region 1760–2003, Int. J. Climatol., 27,
17–46, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1377, 2007.
Belgrand: La Seine – Études hydrologiques – Régime de la pluie, des
sources, des eaux courantes – Applications a l'agriculture, Dunod,
Éditeur, Paris, 1872.
Bělínová, M. and Brázdil, R.: Meteorologická
pozorování c. k. Vlastenecko-hospodářské
společnosti v Čechách v letech 1817–1847 (Meteorological
observations of I. R. Patriotic-Economic Society in Bohemia in the years
1817–1847), Meteorol. Zpr., 65, 13–22, 2012.
Berde, A.: Légtüneménytan (Atmospheric phenomena studies).
Özvegy Barráné és Stein, Kolozsvár [Cluj-Napoca], 1847.
Beyer, M.: Futternoth- und Hülfsbuch. Eine Angabe der hülfreichsten,
thunlichsten Mittel, Futtermangel auszugleichen und ihm vorzubeugen, so wie
der stattgehabten Erfolge ihrer Anwendung. Nebst einer kurzen Dastellung der
Wirkungen außerordentlicher Dürre zum Andenken an 1842, und
beiläufigen Bemerkungen über Getreideausfuhr, Mühlenwesen und
Mehlfabrication Deutschlands, Immanuel Müller, Leipzig, 1843.
Blase: Mitteilungen über den am 31. August 1842 in der sogenannten
sächs. böhm. Schweiz entstandenen Waldbrand, in:
Forstwirtschaftliches Jahrbuch herausgeben von der Königlich
Sächsischen Akademie für Forst- und Landwirthe zu Tharand, Zweiter
Band, Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Dresden und Leipzig, 12–24, 1845.
Borisenkov, Y. P. and Pasetskiy, V. M.: Tysyatcheletnaya letopis
neobytchaynykh yavleniy prirody (A Thousand-year History of Unusual Natural
Events), Mysl, Moskva, 1988.
Botár, I. and Károlyi, Z.: A Tisza szabályozása II.
rész: 1879–1944 (The regulation of the River Tisza, Part 2:
1879–1944), Vízügyi Történeti Füzetek 4, VIZDOK,
Budapest, 32, 1971.
Brázdil, R. and Trnka, M. (Eds.): Sucho v českých zemích:
minulost, současnost, budoucnost (Droughts in the Czech Lands: Past,
Present and Future), Centrum výzkumu globální změny
Akademie věd České republiky, v.v.i., Brno, 2015.
Brázdil, R., Bělínová, M., and Rožnovský, J.:
Phenological observations made by the I. R. Bohemian Patriotic-Economic
Society, 1828–1847, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 105, 71–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0373-9, 2011.
Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., Trnka, M., Kotyza, O., Řezníčková, L., Valášek, H., Zahradníček, P., and Štěpánek, P.: Droughts in the Czech Lands, 1090–2012 AD, Clim. Past, 9, 1985–2002, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1985-2013, 2013.
Brázdil, R., Raška, P., Trnka, M., Zahradníček, P.,
Valášek, H., Dobrovolný, P., Řezníčková, L.,
Treml, P., and Stachoň, Z.: The Central European drought of 1947: causes
and consequences, with particular reference to the Czech Lands, Clim. Res.,
70, 161–178, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01387, 2016.
Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., Trnka, M., Řezníčková, L., Dolák, L., and Kotyza, O.: Extreme droughts and human responses to them: the Czech Lands in the pre-instrumental period, Clim. Past, 15, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1-2019, 2019a.
Brázdil, R., Možný, M., Klír, T.,
Řezníčková, L., Trnka, M., Dobrovolný, P., and Kotyza,
O.: Climate variability and changes in the agricultural cycle in the Czech
Lands from the sixteenth century to the present, Theor. Appl. Climatol.,
136, 553–573, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2508-3, 2019b.
Büntgen, U., Brázdil, R., Frank, D., and Esper, J.: Three centuries
of Slovakian drought dynamics, Clim. Dynam., 35, 315–329, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0563-2, 2010.
Büntgen, U., Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., Trnka, M., and Kyncl,
T.: Five centuries of Southern Moravian drought variations revealed from
living and historic tree rings, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 105, 167–180, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0373-9, 2011a.
Büntgen, U., Brázdil, R., Heussner, K.-U., Hofmann, J., Kontic, R.,
Kyncl, T., Pfister, C., Chromá, K., and Tegel, W.: Combined
dendro-documentary evidence of Central European hydroclimatic springtime
extremes over the last millennium, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 3947–3959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.010, 2011b.
Camenisch, C., Brázdil, R., Kiss, A., Pfister, C., Wetter, O., Rohr, C.,
Contino, A., and Retsö, D.: Extreme heats and droughts of 1473 and their
impacts in Europe in context of the early 1470s, Reg. Environ. Change, accepted, 2019.
Cook, E. R., Seager, R., Kushnir, Y., Briffa, K. R., Büntgen, U., Frank,
D., Krusic, P. J., Tegel, W., van der Schrier, G., Andreu-Heyles, L.,
Bailie, M., Baittinger, C., Bleicher, N., Bonde, N., Brown, D., Carrer, M.,
Cooper, R., Čufar, K., Dittmar, C., Esper, J., Griggs, C., Gunnarson,
B., Günther, B., Gutierrez, E., Haneca, K., Helama, S., Herzig, F.,
Heussner, K.-U., Hofmann, J., Janda, P., Kontic, R., Köse, N., Kyncl,
T., Levanič, T., Linderholm, H., Manning, S., Melvin, T. M., Miles, D.,
Neuwirth, B., Nicolussi, K., Nola, P., Panayotov, M., Popa, I., Rothe, A.,
Seftigen, K., Seim, A., Svarva, H., Svoboda, M., Thun, T., Timonen, M.,
Touchan, R., Trotsiuk, V., Trouet, V., Walder, F., Ważny, T., Wilson,
R., and Zang, C.: Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era,
Sci. Adv., 1, e150061, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500561, 2015.
Dobrovolný, P., Brázdil, R., Trnka, M., Kotyza, O., and
Valášek, H.: Precipitation reconstruction for the Czech Lands, AD
1501–2010, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3957, 2015.
Dodds, S. F., Burnette, D. J., and Mock, C. J.: Historical accounts of the
drought and hurricane season of 1860, in: Historical Climate Variability and Impacts in North America, edited by: Dupigny-Giroux, L.-A. and Mock, C.
J.,
Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New
York, 61–77, 2009.
Drössler, K.: Geschichte der Pardorfer Kirche, Heimatblatt für den
Nikolsburger Bezirk, 1, 69–72, 1933.
Elleder, L.: The Hunger stones: a new source for more objective
identification of historical droughts, EGU General Assembly, Vienna,
Austria, 17–22 April 2016, EGU2016-14986, 2016.
Élő, D.: Sarród monográfiája (Monography of Sarród).
Országos Széchenyi Szövetség, Budapest, 5, 1937.
Érkövy, A.: Az 1863. évi aszályosság a magyar
Alföldön (The 1863 drought in the Hungarian Plain), Kozma Ny., 68,
1863.
Fink, A. H., Brücher, T., Krüger, A., Leckebusch, G. C., Pinto, J.
G., and Ulbrich, U.: The 2003 European summer heatwaves and drought –
synoptic diagnosis and impacts, Weather, 59, 209–216, https://doi.org/10.1256/wea.73.04, 2004.
Fuster: Des changements dans le climat de la France, Histoire de ses
révolutions météorologiques, par le Docteur Fuster, Capelle,
Paris, 1845.
Hamburger Feuerwehr-Historiker E. V.: Der “Große Brand” in Hamburg
1842, available at: http://www.feuerwehr-historiker.de (last access: 16 April 2019), 2005.
Hammerl, C., Lenhardt, W., Steinacker, R., and Steinhauser, P. (Eds.): Die
Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik 1851–2001, 150 Jahre
Meteorologie und Geophysik in Österreich, Leykam
Buchverlagsgesellschaft, Graz, 2001.
Hao, Z. X., Zheng, J. Y., Wu, G. F., Zhang, X. Z., and Ge, Q. S.: 1876–1878
severe drought in North China: Facts, impacts and climatic background,
Chinese Sci. Bull., 55, 3001–3007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-3243-z, 2010.
Heim, R. R.: A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the
United States, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1149–1165, 2002.
Heisig, F.: Olbersdorfer Denkwürdigkeiten. Dritter Band 1862 bis 1884,
Selbstverlag des Herausgebers, Olbersdorf, 1929.
Hoerling, M., Eischeid, J., Kumar, A., Leung, R., Mariotti, A., Mo, K.,
Schubert, S., and Seager, R.: Causes and predictability of the 2012 Great
Plains drought, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 269–282, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00055.1, 2014.
Horváth, G. K.: Der Rahmen des bäuerlichen Handels im Wieselburger
Komitat (Ungarn) in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Modell der
Kommerzialisierung einer west-ungarischen Region, in: Bauern als Händler, edited by: Konersmann, F. and
Lorenzen-Schmidt, K.-J., Ökonomische
Diversifizierung und soziale Differenzierung bäuerlicher
Agrarproduzenten (15.–19. Jahrhundert), De Gruyter, Oldenburg, 160–178,
2016.
Inglot, S.: Zjawiska klimatyczno-meteorologiczne na Śląsku od XVI do
polowy XIX wieku (Research on the occurrence of drought in Lower Silesia
from the 16th century to the mid-20th century), in: Z badań nad wpływem posuchy na rolnictwo na Dolnym
Śląsku, edited by: Świętochowski,
B., Prace Wrocławskiego Towarzystva Naukowego B 139, Wrocław, 9–48, 1968.
Jacobeit, J., Jönsson, P., Bärring, L., Beck, C., and Ekström,
M.: Zonal indices for Europe 1780–1995 and running correlations with
temperature, Clim. Change, 48, 219–241, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005619023045, 2001.
Jones, P. D., Jónsson, T., and Wheeler, D.: Extension to the North
Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from
Gibraltar and South-West Iceland, Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1433–1450, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19971115)17:13<1433::AID-JOC203>3.0.CO;2-P, 1997.
Kamper, Z.: Josefa Luňáka, měšťana
mladoboleslavského “Historky boleslavské z let 1825–76” (“The
Stories of Boleslav, 1825–76” by Josef Luňák, a burgher of
Mladá Boleslav), Boleslavan, 2, 236–257, 1927–1928.
Katzerowsky, W.: Meteorologische Nachrichten aus den Archiven der Stadt
Leitmeritz, Selbstverlage des Vefassers, Leitmeritz, 1895
Kiss, A.: Droughts and low water levels in late Medieval Hungary II: 1361,
1439, 1443–4, 1455, 1473, 1480, 1482, 1502–3, 1506: Documentary versus
tree-ring (OWDA) evidence, J. Environ. Geogr., 10, 43–56, https://doi.org/10.1515/jengeo-2017-0012, 2017.
Kiss, A.: Anatomy of a great drought and dearth in late medieval Hungary.
The “great drought” of (1506–)1507 and its multiannual socio-economic
consequences in a (Central-)European context, Reg. Environ. Change, in
review, 2019.
Kiss, A. and Nikolić, Z.: Droughts, dry spells and low water levels in
Medieval Hungary (and Croatia) I: The great droughts of 1362, 1474, 1479,
1494 and 1507, J. Environ. Geogr., 8, 11–22, https://doi.org/10.1515/jengeo-2015-0002,
2015.
Kiss, A., Wilson, R., and Bariska, I.: An experimental 392-year
documentary-based multi proxy (vine and grain) reconstruction of May–July
temperatures for Kőszeg, West-Hungary, Int. J. Biometeorol., 55,
595–611, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0367-4, 2011.
Kogan, F. and Guo, W.: Early twenty-first-century droughts during the
warmest climate, Geomagnetics, Nat. Hazards
Risk, 7, 127–137, https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2013.878399, 2016.
Krolmus, W.: Kronika čili dějepis všech povodní
posloupných let, suchých i mokrých, úrodných a
neúrodných na obilí, ovoce a vína, hladů, morů a
jiných pohrom v Království Českém (Chronicle or History
of all Floods in Consecutive Years, Dry and Wet [Years], Fertile and
Infertile [Years] for Grain, Fruit and Wine, Periods of Starvation, Plagues
and other Disasters in the Kingdom of Bohemia), Karl Wetterl, Praha, 1845.
Laaha, G., Gauster, T., Tallaksen, L. M., Vidal, J.-P., Stahl, K., Prudhomme, C., Heudorfer, B., Vlnas, R., Ionita, M., Van Lanen, H. A. J., Adler, M.-J., Caillouet, L., Delus, C., Fendekova, M., Gailliez, S., Hannaford, J., Kingston, D., Van Loon, A. F., Mediero, L., Osuch, M., Romanowicz, R., Sauquet, E., Stagge, J. H., and Wong, W. K.: The European 2015 drought from a hydrological perspective, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3001–3024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3001-2017, 2017.
Liblin, J.: Chronique du maréchal-ferrant Jean-Baptiste Hun, de
Turckheim, 1273–1856, dans Revue d'Alsace, Fédération des
sociétés d'histoire et d'archéologie d'Alsace, 1872.
Luterbacher, J., Schmutz, C., Gyalistras, D., Xoplaki, E., and Wanner, H.:
Reconstruction of monthly NAO and EU indices back to AD 1675, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 26, 2745–2748, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900576, 1999.
Luterbacher, J., Xoplaki, E., Dietrich, D., Rickli, R., Jacobeit, J., Beck,
C., Gyalistras, D., Schmutz, C., and Wanner, H.: Reconstruction of sea level
pressure fields over the Eastern North Atlantic and Europe back to 1500,
Clim. Dynam., 18, 545–561, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-001-0196-6, 2002.
McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., and Kleist, J.: The relationship of drought
frequency and duration to time steps, in: Preprints, 8th Conference on
Applied Climatology, Anaheim, 17–22 January, 179–184, 1993.
Maxmen, A.: The threat of insects to agriculture is set to increase as the
planet warms. What action can we take to safeguard our crops?, Nature, 501,
S15–S17, 2013.
Mishra, A. K. and Singh, V. P.: A review of drought concepts, J. Hydrol.,
391, 202–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012, 2010.
Mitchell, T. D. and Jones, P. D.: An improved method of constructing a
database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution
grids, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 693–712, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1181, 2005.
Munzar, J.: Extreme droughts in Central Europe in the preinstrumental
period, Morav. Geogr. Rep., 12, 13–23, 2004.
Novotný, J.: Dvě stoleté hydrologické řady
průtokové na českých řekách (Two-hundred-year
Hydrological Series of Discharges on Czech Rivers). Sborník prací
Hydrometeorologického ústavu ČSSR 2, Praha, 1963.
Ogrin, D.: Dry and wet years in submediterranean Slovenia from the 14th to
the mid-19th century, Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc., Fac. Rer. Nat. –
Geographica, 37, 55–62, 2002.
PAGES Hydro2k Consortium: Comparing proxy and model estimates of hydroclimate variability and change over the Common Era, Clim. Past, 13, 1851–1900, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1851-2017, 2017.
Palmer, W. C.: Meteorological Drought, Office of Climatology Research Paper
45, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, 1965.
Palotay, M., Mindszenty, A., Kopecskó, K., and Poros, Z.: Az
Ínség-kő geológiája (Geology of the Dearth-stone),
Földtani Közlöny, 142, 243–250, 2012.
Pauling, A., Luterbacher, J., Casty, C., and Wanner, H.: Five hundred years
of gridded high-resolution precipitation reconstructions over Europe and the
connection to large-scale circulation, Clim. Dynam., 26, 387–405, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0090-8, 2006.
Pech, R. P., Hood, G. M., Singleton, G. R., Salmon, E., Forrester, R. I.,
and Brown, P. R.: Models for predicting plagues of house mice (Mus
domesticus) in Australia, in: Ecologically-based Management of Rodent Pests, edited by: Singleton, G. R., Hinds, L. A., Leirs, H., and
Zhang, Z., Australian
Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, 81–112, 1999.
Petráň, J.: Ceny obilí a tržní okruhy v
Čechách v 18. a počátkem 19. století (Grain prices and
market cycles in Bohemia in the 18th century and at the beginning of the
19th century), Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Philosophica et historica,
Studia historica, 17, 9–49, 1977.
Pfister, C.: The “Black Swan” of 1540. Aspects of a European megadrought,
in: Climatic Change and Cultural
Transition in Europe, edited by: Leggewie, K. and Mauelshagen, F., Leiden, Brill, 156–194, 2018.
Pfister, C., Weingartner, R., and Luterbacher, J.: Hydrological winter
droughts over the last 450 years in the Upper Rhine basin: a methodological
approach, Hydrol. Sci. J., 51, 966–985, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.51.5.966, 2006.
Pribram, A. F.: Materialien zur Geschichte der Preise und Löhne in
Österreich, Band I. Carl Ueberreuters, Wien, 1938.
Reizner, J.: Szeged története. 2. kötet. A XVIII. század
végétől az 1879. évi árvízig (History of Szeged.
Vol. 2: From the end of the 18th century to the flood in 1879), Szeged Szab.
Kir. Város Közössége, Szeged, 1899.
Réthly, A.: Időjárási események és elemi
csapások Magyarországon 1801–1900. II. Kötet (Weather Events
and Natural Disasters in Hungary 1801–1900. Vol. 2), Országos
Meteorológiai Szolgálat, Budapest, 1999.
Robek, A.: Zápisky lidového kronikáře Antona Pejška ze
Zlončic (Notes by the folk chronicler Anton Pejšek from
Zlončice), Kralupský vlastivědný sešit,
září 1958, III/32–III/40, 1958a.
Robek, A.: Zápisky chalupníka Josefa Vorlíčka
z Hostína (Notes by the Cottager Josef Vorlíček from
Hostín), Kralupský vlastivědný sborník, říjen
1958, IV/21–IV/34, 1958b.
Robek, A.: Městské lidové kronikářství na
Rychnovsku I. Edice lidových kronikářských textů (Town
Folk Chronicle Writing of the Rychnov Region I. Edition of the Texts of Folk
Chronicles), Ústav pro etnografii a folkloristiku ČSAV, Praha, 1976.
Robek, A.: Městské lidové kronikářství na
Rychnovsku II. Edice lidových kronikářských textů (Town
Folk Chronicle Writing of the Rychnov Region II. Edition of the Texts of
Folk Chronicles), Ústav pro etnografii a folkloristiku ČSAV, Praha,
1978.
Rogers, M. S. and Ott, S. R.: Differential activation of serotonergic
neurons during short- and long-term gregarization of desert locusts, P.
Roy. Soc. B, 282, 20142062, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2062, 2015.
Roggenkamp, T. and Herget, J.: An extreme drought in the year 69 AD on Lower
Rhine. A quantitative reconstruction, Z. Geomorph., 59, 99–109,
https://doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2015/S-59205, 2015.
Romo, C. M. and Tylianakis, J. M.: Elevated temperature and drought interact
to reduce parasitoid effectiveness in suppressing hosts, PLoS ONE, 8, e58136, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058136, 2013.
Schebek, E. (Ed.): Die Getreidepreise zu Prag 1655 bis 1872, in:
Collectiv-Austellung von Beiträgen zur Geschichte der Preise
veranstaltet zur Welt-Ausstellung 1873 Wien von der Handels- und
Gewerbekammer in Prag, Katalog, Heinr. Mercy, Prag, 91–104, 1873.
Schleiden, H.: Versuch einer Geschichte des großes Brandes in Hamburg
vom 5. bis 8. Mai 1842. Auch als erläuternde Zugabe zu den 14
Speckter'schen Lithographien und dem Panorama, Mit einem Plane des Brandes
in seinem Fortschritt von 6 zu 6 Stunden, Hoffmaan und Campe, Hamburg, 1843.
Shmakin, A. B., Chernavskaya, M. M., and Popova, V. V.: “Velikaya” zasucha
2010 g. na Vostochno-Evropeyskoy Ravnine: istoricheskiye analogi,
cirkulyacionnyye mekhanismy (Great drought of 2010 in Eastern-European
plain: Historical analogues, circulation mechnisms), Izvestiya RAN – Ser.
Geogr., 6, 41–57, 2013.
Slonosky, V. C.: Wet winters, dry summers? Three centuries of precipitation
data from Paris, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1895, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014302, 2002.
Société nationale d'horticulture de Paris: Observations
météorologiques et horticoles recueillies à Villiers par M.
Jacques, Annales de la Société Royale d'Horticulture de Paris 30,
Paris, 1842.
Spinoni, J., Naumann, G., Vogt, J. V., and Barbosa, P.: The biggest drought
events in Europe from 1950 to 2012, J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 3, 509–524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.01.001, 2015.
Squintu, A. A., van der Schrier, G., Brugnara, Y., and Klein Tank, A.:
Homogenization of daily temperature series in the European Climate
Assessment & Dataset, Int. J. Climatol., 39, 1243–1261, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5874, 2019a.
Squintu, A. A., van der Schrier, G., van den Besselaar, E. J. M., Cornes,
R., and Klein Tank, A. M. G.: Building long and homogenous temperature
series in ECA&D: blending of neighbour series, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Clim., in review, 2019b.
Szabó, A.: Helytörténeti részletek a Kecskeméti Ferences
Rendház háztörténetéből 1644–1950 (Local history
excerpts from the Historia Domus of the Franciscan Friary in Kecskemét),
Bács-Kiskun megyei levéltári füzetek 6, Megyei
Levéltár, Kecskemét, 110, 1992.
Szaplonczay, M.: A Balaton (Lake Balaton), in:
Magyarország vármegyéi és városai, edited by: Csánki, D., Somogy megye, MTA,
Budapest, 21–29, 1914.
Szewczuk, J.: Kronika klęsk elementarnych w Galicji, 1772–1848
(Chronicle of Elemental Phenomena in Galicia, 1772–1848), Badania z
dziejów społecznych i gospodarczych 35, Lwów, 1939.
Tarand, A., Jaagus, J., and Kallis, A.: Eesti kliima minevikus ja
tänapäeval (Estonian Climate: Past and Present), Tartu Ülikool,
Kirjastus, 2013.
Uhe, P., Sjoukje, P., Kew, S., Shah, K., Kimutai, J., Mwangi, E., Van
Oldenborgh, G. J., Singh, R., Arrighi, J., Jjemba, E., Cullen, H., and Otto,
F.: Attributing drivers of the 2016 Kenyan drought, Int. J. Climatol., 38,
554–568, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5389, 2018.
van der Schrier, G., Efthymiadis, D., Briffa, K. R., and Jones, P. D.:
European Alpine moisture variability 1800–2003, Int. J. Climatol., 27,
415–427, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1411, 2007.
Van Loon, A. F., Gleeson, T., Clark, J., Van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Stahl, K.,
Hannaford, J., Di Baldassarre, J., Teuling, A. J., Tallaksen, L. M.,
Uijlenhoet, R., Hannah, D. M., Sheffield, J., Svoboda, M., Verberein, B.,
Wagener, T., Rangecroft, S., Wanders, N., and Van Lanen, H. A. J.: Drought
in the Anthropocene, Nat. Geosci., 9, 89–91, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2646, 2016a.
Van Loon, A. F., Stahl, K., Di Baldassarre, G., Clark, J., Rangecroft, S., Wanders, N., Gleeson, T., Van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Tallaksen, L. M., Hannaford, J., Uijlenhoet, R., Teuling, A. J., Hannah, D. M., Sheffield, J., Svoboda, M., Verbeiren, B., Wagener, T., and Van Lanen, H. A. J.: Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3631–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016, 2016b.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Beguería, S., and López-Moreno, J. I.: A
multi-scalar drought index sensitive to global warming: The Standardized
Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index – SPEI, J. Climate, 23, 1696–1718,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1, 2010.
Wetter, O., Pfister, C., Werner, J. P., Zorita, E., Wagner, S., Seneviratne,
S. I., Herget, J., Grünewald, U., Luterbacher, J., Alcoforado, M.-J.,
Barriendos, M., Bieber, U., Brázdil, R., Burmeister, K. H., Camenisch,
C., Contino, A., Dobrovolný, P., Glaser, R., Himmelsbach, I., Kiss, A.,
Kotyza, O., Labbé, T., Limanówka, D., Litzenburger, L., Nordli,
Ø., Pribyl, K., Retsö, D., Riemann, D., Rohr, C., Siegfried, W.,
Söderberg, J., and Spring, J.-L.: The year-long unprecedented European
heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case, Clim. Change, 125, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2, 2014.
Wilhite, D. A. and Pulwarty, R. S.: Drought as hazard: Understanding the
natural and social context, in:
Drought and Water Crises, edited by: Wilhite, D. A. and Pulwarty, R. S., Integrating Science, Management, and Policy, CRC
Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Bayton, 3–20, 2018.
Yihdego, Y.: Drought and pest management, in: Management of Drought and Water Scarcity, edite by: Eslamian, S. and Eslamian, F., CRC Press, Boca Raton,
2018.
Zahradníček, P., Trnka, M., Brázdil, R., Možný, M.,
Štěpánek, P., Hlavinka, P., Žalud, Z., Malý, A.,
Semerádová, D., Dobrovolný, P., Dubrovský, M., and
Řezníčková, L.: The extreme drought episode of August
2011–May 2012 in the Czech Republic, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 3335–3352,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4211, 2015.
Zhang, D. and Liang, Y.: A long lasting and extensive drought event over
China in 1876–1878, Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1/2, 91–99, https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00091, 2010.
Short summary
The paper presents analysis of the 1842 drought in Europe (except the Mediterranean) based on documentary data and instrumental records. First the meteorological background of this drought is shown (seasonal distribution of precipitation, annual variation of temperature, precipitation and drought indices, synoptic reasons) and effects of drought on water management, agriculture, and in society are described in detail with particular attention to human responses.
The paper presents analysis of the 1842 drought in Europe (except the Mediterranean) based on...
