A comprehensive database of strong winds up until AD 1600 was created based on documentary evidence for the area within the modern-day borders of Poland. Three types of documentary sources were used: handwritten and unpublished, published, and “secondary” literature. The database contains detailed information about occurrences of strong wind (the location, time, duration and indexation for intensity, extent and character of damage) and the exact textual content of the original weather note.

From the eruption of an unknown volcano in 1809 until that of Tambora in April 1815, large and small volcanoes erupted in succession, causing various climatic changes around the Earth. During this period, the monsoon climate zone of East Asia, including Korea, had a very dry summer, and the rice yield was very poor, which resulted in two severe famines that lasted until early summer in the following years.

We use cave rocks to reconstruct northern Siberian climate in 8.68 ± 0.09 Ma. We show that when the global average temperature was about 4.5 °C warmer than today (similar to what is expected in the coming decades should carbon emissions continue unabated), the Siberian Arctic temperature increased by more than 18 °C. 

Using a stalagmite from Whiterock Cave (Gunung Mulu National Park, Northern Borneo), covering the time interval from 460000 to 333000 years B.P., including two glacial terminations, we employed nucleation-assisted fluid inclusion microthermometry to reconstruct a tropical cave temperature record. The record reveals an amplitude of glacial-interglacial temperature changes of 4.2 °C and a strong linear correlation with Antarctic temperature anomalies, yielding a polar amplification factor of 2.3.

By measuring the radioactive decay of atmospherically produced ³⁶Cl and ¹⁰Be in an ice core drilled in West Antarctica, we were able to determine the age of the deepest sample close to bedrock to be about 550 thousand years old. This means that the ice in this location, known as Skytrain Ice Rise, has survived several warm periods in the past, at least since marine isotope stage 11.

A new 1500-year-long sediment record made of annual laminations (varves) from Grand Lake, Labrador, reveals past hydroclimatic conditions. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (~1050–1225 CE) had thicker varves indicating more precipitation, while the Little Ice Age (1400–1875 CE) had thinner varves, suggesting a dryer climate. Teleconnections show that Grand Lake is influenced by winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), hence making this record a promising candidate for future NAO reconstructions.

Our study evaluates models' ability to simulate Antarctic regional climate features by comparing available Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project models to sets of Last Millennium Antarctic proxy-based reconstructions most relevant to the surface mass balance. We later look at their implications for 21st-century sea level rise. The best-scoring model predicts a higher surface mass balance by 2100, which implies stronger mitigation of the ice sheet contribution to sea level rise. 

Terminations are large-magnitude rapid events triggered in the North Atlantic region that manifest across the global climate system. They provide key examples of climatic teleconnections and dynamics. In this study, we use the SISAL global speleothem database and find that there are sufficient climatic records from key locations to make speleothems a valuable archive for studying terminations and provide instances for more targeted work on speleothem research.

In the Edisto Inlet, Ross Sea, over the last 3.6 kyr, a marked transition at 2.7–2.5 kyr BP occurred. Geochemical proxies and changes in the foraminiferal community suggest a change from multi-year to seasonal sea ice, likely linked to mCDW (modified Circumpolar Deep Water) intrusion. The study integrates ecological information and geochemical data to unveil connections between mCDW, sea-ice conditions and the SAM (Southern Annular Mode) in Edisto, highlighting it as a key site for regional paleoclimate reconstruction over the Ross Sea.