Articles | Volume 21, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1633-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1633-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Sep 2025
Research article |
| 15 Sep 2025
| 15 Sep 2025
Perspective on ice age terminations from absolute chronologies provided by global speleothem records
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 80092, Switzerland
now at: Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY 10024, USA
Carlos Pérez-Mejías
Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
Heather M. Stoll
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 80092, Switzerland
Related authors
Nikita Kaushal, Franziska A. Lechleitner, Micah Wilhelm, Khalil Azennoud, Janica C. Bühler, Kerstin Braun, Yassine Ait Brahim, Andy Baker, Yuval Burstyn, Laia Comas-Bru, Jens Fohlmeister, Yonaton Goldsmith, Sandy P. Harrison, István G. Hatvani, Kira Rehfeld, Magdalena Ritzau, Vanessa Skiba, Heather M. Stoll, József G. Szűcs, Péter Tanos, Pauline C. Treble, Vitor Azevedo, Jonathan L. Baker, Andrea Borsato, Sakonvan Chawchai, Andrea Columbu, Laura Endres, Jun Hu, Zoltán Kern, Alena Kimbrough, Koray Koç, Monika Markowska, Belen Martrat, Syed Masood Ahmad, Carole Nehme, Valdir Felipe Novello, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Jiaoyang Ruan, Natasha Sekhon, Nitesh Sinha, Carol V. Tadros, Benjamin H. Tiger, Sophie Warken, Annabel Wolf, Haiwei Zhang, and SISAL Working Group members
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1933–1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1933-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1933-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Speleothems are a popular, multi-proxy climate archive that provide regional to global insights into past hydroclimate trends with precise chronologies. We present an update to the SISAL (Speleothem Isotopes
Synthesis and AnaLysis) database, SISALv3, which, for the first time, contains speleothem trace element records, in addition to an update to the stable isotope records available in previous versions of the database, cumulatively providing data from 365 globally distributed sites.
Synthesis and AnaLysis) database, SISALv3, which, for the first time, contains speleothem trace element records, in addition to an update to the stable isotope records available in previous versions of the database, cumulatively providing data from 365 globally distributed sites.
Sarah E. Parker, Sandy P. Harrison, Laia Comas-Bru, Nikita Kaushal, Allegra N. LeGrande, and Martin Werner
Clim. Past, 17, 1119–1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1119-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Regional trends in the oxygen isotope (δ18O) composition of stalagmites reflect several climate processes. We compare stalagmite δ18O records from monsoon regions and model simulations to identify the causes of δ18O variability over the last 12 000 years, and between glacial and interglacial states. Precipitation changes explain the glacial–interglacial δ18O changes in all monsoon regions; Holocene trends are due to a combination of precipitation, atmospheric circulation and temperature changes.
Nicolas Tapia, Laura Endres, Madalina Jaggi, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 22, 6861–6875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6861-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6861-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use stalagmites to study past changes in the terrestrial P cycle. Our P records from multiple, coeval stalagmites from Northwest Spain show that the onsets of past abrupt cooling events are characterized by multi-century reproducible peaks in stalagmite P which reflect higher groundwater P/Ca concentrations and enhanced P export, potentially resulting from increased freeze-thaw frequency and more intense infiltration from snowmelt.
Heather M. Stoll, Clara Bolton, Madalina Jaggi, Alfredo Martinez-Garcia, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Clim. Past, 21, 2189–2203, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2189-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2189-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In periods of high atmospheric CO2 many proxies suggest more extreme past polar warming than is simulated by current coupled climate models. Providing new data on high latitude temperatures in the South Atlantic over the last 15 million years using clumped isotope thermometry, we show that absolute temperatures may not have been as warm as indicated by some biomarker based proxy climate records.
José Guitián, Samuel Phelps, Reto S. Wijker, Pratigya J. Polissar, Laura Arnold, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past, 21, 2115–2132, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2115-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2115-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed from sediments of different ocean sites phytoplankton carbon isotopic fractionation (εp), mainly linked to CO2 variations, during the Oligocene to early Miocene. Data confirm Cenozoic long-term CO2 record but show contrasting relationships with the sea surface temperatures evolution. We evaluate the role of non-CO2 environmental factors such as temperature and nutrients at each site εp, highlighting the complexity of interpreting climate dynamics and CO2 reconstructions.
Reto Simon Wijker, Pere Aguiló-Nicolau, Madalina Jaggi, Jeroni Galmés, and Heather Marie Stoll
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5010, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5010, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Photosynthetic organisms leave characteristic carbon isotope fingerprints that help scientists study Earth’s carbon cycle. We developed a simpler laboratory method to measure these isotope effects in Rubisco, the key enzyme fixing CO2. Applying this approach, we obtained the first measurement for Gephyrocapsa oceanica, a widespread marine alga that plays a major role in ocean carbon cycling.
Laura Endres, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Ruza Ivanovic, Lauren Gregoire, Anna L. C. Hughes, Hai Cheng, and Heather Stoll
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3911, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3911, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Stable isotope data of a precisely dated stalagmite from northwestern Iberia indicate gradual North Atlantic meltwater input during the last glacial maximum, followed by abrupt surges early in the last deglaciation. The first abrupt surge was followed by cooling about 850 years later – unlike later events – which reveals that the Atlantic circulation’s sensitivity to meltwater is variable and related to the evolving background climate boundary conditions.
Juan Luis Bernal-Wormull, Ana Moreno, Yuri Dublyansky, Christoph Spötl, Reyes Giménez, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Miguel Bartolomé, Martin Arriolabengoa, Eneko Iriarte, Isabel Cacho, Richard Lawrence Edwards, and Hai Cheng
Clim. Past, 21, 1235–1261, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1235-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1235-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present a record of temperature changes during the last deglaciation and the Holocene using isotopes of fluid inclusions in stalagmites from the northeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula. This innovative climate proxy for this study region provides a quantitative understanding of the abrupt temperature changes in southern Europe in the last 16 500 years before present.
Judit Torner, Isabel Cacho, Heather Stoll, Ana Moreno, Joan O. Grimalt, Francisco J. Sierro, Joan J. Fornós, Hai Cheng, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 21, 465–487, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-465-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-465-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We offer a clearer view of the timing of three relevant past glacial terminations. By analyzing the climatic signal recorded in stalagmite and linking it with marine records, we revealed differences in the intensity and duration of the ice melting associated with these three key deglaciations. This study shows that some deglaciations began earlier than previously thought; this improves our understanding of natural climate processes, helping us to contextualize current climate change.
Alexander J. Clark, Ismael Torres-Romero, Madalina Jaggi, Stefano M. Bernasconi, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past, 20, 2081–2101, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2081-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2081-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coccoliths are abundant in sediments across the world’s oceans, yet it is difficult to apply traditional carbon or oxygen isotope methodologies for temperature reconstructions. We show that our coccolith clumped isotope temperature calibration with well-constrained temperatures systematically differs from inorganic carbonate calibrations. We suggest the use of our well-constrained calibration for future coccolith carbonate temperature reconstructions.
Nikita Kaushal, Franziska A. Lechleitner, Micah Wilhelm, Khalil Azennoud, Janica C. Bühler, Kerstin Braun, Yassine Ait Brahim, Andy Baker, Yuval Burstyn, Laia Comas-Bru, Jens Fohlmeister, Yonaton Goldsmith, Sandy P. Harrison, István G. Hatvani, Kira Rehfeld, Magdalena Ritzau, Vanessa Skiba, Heather M. Stoll, József G. Szűcs, Péter Tanos, Pauline C. Treble, Vitor Azevedo, Jonathan L. Baker, Andrea Borsato, Sakonvan Chawchai, Andrea Columbu, Laura Endres, Jun Hu, Zoltán Kern, Alena Kimbrough, Koray Koç, Monika Markowska, Belen Martrat, Syed Masood Ahmad, Carole Nehme, Valdir Felipe Novello, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Jiaoyang Ruan, Natasha Sekhon, Nitesh Sinha, Carol V. Tadros, Benjamin H. Tiger, Sophie Warken, Annabel Wolf, Haiwei Zhang, and SISAL Working Group members
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1933–1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1933-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1933-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Speleothems are a popular, multi-proxy climate archive that provide regional to global insights into past hydroclimate trends with precise chronologies. We present an update to the SISAL (Speleothem Isotopes
Synthesis and AnaLysis) database, SISALv3, which, for the first time, contains speleothem trace element records, in addition to an update to the stable isotope records available in previous versions of the database, cumulatively providing data from 365 globally distributed sites.
Synthesis and AnaLysis) database, SISALv3, which, for the first time, contains speleothem trace element records, in addition to an update to the stable isotope records available in previous versions of the database, cumulatively providing data from 365 globally distributed sites.
Miguel Bartolomé, Ana Moreno, Carlos Sancho, Isabel Cacho, Heather Stoll, Negar Haghipour, Ánchel Belmonte, Christoph Spötl, John Hellstrom, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Hai Cheng
Clim. Past, 20, 467–494, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructing past temperatures at regional scales during the Common Era is necessary to place the current warming in the context of natural climate variability. We present a climate reconstruction based on eight stalagmites from four caves in the Pyrenees, NE Spain. These stalagmites were dated precisely and analysed for their oxygen isotopes, which appear dominated by temperature changes. Solar variability and major volcanic eruptions are the two main drivers of observed climate variability.
Heather M. Stoll, Leopoldo D. Pena, Ivan Hernandez-Almeida, José Guitián, Thomas Tanner, and Heiko Pälike
Clim. Past, 20, 25–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-25-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-25-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Oligocene and early Miocene periods featured dynamic glacial cycles on Antarctica. In this paper, we use Sr isotopes in marine carbonate sediments to document a change in the location and intensity of continental weathering during short periods of very intense Antarctic glaciation. Potentially, the weathering intensity of old continental rocks on Antarctica was reduced during glaciation. We also show improved age models for correlation of Southern Ocean and North Atlantic sediments.
Heather M. Stoll, Chris Day, Franziska Lechleitner, Oliver Kost, Laura Endres, Jakub Sliwinski, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Hai Cheng, and Denis Scholz
Clim. Past, 19, 2423–2444, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stalagmites formed in caves provide valuable information about past changes in climate and vegetation conditions. In this contribution, we present a new method to better estimate past changes in soil and vegetation productivity using carbon isotopes and trace elements measured in stalagmites. Applying this method to other stalagmites should provide a better indication of past vegetation feedbacks to climate change.
Oliver Kost, Saúl González-Lemos, Laura Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Jakub Sliwinski, Laura Endres, Negar Haghipour, and Heather Stoll
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2227–2255, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2227-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2227-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cave monitoring studies including cave drip water are unique opportunities to sample water which has percolated through the soil and rock. The change in drip water chemistry is resolved over the course of 16 months, inferring seasonal and hydrological variations in soil and karst processes at the water–air and water–rock interface. Such data sets improve the understanding of hydrological and hydrochemical processes and ultimately advance the interpretation of geochemical stalagmite records.
Amanda Gerotto, Hongrui Zhang, Renata Hanae Nagai, Heather M. Stoll, Rubens César Lopes Figueira, Chuanlian Liu, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 20, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of the response of coccolithophores’ morphological attributes in a laboratory dissolution experiment and surface sediment samples from the South China Sea, we proposed that the thickness shape (ks) factor of fossil coccoliths together with the normalized ks variation, which is the ratio of the standard deviation of ks (σ) over the mean ks (σ/ks), is a robust and novel proxy to reconstruct past changes in deep ocean carbon chemistry.
Jessica G. M. Crumpton-Banks, Thomas Tanner, Ivan Hernández Almeida, James W. B. Rae, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 19, 5633–5644, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5633-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5633-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Past ocean carbon is reconstructed using proxies, but it is unknown whether preparing ocean sediment for one proxy might damage the data given by another. We have tested whether the extraction of an organic proxy archive from sediment samples impacts the geochemistry of tiny shells also within the sediment. We find no difference in shell geochemistry between samples which come from treated and untreated sediment. This will help us to maximize scientific return from valuable sediment samples.
José Guitián, Miguel Ángel Fuertes, José-Abel Flores, Iván Hernández-Almeida, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 19, 5007–5019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5007-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of environmental conditions on the degree of calcification of marine phytoplankton remains unclear. This study implements a new microscopic approach to quantify the calcification of ancient coccolithophores, using North Atlantic sediments. Results show significant differences in the thickness and shape factor of coccoliths for samples with minimum dissolution, providing the first evaluation of phytoplankton physiology adaptation to million-year-scale variable environmental conditions.
Franziska A. Lechleitner, Christopher C. Day, Oliver Kost, Micah Wilhelm, Negar Haghipour, Gideon M. Henderson, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past, 17, 1903–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is a critical but poorly constrained component of the global carbon cycle. We analyse the effect of changing soil respiration rates on the stable carbon isotope ratio of speleothems from northern Spain covering the last deglaciation. Using geochemical analysis and forward modelling we quantify the processes affecting speleothem stable carbon isotope ratios and extract a signature of increasing soil respiration synchronous with deglacial warming.
Ana Moreno, Miguel Iglesias, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Miguel Bartolomé, Carlos Sancho, Heather Stoll, Isabel Cacho, Jaime Frigola, Cinta Osácar, Arsenio Muñoz, Antonio Delgado-Huertas, Ileana Bladé, and Françoise Vimeux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10159–10177, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a large and unique dataset of the rainfall isotopic composition at seven sites from northern Iberia to characterize their variability at daily and monthly timescales and to assess the role of climate and geographic factors in the modulation of δ18O values. We found that the origin, moisture uptake along the trajectory and type of precipitation play a key role. These results will help to improve the interpretation of δ18O paleorecords from lacustrine carbonates or speleothems.
Sarah E. Parker, Sandy P. Harrison, Laia Comas-Bru, Nikita Kaushal, Allegra N. LeGrande, and Martin Werner
Clim. Past, 17, 1119–1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1119-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Regional trends in the oxygen isotope (δ18O) composition of stalagmites reflect several climate processes. We compare stalagmite δ18O records from monsoon regions and model simulations to identify the causes of δ18O variability over the last 12 000 years, and between glacial and interglacial states. Precipitation changes explain the glacial–interglacial δ18O changes in all monsoon regions; Holocene trends are due to a combination of precipitation, atmospheric circulation and temperature changes.
Hongrui Zhang, Chuanlian Liu, Luz María Mejía, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 18, 1909–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1909-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1909-2021, 2021
Ana Moreno, Miguel Bartolomé, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, Jorge Pey, Juan Pablo Corella, Jordi García-Orellana, Carlos Sancho, María Leunda, Graciela Gil-Romera, Penélope González-Sampériz, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Francisco Navarro, Jaime Otero-García, Javier Lapazaran, Esteban Alonso-González, Cristina Cid, Jerónimo López-Martínez, Belén Oliva-Urcia, Sérgio Henrique Faria, María José Sierra, Rocío Millán, Xavier Querol, Andrés Alastuey, and José M. García-Ruíz
The Cryosphere, 15, 1157–1172, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1157-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1157-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study of the chronological sequence of Monte Perdido Glacier in the Central Pyrenees (Spain) reveals that, although the intense warming associated with the Roman period or Medieval Climate Anomaly produced important ice mass losses, it was insufficient to make this glacier disappear. By contrast, recent global warming has melted away almost 600 years of ice accumulated since the Little Ice Age, jeopardising the survival of this and other southern European glaciers over the next few decades.
Cited articles
Adkins, J. F., McIntyre, K., and Schrag, D. P.: The Salinity, Temperature, and δ18O of the Glacial Deep Ocean, Science, 298, 1769–1773, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076252, 2002.
Affolter, S., Steinmann, P., Aemisegger, F., Purtschert, R., and Leuenberger, M.: Origin and percolation times of Milandre Cave drip water determined by tritium time series and beryllium-7 data from Switzerland, J. Environ. Radioactiv., 222, 106346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106346, 2020.
Alley, R. B. and Cuffey, K. M.: 9. Oxygen- and Hydrogen-Isotopic Ratios of Water in Precipitation: Beyond Paleothermometry, in: 9. Oxygen- and Hydrogen-Isotopic Ratios of Water in Precipitation: Beyond Paleothermometry, De Gruyter, 527–554, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501508745-012, 2018.
Amirnezhad-Mozhdehi, S. and Comas-Bru, L.: MATLAB scripts to produce OxCal chronologies for SISAL database (scripts V1), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3586280, 2019.
Atsawawaranunt, K., Comas-Bru, L., Amirnezhad Mozhdehi, S., Deininger, M., Harrison, S. P., Baker, A., Boyd, M., Kaushal, N., Ahmad, S. M., Ait Brahim, Y., Arienzo, M., Bajo, P., Braun, K., Burstyn, Y., Chawchai, S., Duan, W., Hatvani, I. G., Hu, J., Kern, Z., Labuhn, I., Lachniet, M., Lechleitner, F. A., Lorrey, A., Pérez-Mejías, C., Pickering, R., Scroxton, N., and SISAL Working Group Members: The SISAL database: a global resource to document oxygen and carbon isotope records from speleothems, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1687–1713, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1687-2018, 2018a.
Atsawawaranunt, K., Harrison, S., and Comas Bru, L.: SISAL (Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis Working Group) database Version 1.0, University of Reading repository CentAUR [data set], https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.147, 2018b.
Atsawawaranunt, K., Harrison, S., and Comas-Bru, L.: SISAL (Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis Working Group) database version 1b, University of Reading repository CentAUR [data set], https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.189, 2019.
Badertscher, S., Fleitmann, D., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Göktürk, O. M., Zumbühl, A., Leuenberger, M., and Tüysüz, O.: Pleistocene water intrusions from the Mediterranean and Caspian seas into the Black Sea, Nat. Geosci., 4, 236–239, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1106, 2011.
Bajo, P., Drysdale, R. N., Woodhead, J. D., Hellstrom, J. C., Hodell, D., Ferretti, P., Voelker, A. H. L., Zanchetta, G., Rodrigues, T., Wolff, E., Tyler, J., Frisia, S., Spötl, C., and Fallick, A. E.: Persistent influence of obliquity on ice age terminations since the Middle Pleistocene transition, Science, 367, 1235–1239, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1114, 2020.
Barker, S. and Knorr, G.: Millennial scale feedbacks determine the shape and rapidity of glacial termination, Nat. Commun., 12, 2273, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22388-6, 2021.
Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Gilmour, M., Matthews, A., and Hawkesworth, C. J.: Sea–land oxygen isotopic relationships from planktonic foraminifera and speleothems in the Eastern Mediterranean region and their implication for paleorainfall during interglacial intervals, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 3181–3199, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01031-1, 2003.
Bengtson, S. A., Menviel, L. C., Meissner, K. J., Missiaen, L., Peterson, C. D., Lisiecki, L. E., and Joos, F.: Lower oceanic δ13C during the last interglacial period compared to the Holocene, Clim. Past, 17, 507–528, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-507-2021, 2021.
Bong, H., Cauquoin, A., Okazaki, A., Chang, E.-C., Werner, M., Wei, Z., Yeo, N., and Yoshimura, K.: Process-Based Intercomparison of Water Isotope-Enabled Models and Reanalysis Nudging Effects, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, e2023JD038719, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038719, 2024.
Breitenbach, S. F. M., Adkins, J. F., Meyer, H., Marwan, N., Kumar, K. K., and Haug, G. H.: Strong influence of water vapor source dynamics on stable isotopes in precipitation observed in Southern Meghalaya, NE India, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 292, 212–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.038, 2010.
Brook, E. J. and Buizert, C.: Antarctic and global climate history viewed from ice cores, Nature, 558, 200–208, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0172-5, 2018.
Buckingham, F. L., Carolin, S. A., Partin, J. W., Adkins, J. F., Cobb, K. M., Day, C. C., Ding, Q., He, C., Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B., Roberts, W. H. G., Lejau, S., and Malang, J.: Termination 1 Millennial-Scale Rainfall Events Over the Sunda Shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096937, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096937, 2022.
Caballero-Gill, R. P., Clemens, S. C., and Prell, W. L.: Direct correlation of Chinese speleothem δ18O and South China Sea planktonic δ18O: Transferring a speleothem chronology to the benthic marine chronology, Paleoceanography, 27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011PA002268, 2012.
Cai, Y., Fung, I. Y., Edwards, R. L., An, Z., Cheng, H., Lee, J.-E., Tan, L., Shen, C.-C., Wang, X., Day, J. A., Zhou, W., Kelly, M. J., and Chiang, J. C. H.: Variability of stalagmite-inferred Indian monsoon precipitation over the past 252 000 yr, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 2954–2959, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424035112, 2015.
Caillon, N., Severinghaus, J. P., Jouzel, J., Barnola, J.-M., Kang, J., and Lipenkov, V. Y.: Timing of Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic Temperature Changes Across Termination III, Science, 299, 1728–1731, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078758, 2003.
Caley, T., Roche, D. M., Waelbroeck, C., and Michel, E.: Oxygen stable isotopes during the Last Glacial Maximum climate: perspectives from data–model (iLOVECLIM) comparison, Clim. Past, 10, 1939–1955, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1939-2014, 2014.
Capron, E., Rovere, A., Austermann, J., Axford, Y., Barlow, N. L. M., Carlson, A. E., de Vernal, A., Dutton, A., Kopp, R. E., McManus, J. F., Menviel, L., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Robinson, A., Shakun, J. D., Tzedakis, P. C., and Wolff, E. W.: Challenges and research priorities to understand interactions between climate, ice sheets and global mean sea level during past interglacials, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 219, 308–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.030, 2019.
Carlson, A. E. and Winsor, K.: Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet responses to past climate warming, Nat. Geosci., 5, 607–613, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1528, 2012.
Carolin, S. A., Cobb, K. M., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Moerman, J. W., Partin, J. W., Lejau, S., Malang, J., Clark, B., Tuen, A. A., and Adkins, J. F.: Northern Borneo stalagmite records reveal West Pacific hydroclimate across MIS 5 and 6, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 439, 182–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.028, 2016.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Wang, Y., Kong, X., Ming, Y., Kelly, M. J., Wang, X., Gallup, C. D., and Liu, W.: A penultimate glacial monsoon record from Hulu Cave and two-phase glacial terminations, Geology, 34, 217–220, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22289.1, 2006.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Broecker, W. S., Denton, G. H., Kong, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, R., and Wang, X.: Ice Age Terminations, Science, 326, 248–252, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177840, 2009.
Cheng, H., Sinha, A., Cruz, F. W., Wang, X., Edwards, R. L., d'Horta, F. M., Ribas, C. C., Vuille, M., Stott, L. D., and Auler, A. S.: Climate change patterns in Amazonia and biodiversity, Nat. Commun., 4, 1411, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2415, 2013.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Sinha, A., Spötl, C., Yi, L., Chen, S., Kelly, M., Kathayat, G., Wang, X., Li, X., Kong, X., Wang, Y., Ning, Y., and Zhang, H.: The Asian monsoon over the past 640 000 years and ice age terminations, Nature, 534, 640–646, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18591, 2016a.
Cheng, H., Spötl, C., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Sinha, A., Wassenburg, J. A., Jochum, K. P., Scholz, D., Li, X., Yi, L., Peng, Y., Lv, Y., Zhang, P., Votintseva, A., Loginov, V., Ning, Y., Kathayat, G., and Edwards, R. L.: Climate variations of Central Asia on orbital to millennial timescales, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 36975, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36975, 2016b.
Cheng, H., Springer, G. S., Sinha, A., Hardt, B. F., Yi, L., Li, H., Tian, Y., Li, X., Rowe, H. D., Kathayat, G., Ning, Y., and Edwards, R. L.: Eastern North American climate in phase with fall insolation throughout the last three glacial-interglacial cycles, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 522, 125–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.06.029, 2019.
Chiang, J. C. H., Herman, M. J., Yoshimura, K., and Fung, I. Y.: Enriched East Asian oxygen isotope of precipitation indicates reduced summer seasonality in regional climate and westerlies, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 14745–14750, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922602117, 2020.
Comas-Bru, L., Harrison, S. P., Werner, M., Rehfeld, K., Scroxton, N., Veiga-Pires, C., and SISAL working group members: Evaluating model outputs using integrated global speleothem records of climate change since the last glacial, Clim. Past, 15, 1557–1579, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1557-2019, 2019.
Comas-Bru, L., Atsawawaranunt, K., Harrison, S., and PAGES SISAL working group members: SISAL (Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis Working Group) database version 2.0, University of Reading repository CentAUR [data set], https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.256, 2020a.
Comas-Bru, L., Rehfeld, K., Roesch, C., Amirnezhad-Mozhdehi, S., Harrison, S. P., Atsawawaranunt, K., Ahmad, S. M., Brahim, Y. A., Baker, A., Bosomworth, M., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Burstyn, Y., Columbu, A., Deininger, M., Demény, A., Dixon, B., Fohlmeister, J., Hatvani, I. G., Hu, J., Kaushal, N., Kern, Z., Labuhn, I., Lechleitner, F. A., Lorrey, A., Martrat, B., Novello, V. F., Oster, J., Pérez-Mejías, C., Scholz, D., Scroxton, N., Sinha, N., Ward, B. M., Warken, S., Zhang, H., and SISAL Working Group members: SISALv2: a comprehensive speleothem isotope database with multiple age–depth models, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2579–2606, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2579-2020, 2020b.
Dallmeyer, A., Claussen, M., and Otto, J.: Contribution of oceanic and vegetation feedbacks to Holocene climate change in monsoonal Asia, Clim. Past, 6, 195–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-195-2010, 2010.
Dansgaard, W.: The O18-abundance in fresh water, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 6, 241–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(54)90003-4, 1954.
Dansgaard, W.: Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, 16, 436–468, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v16i4.8993, 1964.
Demény, A., Rinyu, L., Kern, Z., Hatvani, I. G., Czuppon, G., Surányi, G., Leél-Őssy, S., Shen, C.-C., and Koltai, G.: Paleotemperature reconstructions using speleothem fluid inclusion analyses from Hungary, Chem. Geol., 563, 120051, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120051, 2021.
Denton, G. H., Alley, R. B., Comer, G. C., and Broecker, W. S.: The role of seasonality in abrupt climate change, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1159–1182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.12.002, 2005.
Denton, G. H., Anderson, R. F., Toggweiler, J. R., Edwards, R. L., Schaefer, J. M., and Putnam, A. E.: The Last Glacial Termination, Science, 328, 1652–1656, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184119, 2010.
DiNezio, P. N. and Tierney, J. E.: The effect of sea level on glacial Indo-Pacific climate, Nat. Geosci., 6, 485–491, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1823, 2013.
Di Nezio, P. N., Timmermann, A., Tierney, J. E., Jin, F.-F., Otto-Bliesner, B., Rosenbloom, N., Mapes, B., Neale, R., Ivanovic, R. F., and Montenegro, A.: The climate response of the Indo-Pacific warm pool to glacial sea level, Paleoceanography, 31, 866–894, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002890, 2016.
Dong, X., Kathayat, G., Rasmussen, S. O., Svensson, A., Severinghaus, J. P., Li, H., Sinha, A., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Shi, Z., Cai, Y., Pérez-Mejías, C., Baker, J., Zhao, J., Spötl, C., Columbu, A., Ning, Y., Stríkis, N. M., Chen, S., Wang, X., Gupta, A. K., Dutt, S., Zhang, F., Cruz, F. W., An, Z., Lawrence Edwards, R., and Cheng, H.: Coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean dynamics during Heinrich Stadial 2, Nat. Commun., 13, 5867, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33583-4, 2022.
Drysdale, R. N., Hellstrom, J. C., Zanchetta, G., Fallick, A. E., Sánchez Goñi, M. F., Couchoud, I., McDonald, J., Maas, R., Lohmann, G., and Isola, I.: Evidence for Obliquity Forcing of Glacial Termination II, Science, 325, 1527–1531, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170371, 2009.
Du, X., Russell, J. M., Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Gao, Y., Zhu, C., Oppo, D. W., Mohtadi, M., Yan, Y., Galy, V. V., and He, C.: Deglacial trends in Indo-Pacific warm pool hydroclimate in an isotope-enabled Earth system model and implications for isotope-based paleoclimate reconstructions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 270, 107188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107188, 2021.
Duplessy, J. C., Bard, E., Arnold, M., Shackleton, N. J., Duprat, J., and Labeyrie, L.: How fast did the ocean – atmosphere system run during the last deglaciation?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 103, 27–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90147-A, 1991.
Duplessy, J.-C., Labeyrie, L., and Waelbroeck, C.: Constraints on the ocean oxygen isotopic enrichment between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Holocene: Paleoceanographic implications, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 315–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00107-X, 2002.
Elderfield, H., Ferretti, P., Greaves, M., Crowhurst, S., McCave, I. N., Hodell, D., and Piotrowski, A. M.: Evolution of Ocean Temperature and Ice Volume Through the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition, Science, 337, 704–709, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1221294, 2012.
Fairchild, I. J. and Treble, P. C.: Trace elements in speleothems as recorders of environmental change, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 449–468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.11.007, 2009.
Fairchild, I. J., Borsato, A., Tooth, A. F., Frisia, S., Hawkesworth, C. J., Huang, Y., McDermott, F., and Spiro, B.: Controls on trace element (Sr–Mg) compositions of carbonate cave waters: implications for speleothem climatic records, Chem. Geol., 166, 255–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00216-8, 2000.
Fernandez, A., Løland, M. H., Maccali, J., Krüger, Y., Vonhof, H. B., Sodemann, H., and Meckler, A. N.: Characterization and Correction of Evaporative Artifacts in Speleothem Fluid Inclusion Isotope Analyses as Applied to a Stalagmite From Borneo, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 24, e2023GC010857, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC010857, 2023.
Fischer, H., Wahlen, M., Smith, J., Mastroianni, D., and Deck, B.: Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations, Science, 283, 1712–1714, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5408.1712, 1999.
Fohlmeister, J.: A statistical approach to construct composite climate records of dated archives, Quat. Geochronol., 14, 48–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2012.06.007, 2012.
Fohlmeister, J., Arps, J., Spötl, C., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Plessen, B., Günter, C., Frank, N., and Trüssel, M.: Carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation in the water-calcite-aragonite system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 235, 127–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.05.022, 2018.
Frumkin, A., Ford, D. C., and Schwarcz, H. P.: Continental Oxygen Isotopic Record of the Last 170 000 Years in Jerusalem, Quaternary Res., 51, 317–327, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.2031, 1999.
Gallup, C. D., Cheng, H., Taylor, F. W., and Edwards, R. L.: Direct Determination of the Timing of Sea Level Change During Termination II, Science, 295, 310–313, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065494, 2002.
Gat, J. R.: Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in the Hydrologic Cycle, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 24, 225–262, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.225, 1996.
Genty, D., Baker, A., Massault, M., Proctor, C., Gilmour, M., Pons-Branchu, E., and Hamelin, B.: Dead carbon in stalagmites: carbonate bedrock paleodissolution vs. ageing of soil organic matter. Implications for 13C variations in speleothems, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 65, 3443–3457, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00697-4, 2001.
Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ouahdi, R., Gilmour, M., Baker, A., Jouzel, J., and Van-Exter, S.: Precise dating of Dansgaard–Oeschger climate oscillations in western Europe from stalagmite data, Nature, 421, 833–837, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01391, 2003.
Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ghaleb, B., Plagnes, V., Causse, Ch., Bakalowicz, M., Zouari, K., Chkir, N., Hellstrom, J., Wainer, K., and Bourges, F.: Timing and dynamics of the last deglaciation from European and North African δ13C stalagmite profiles – comparison with Chinese and South Hemisphere stalagmites, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2118–2142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.01.030, 2006.
Grant, K. M., Rohling, E. J., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Medina-Elizalde, M., Ramsey, C. B., Satow, C., and Roberts, A. P.: Rapid coupling between ice volume and polar temperature over the past 150 000 years, Nature, 491, 744–747, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11593, 2012.
Grant, K. M., Rohling, E. J., Ramsey, C. B., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Florindo, F., Heslop, D., Marra, F., Roberts, A. P., Tamisiea, M. E., and Williams, F.: Sea-level variability over five glacial cycles, Nat. Commun., 5, 5076, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6076, 2014.
Hardt, B., Rowe, H. D., Springer, G. S., Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L.: The seasonality of east central North American precipitation based on three coeval Holocene speleothems from southern West Virginia, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 295, 342–348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.002, 2010.
Harmon, R. S., Schwarcz, H. P., and O'Neil, J. R.: D/H ratios in speleothem fluid inclusions: A guide to variations in the isotopic composition of meteoric precipitation?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 42, 254–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90033-5, 1979.
He, C., Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Brady, E. C., Zhu, C., Tomas, R., Clark, P. U., Zhu, J., Jahn, A., Gu, S., Zhang, J., Nusbaumer, J., Noone, D., Cheng, H., Wang, Y., Yan, M., and Bao, Y.: Hydroclimate footprint of pan-Asian monsoon water isotope during the last deglaciation, Sci. Adv., 7, eabe2611, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe2611, 2021.
Held, F., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Tüysüz, O., Koç, K., and Fleitmann, D.: Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles of the penultimate and last glacial period recorded in stalagmites from Türkiye, Nat. Commun., 15, 1183, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45507-5, 2024.
Hobart, B., Lisiecki, L. E., Rand, D., Lee, T., and Lawrence, C. E.: Late Pleistocene 100 kyr glacial cycles paced by precession forcing of summer insolation, Nat. Geosci., 16, 717–722, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01235-x, 2023.
Ivanovic, R. F., Gregoire, L. J., Kageyama, M., Roche, D. M., Valdes, P. J., Burke, A., Drummond, R., Peltier, W. R., and Tarasov, L.: Transient climate simulations of the deglaciation 21–9 thousand years before present (version 1) – PMIP4 Core experiment design and boundary conditions, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2563–2587, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2563-2016, 2016.
Jackson, L. C. and Wood, R. A.: Timescales of AMOC decline in response to fresh water forcing, Clim. Dynam., 51, 1333–1350, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3957-6, 2018.
Johnson, K. R., Hu, C., Belshaw, N. S., and Henderson, G. M.: Seasonal trace-element and stable-isotope variations in a Chinese speleothem: The potential for high-resolution paleomonsoon reconstruction, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 244, 394–407, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.064, 2006.
Kathayat, G., Cheng, H., Sinha, A., Spötl, C., Edwards, R. L., Zhang, H., Li, X., Yi, L., Ning, Y., Cai, Y., Lui, W. L., and Breitenbach, S. F. M.: Indian monsoon variability on millennial-orbital timescales, Sci. Rep.-UK, 6, 24374, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24374, 2016.
Kaushal, N., Lechleitner, F. A., Wilhelm, M., Azennoud, K., Bühler, J. C., Braun, K., Ait Brahim, Y., Baker, A., Burstyn, Y., Comas-Bru, L., Fohlmeister, J., Goldsmith, Y., Harrison, S. P., Hatvani, I. G., Rehfeld, K., Ritzau, M., Skiba, V., Stoll, H. M., Szűcs, J. G., Tanos, P., Treble, P. C., Azevedo, V., Baker, J. L., Borsato, A., Chawchai, S., Columbu, A., Endres, L., Hu, J., Kern, Z., Kimbrough, A., Koç, K., Markowska, M., Martrat, B., Masood Ahmad, S., Nehme, C., Novello, V. F., Pérez-Mejías, C., Ruan, J., Sekhon, N., Sinha, N., Tadros, C. V., Tiger, B. H., Warken, S., Wolf, A., Zhang, H., and SISAL Working Group members: SISALv3: a global speleothem stable isotope and trace element database, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1933–1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1933-2024, 2024a.
Kaushal, N., Lechleitner, F. A., Wilhelm, M., and PAGES SISAL working group members: SISALv3: Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis database version 3.0, Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5287/ora-2nanwp4rk, 2024b.
Kawamura, K., Parrenin, F., Lisiecki, L., Uemura, R., Vimeux, F., Severinghaus, J. P., Hutterli, M. A., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., Jouzel, J., Raymo, M. E., Matsumoto, K., Nakata, H., Motoyama, H., Fujita, S., Goto-Azuma, K., Fujii, Y., and Watanabe, O.: Northern Hemisphere forcing of climatic cycles in Antarctica over the past 360 000 years, Nature, 448, 912–916, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06015, 2007.
Kelly, M. J., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., Yuan, D., Cai, Y., Zhang, M., Lin, Y., and An, Z.: High resolution characterization of the Asian Monsoon between 146 000 and 99 000 years B. P. from Dongge Cave, China and global correlation of events surrounding Termination II, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 236, 20–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.11.042, 2006.
Kim, S.-T., Mucci, A., and Taylor, B. E.: Phosphoric acid fractionation factors for calcite and aragonite between 25 and 75 °C: Revisited, Chem. Geol., 246, 135–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.08.005, 2007.
Kimbrough, A. K., Gagan, M. K., Dunbar, G. B., Hantoro, W. S., Shen, C.-C., Hu, H.-M., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Rifai, H., and Suwargadi, B. W.: Multi-proxy validation of glacial-interglacial rainfall variations in southwest Sulawesi, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00873-8, 2023.
Koltai, G., Spötl, C., Shen, C.-C., Wu, C.-C., Rao, Z., Palcsu, L., Kele, S., Surányi, G., and Bárány-Kevei, I.: A penultimate glacial climate record from southern Hungary, J. Quaternary Sci., 32, 946–956, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2968, 2017.
Lachniet, M. S., Denniston, R. F., Asmerom, Y., and Polyak, V. J.: Orbital control of western North America atmospheric circulation and climate over two glacial cycles, Nat. Commun., 5, 3805, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4805, 2014.
Lamy, F., Kaiser, J., Arz, H. W., Hebbeln, D., Ninnemann, U., Timm, O., Timmermann, A., and Toggweiler, J. R.: Modulation of the bipolar seesaw in the Southeast Pacific during Termination 1, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 259, 400–413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.04.040, 2007.
Lea, D. W., Pak, D. K., Peterson, L. C., and Hughen, K. A.: Synchroneity of Tropical and High-Latitude Atlantic Temperatures over the Last Glacial Termination, Science, 301, 1361–1364, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1088470, 2003.
Lechleitner, F. A., Day, C. C., Kost, O., Wilhelm, M., Haghipour, N., Henderson, G. M., and Stoll, H. M.: Stalagmite carbon isotopes suggest deglacial increase in soil respiration in western Europe driven by temperature change, Clim. Past, 17, 1903–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, 2021.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: Plio–Pleistocene climate evolution: trends and transitions in glacial cycle dynamics, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 56–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.09.005, 2007.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Stern, J. V.: Regional and global benthic δ18O stacks for the last glacial cycle, Paleoceanography, 31, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA003002, 2016.
Liu, X., Rao, Z., Zhang, X., Huang, W., Chen, J., and Chen, F.: Variations in the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains region and their significance for the Westerly circulation, J. Geogr. Sci., 25, 801–816, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1203-x, 2015.
Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., He, F., Brady, E. C., Tomas, R., Clark, P. U., Carlson, A. E., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Curry, W., Brook, E., Erickson, D., Jacob, R., Kutzbach, J., and Cheng, J.: Transient Simulation of Last Deglaciation with a New Mechanism for Bølling-Allerød Warming, Science, 325, 310–314, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171041, 2009.
Liu, Z., Wen, X., Brady, E. C., Otto-Bliesner, B., Yu, G., Lu, H., Cheng, H., Wang, Y., Zheng, W., Ding, Y., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, J., Liu, W., and Yang, H.: Chinese cave records and the East Asia Summer Monsoon, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 83, 115–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.021, 2014.
Maher, B. A.: Holocene variability of the East Asian summer monsoon from Chinese cave records: a re-assessment, The Holocene, 18, 861–866, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683608095569, 2008.
Matthews, A., Affek, H. P., Ayalon, A., Vonhof, H. B., and Bar-Matthews, M.: Eastern Mediterranean climate change deduced from the Soreq Cave fluid inclusion stable isotopes and carbonate clumped isotopes record of the last 160 ka, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 272, 107223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107223, 2021.
Meckler, A. N., Clarkson, M. O., Cobb, K. M., Sodemann, H., and Adkins, J. F.: Interglacial Hydroclimate in the Tropical West Pacific Through the Late Pleistocene, Science, 336, 1301–1304, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1218340, 2012.
Meckler, A. N., Affolter, S., Dublyansky, Y. V., Krüger, Y., Vogel, N., Bernasconi, S. M., Frenz, M., Kipfer, R., Leuenberger, M., Spötl, C., Carolin, S., Cobb, K. M., Moerman, J., Adkins, J. F., and Fleitmann, D.: Glacial–interglacial temperature change in the tropical West Pacific: A comparison of stalagmite-based paleo-thermometers, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 127, 90–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.015, 2015.
Menviel, L., Capron, E., Govin, A., Dutton, A., Tarasov, L., Abe-Ouchi, A., Drysdale, R. N., Gibbard, P. L., Gregoire, L., He, F., Ivanovic, R. F., Kageyama, M., Kawamura, K., Landais, A., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Oyabu, I., Tzedakis, P. C., Wolff, E., and Zhang, X.: The penultimate deglaciation: protocol for Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) phase 4 transient numerical simulations between 140 and 127 ka, version 1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3649–3685, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3649-2019, 2019.
Mitsui, T., Tzedakis, P. C., and Wolff, E. W.: Insolation evolution and ice volume legacies determine interglacial and glacial intensity, Clim. Past, 18, 1983–1996, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1983-2022, 2022.
Moseley, G. E., Spötl, C., Cheng, H., Boch, R., Min, A., and Edwards, R. L.: Termination-II interstadial/stadial climate change recorded in two stalagmites from the north European Alps, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 127, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.012, 2015.
Nehme, C., Kluge, T., Verheyden, S., Nader, F., Charalambidou, I., Weissbach, T., Gucel, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Satterfield, L., Eiche, E., and Claeys, P.: Speleothem record from Pentadactylos cave (Cyprus): new insights into climatic variations during MIS 6 and MIS 5 in the Eastern Mediterranean, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 250, 106663, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106663, 2020.
Obase, T., Abe-Ouchi, A., and Saito, F.: Abrupt climate changes in the last two deglaciations simulated with different Northern ice sheet discharge and insolation, Sci. Rep.-UK, 11, 22359, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01651-2, 2021.
Parker, S. E., Harrison, S. P., Comas-Bru, L., Kaushal, N., LeGrande, A. N., and Werner, M.: A data–model approach to interpreting speleothem oxygen isotope records from monsoon regions, Clim. Past, 17, 1119–1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1119-2021, 2021.
Pausata, F. S. R., Battisti, D. S., Nisancioglu, K. H., and Bitz, C. M.: Chinese stalagmite δ18O controlled by changes in the Indian monsoon during a simulated Heinrich event, Nat. Geosci., 4, 474–480, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1169, 2011.
Pérez-Mejías, C., Moreno, A., Sancho, C., Bartolomé, M., Stoll, H., Cacho, I., Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L.: Abrupt climate changes during Termination III in Southern Europe, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 10047–10052, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619615114, 2017.
Raymo, M. E., Lisiecki, L. E., and Nisancioglu, K. H.: Plio-Pleistocene Ice Volume, Antarctic Climate, and the Global δ18O Record, Science, 313, 492–495, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123296, 2006.
Rehfeld, K. and Bühler, J.: Age-depth model ensembles for SISAL v3 speleothem records, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10726619, 2024.
Rehfeld, K., Roesch, C., Comas-Bru, L., and Amirnezhad-Mozhdehi, S.: Age-depth model ensembles for SISAL v2 speleothem records (1.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3816804, 2020.
Risi, C., Bony, S., and Vimeux, F.: Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (δ18O and δD) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 2. Physical interpretation of the amount effect, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009943, 2008.
Rozanski, K., Araguás-Araguás, L., and Gonfiantini, R.: Isotopic Patterns in Modern Global Precipitation, in: Geophysical Monograph Series, edited by: Swart, P. K., Lohmann, K. C., Mckenzie, J., and Savin, S., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., 1–36, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM078p0001, 2013.
Schrag, D. P., Hampt, G., and Murray, D. W.: Pore Fluid Constraints on the Temperature and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Glacial Ocean, Science, 272, 1930–1932, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5270.1930, 1996.
Schrag, D. P., Adkins, J. F., McIntyre, K., Alexander, J. L., Hodell, D. A., Charles, C. D., and McManus, J. F.: The oxygen isotopic composition of seawater during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 331–342, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00110-X, 2002.
Shakun, J. D., Burns, S. J., Clark, P. U., Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L.: Milankovitch-paced Termination II in a Nevada speleothem?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048560, 2011.
Shakun, J. D., Lea, D. W., Lisiecki, L. E., and Raymo, M. E.: An 800 kyr record of global surface ocean δ18O and implications for ice volume-temperature coupling, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 426, 58–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.042, 2015.
Sinha, A., Kathayat, G., Cheng, H., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Berkelhammer, M., Mudelsee, M., Biswas, J., and Edwards, R. L.: Trends and oscillations in the Indian summer monsoon rainfall over the last two millennia, Nat. Commun., 6, 6309, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7309, 2015.
Sinha, N., Timmermann, A., Lee, S.-S., Jo, K.-N., Wassenburg, J., Cleary, D., and Yun, K.-S.: Orbital-scale Dynamics of the Eastern Asian Summer Monsoon, Research square [preprint], https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3691295/v1, 3 April 2024.
Sinnl, G., Adolphi, F., Christl, M., Welten, K. C., Woodruff, T., Caffee, M., Svensson, A., Muscheler, R., and Rasmussen, S. O.: Synchronizing ice-core and U / Th timescales in the Last Glacial Maximum using Hulu Cave 14C and new 10Be measurements from Greenland and Antarctica, Clim. Past, 19, 1153–1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1153-2023, 2023.
Spratt, R. M. and Lisiecki, L. E.: A Late Pleistocene sea level stack, Clim. Past, 12, 1079–1092, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1079-2016, 2016.
Stern, J. V. and Lisiecki, L. E.: Termination 1 timing in radiocarbon-dated regional benthic δ18O stacks, Paleoceanography, 29, 1127–1142, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002700, 2014.
Stoll, H., Mendez-Vicente, A., Gonzalez-Lemos, S., Moreno, A., Cacho, I., Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L.: Interpretation of orbital scale variability in mid-latitude speleothem δ18O: Significance of growth rate controlled kinetic fractionation effects, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 127, 215–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.08.025, 2015.
Stoll, H. M., Cacho, I., Gasson, E., Sliwinski, J., Kost, O., Moreno, A., Iglesias, M., Torner, J., Perez-Mejias, C., Haghipour, N., Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L.: Rapid northern hemisphere ice sheet melting during the penultimate deglaciation, Nat. Commun., 13, 3819, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31619-3, 2022.
Stoll, H. M., Day, C., Lechleitner, F., Kost, O., Endres, L., Sliwinski, J., Pérez-Mejías, C., Cheng, H., and Scholz, D.: Distinguishing the combined vegetation and soil component of δ13C variation in speleothem records from subsequent degassing and prior calcite precipitation effects, Clim. Past, 19, 2423–2444, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, 2023.
Suwa, M. and Bender, M. L.: Chronology of the Vostok ice core constrained by
Tabor, C., Lofverstrom, M., Oster, J., Wortham, B., de Wet, C., Montañez, I., Rhoades, A., Zarzycki, C., He, C., and Liu, Z.: A mechanistic understanding of oxygen isotopic changes in the Western United States at the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 274, 107255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107255, 2021.
Thomas, E. K., Clemens, S. C., Prell, W. L., Herbert, T. D., Huang, Y., Liu, Z., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Sun, Y., and Wen, X.: Temperature and leaf wax δ2H records demonstrate seasonal and regional controls on Asian monsoon proxies, Geology, 42, 1075–1078, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36289.1, 2014.
Tierney, J. E., Lewis, S. C., Cook, B. I., LeGrande, A. N., and Schmidt, G. A.: Model, proxy and isotopic perspectives on the East African Humid Period, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 307, 103–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.038, 2011.
Tzedakis, P. C., Crucifix, M., Mitsui, T., and Wolff, E. W.: A simple rule to determine which insolation cycles lead to interglacials, Nature, 542, 427–432, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21364, 2017.
Tzedakis, P. C., Drysdale, R. N., Margari, V., Skinner, L. C., Menviel, L., Rhodes, R. H., Taschetto, A. S., Hodell, D. A., Crowhurst, S. J., Hellstrom, J. C., Fallick, A. E., Grimalt, J. O., McManus, J. F., Martrat, B., Mokeddem, Z., Parrenin, F., Regattieri, E., Roe, K., and Zanchetta, G.: Enhanced climate instability in the North Atlantic and southern Europe during the Last Interglacial, Nat. Commun., 9, 4235, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06683-3, 2018.
Waelbroeck, C., Labeyrie, L., Michel, E., Duplessy, J. C., McManus, J. F., Lambeck, K., Balbon, E., and Labracherie, M.: Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 295–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00101-9, 2002.
Waelbroeck, C., Kiefer, T., Dokken, T., Chen, M.-T., Spero, H. J., Jung, S., Weinelt, M., Kucera, M., and Paul, A.: Constraints on surface seawater oxygen isotope change between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Late Holocene, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 105, 102–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.020, 2014.
Wainer, K., Genty, D., Blamart, D., Daëron, M., Bar-Matthews, M., Vonhof, H., Dublyansky, Y., Pons-Branchu, E., Thomas, L., van Calsteren, P., Quinif, Y., and Caillon, N.: Speleothem record of the last 180 ka in Villars cave (SW France): Investigation of a large δ18O shift between MIS6 and MIS5, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 130–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.004, 2011.
Wassenburg, J. A., Vonhof, H. B., Cheng, H., Martínez-García, A., Ebner, P.-R., Li, X., Zhang, H., Sha, L., Tian, Y., Edwards, R. L., Fiebig, J., and Haug, G. H.: Penultimate deglaciation Asian monsoon response to North Atlantic circulation collapse, Nat. Geosci., 14, 937–941, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00851-9, 2021.
Wegwerth, A., Dellwig, O., Wulf, S., Plessen, B., Kleinhanns, I. C., Nowaczyk, N. R., Jiabo, L., and Arz, H. W.: Major hydrological shifts in the Black Sea “Lake” in response to ice sheet collapses during MIS 6 (130–184 ka BP), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 219, 126–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.07.008, 2019.
Wendt, K. A., Li, X., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., and Spötl, C.: Precise timing of MIS 7 substages from the Austrian Alps, Clim. Past, 17, 1443–1454, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1443-2021, 2021.
Wilcox, P. S., Honiat, C., Trüssel, M., Edwards, R. L., and Spötl, C.: Exceptional warmth and climate instability occurred in the European Alps during the Last Interglacial period, Commun. Earth Environ., 1, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00063-w, 2020.
Zhang, H., Ait Brahim, Y., Li, H., Zhao, J., Kathayat, G., Tian, Y., Baker, J., Wang, J., Zhang, F., Ning, Y., Edwards, R. L., and Cheng, H.: The Asian Summer Monsoon: Teleconnections and Forcing Mechanisms – A Review from Chinese Speleothem δ18O Records, Quaternary, 2, 26, https://doi.org/10.3390/quat2030026, 2019.
Zhao, Y. and Harrison, S. P.: Mid-Holocene monsoons: a multi-model analysis of the inter-hemispheric differences in the responses to orbital forcing and ocean feedbacks, Clim. Dynam., 39, 1457–1487, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1193-z, 2012.
Short summary
Terminations are large-magnitude rapid events triggered in the North Atlantic region that manifest across the global climate system. They provide key examples of climatic teleconnections and dynamics. In this study, we use the SISAL global speleothem database and find that there are sufficient climatic records from key locations to make speleothems a valuable archive for studying terminations and provide instances for more targeted work on speleothem research.
Terminations are large-magnitude rapid events triggered in the North Atlantic region that...
