Articles | Volume 20, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-467-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-467-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Mar 2024
Research article |
| 13 Mar 2024
| 13 Mar 2024
Reconstructing hydroclimate changes over the past 2500 years using speleothems from Pyrenean caves (NE Spain)
Miguel Bartolomé
Departamento de Geología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C. de José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Swiss Institute for Speleology and Karst Studies (SISKA), Rue de la Serre 68, 2300 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, NO G59, Sonneggstrasse 5, ETH, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Geoenvironmental Processes and Global Change, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
Carlos Sancho
Earth Sciences Department, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
deceased
Isabel Cacho
CRG Geociències Marines, Dept. Dinàmica de la Terra i de l'Oceà, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Heather Stoll
Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, NO G59, Sonneggstrasse 5, ETH, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Negar Haghipour
Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, NO G59, Sonneggstrasse 5, ETH, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Physics, Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Ánchel Belmonte
Sobrarbe-Pirineos UNESCO Global Geopark, 22340 Boltaña, Spain
Christoph Spötl
Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
John Hellstrom
School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
R. Lawrence Edwards
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Hai Cheng
Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MLR, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin, 541004, China
Related authors
Miguel Bartolomé, Gérard Cazenave, Marc Luetscher, Christoph Spötl, Fernando Gázquez, Ánchel Belmonte, Alexandra V. Turchyn, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, and Ana Moreno
The Cryosphere, 17, 477–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we study the microclimate and the geomorphological features of Devaux ice cave in the Central Pyrenees. The research is based on cave monitoring, geomorphology, and geochemical analyses. We infer two different thermal regimes. The cave is impacted by flooding in late winter/early spring when the main outlets freeze, damming the water inside. Rock temperatures below 0°C and the absence of drip water indicate frozen rock, while relict ice formations record past damming events.
Hubert B. Vonhof, Sophie Verheyden, Dominique Bonjean, Stéphane Pirson, Michael Weber, Denis Scholz, John Hellstrom, Hai Cheng, Xue Jia, Kévin Di Modica, Gregory Abrams, Marjan A. P. van Nunen, Joost Ruiter, Michèlle van der Does, Daniel Böhl, and Jeroen H. J. L. van der Lubbe
Clim. Past, 20, 2741–2758, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2741-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2741-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The sedimentary sequence in Scladina Cave (Belgium) is well-known for its rich archeological assemblages and its numerous faunal remains. Of particular interest is the presence of a nearly complete jaw bone of a Neanderthal child. In this study, we present new uranium series ages of stalagmites from the archeological sequence that allow more precise dating of the archeological finds. One key result is that the Neanderthal child may be slightly older than previously thought.
Ixeia Vidaller, Toshiyuki Fujioka, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, Ana Moreno, and the ASTER Team
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-75, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-75, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Since the Pyrenean Last Glacial Maximum (75 ka), the deglaciation of the Ésera glacier (central Pyrenees) was characterized by complex dynamics, with advances and rapid retreats. Cosmogenic dates of moraines along the headwaters of the valley and lacustrine sediments analyses allowed to reconstruct evolutionary history of the Ésera glacier and the associated environmental implications during the last deglaciation and calculate the Equilibrium Line Altitude to determine changes in temperature.
Juan Luis Bernal-Wormull, Ana Moreno, Yuri Dublyansky, Christoph Spötl, Reyes Giménez, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Miguel Bartolomé, Martin Arriolabengoa, Eneko Iriarte, Isabel Cacho, Richard Lawrence Edwards, and Hai Cheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3612, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3612, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
We present in this manuscript a record of temperature changes during the last deglaciation and the Holocene using isotopes of fluid inclusions in stalagmites from the northeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula. This innovative climate proxy for this study region provides a quantitative understanding of the abrupt temperature changes in southern Europe of the last 16500 years before present.
Timothy J. Pollard, Jon D. Woodhead, Russell N. Drysdale, R. Lawrence Edwards, Xianglei Li, Ashlea N. Wainwright, Mathieu Pythoud, Hai Cheng, John C. Hellstrom, Ilaria Isola, Eleonora Regattieri, Giovanni Zanchetta, and Dylan S. Parmenter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3594, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3594, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The uranium-thorium and uranium-lead radiometric dating methods are both capable of dating carbonate samples ranging in age from about 400,000 to 650,000 years. Here we test agreement between the two methods by 'double dating' speleothems (i.e. secondary cave mineral deposits) that grew within this age range. We demonstrate excellent agreement between the two dating methods and discuss their relative strengths and weaknesses.
Alexander H. Jarosch, Paul Hofer, and Christoph Spötl
The Cryosphere, 18, 4811–4816, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mechanical damage to stalagmites is commonly observed in mid-latitude caves. In this study we investigate ice flow along the cave bed as a possible mechanism for stalagmite damage. Utilizing models which simulate forces created by ice flow, we study the structural integrity of different stalagmite geometries. Our results suggest that structural failure of stalagmites caused by ice flow is possible, albeit unlikely.
Hu Yang, Xiaoxu Shi, Xulong Wang, Qingsong Liu, Yi Zhong, Xiaodong Liu, Youbin Sun, Yanjun Cai, Fei Liu, Gerrit Lohmann, Martin Werner, Zhimin Jian, Tainã M. L. Pinho, Hai Cheng, Lijuan Lu, Jiping Liu, Chao-Yuan Yang, Qinghua Yang, Yongyun Hu, Xing Cheng, Jingyu Zhang, and Dake Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2778, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2778, 2024
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
The precession driven low-latitude hydrological cycle is not paced by hemispheric summer insolation, but shifting perihelion.
Alexander J. Clark, Ismael Torres-Romero, Madalina Jaggi, Stefano M. Bernasconi, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past, 20, 2081–2101, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2081-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2081-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coccoliths are abundant in sediments across the world’s oceans, yet it is difficult to apply traditional carbon or oxygen isotope methodologies for temperature reconstructions. We show that our coccolith clumped isotope temperature calibration with well-constrained temperatures systematically differs from inorganic carbonate calibrations. We suggest the use of our well-constrained calibration for future coccolith carbonate temperature reconstructions.
Giulia Zazzeri, Lukas Wacker, Negar Haghipour, Philip Gautchi, Thomas Laemmel, Sönke Szidat, and Heather Graven
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-123, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-123, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Radiocarbon (14C) is an optimal tracer of methane (CH4) emissions, as 14C measurements enable distinguishing fossil from biogenic methane. However, these measurements are particularly challenging, mainly due to technical difficulties in the sampling procedure. With this work we made the sample extraction much simpler and time efficient, providing a new technology that can be used by any research group, with the goal of expanding 14C measurements for an improved understanding of methane sources.
Judit Torner, Isabel Cacho, Heather Stoll, Ana Moreno, Joan O. Grimalt, Francisco J. Sierro, Hai Cheng, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-54, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-54, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for CP
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new speleothem record of the western Mediterranean region that offers new insights into the timeline of glacial terminations TIV, TIII, and TIII.a. The comparison among the studied deglaciations reveals differences in terms of intensity and duration and opens the opportunity to evaluate marine sediment chronologies based on orbital tuning from the North Atlantic and the Western Mediterranean.
Paul Töchterle, Anna Baldo, Julian B. Murton, Frederik Schenk, R. Lawrence Edwards, Gabriella Koltai, and Gina E. Moseley
Clim. Past, 20, 1521–1535, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a reconstruction of permafrost and snow cover on the British Isles for the Younger Dryas period, a time of extremely cold winters that happened approximately 12 000 years ago. Our results indicate that seasonal sea ice in the North Atlantic was most likely a crucial factor to explain the observed climate shifts during this time.
Calla N. Gould-Whaley, Russell N. Drysdale, Pauline C. Treble, Jan-Hendrik May, Stacey C. Priestley, John C. Hellstrom, and Clare Buswell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is causing enhanced aridity across many regions of the globe, leading to increased reliance on groundwater resources. We need to understand how groundwater recharge behaves in arid regions over long timescales, unfortunately, arid landscapes tend to preserve very little evidence of their climatic past. We present evidence to suggest that carbonate formations that grow in groundwater can be used as archives of past groundwater recharge in Australia's arid zone.
Szabina Karancz, Lennart J. de Nooijer, Bas van der Wagt, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Sambuddha Misra, Rick Hennekam, Zeynep Erdem, Julie Lattaud, Negar Haghipour, Stefan Schouten, and Gert-Jan Reichart
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1915, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1915, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in upwelling intensity of the Benguela upwelling region during the last glacial motivated us to investigate the local CO2-history during the last glacial to interglacial transition. Using various geochemical tracers on archives from both intermediate and surface waters reveal enhanced storage of carbon at depth during the last glacial maximum. An efficient biological pump likely prevented outgassing of CO2 from intermediate depth to the atmosphere.
Pengzhen Duan, Hanying Li, Zhibang Ma, Jingyao Zhao, Xiyu Dong, Ashish Sinha, Peng Hu, Haiwei Zhang, Youfeng Ning, Guangyou Zhu, and Hai Cheng
Clim. Past, 20, 1401–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1401-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use multi-proxy speleothem records to reveal a two droughts–one pluvial pattern during 8.5–8.0 ka. The different rebounded rainfall quantity after two droughts causes different behavior of δ13C, suggesting the dominant role of rainfall threshold on the ecosystem. A comparison of different records suggests the prolonged 8.2 ka event is a globally common phenomenon rather than a regional signal. The variability of the AMOC strength is mainly responsible for these climate changes.
Nikita Kaushal, Carlos Perez-Mejias, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-37, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Terminations are large magnitude rapid events triggered in the North Atlantic region that manifest across the global climate system. They provide key examples of climatic teleconnections and dynamics. In this study, we use the SISAL global speleothem database and find that there are sufficient climatic records from key locations to make speleothems a valuable archive for studying Terminations and provide instances for more targeted work on speleothem research.
Nikita Kaushal, Franziska A. Lechleitner, Micah Wilhelm, Khalil Azennoud, Janica C. Bühler, Kerstin Braun, Yassine Ait Brahim, Andy Baker, Yuval Burstyn, Laia Comas-Bru, Jens Fohlmeister, Yonaton Goldsmith, Sandy P. Harrison, István G. Hatvani, Kira Rehfeld, Magdalena Ritzau, Vanessa Skiba, Heather M. Stoll, József G. Szűcs, Péter Tanos, Pauline C. Treble, Vitor Azevedo, Jonathan L. Baker, Andrea Borsato, Sakonvan Chawchai, Andrea Columbu, Laura Endres, Jun Hu, Zoltán Kern, Alena Kimbrough, Koray Koç, Monika Markowska, Belen Martrat, Syed Masood Ahmad, Carole Nehme, Valdir Felipe Novello, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Jiaoyang Ruan, Natasha Sekhon, Nitesh Sinha, Carol V. Tadros, Benjamin H. Tiger, Sophie Warken, Annabel Wolf, Haiwei Zhang, and SISAL Working Group members
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1933–1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1933-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1933-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Speleothems are a popular, multi-proxy climate archive that provide regional to global insights into past hydroclimate trends with precise chronologies. We present an update to the SISAL (Speleothem Isotopes
Synthesis and AnaLysis) database, SISALv3, which, for the first time, contains speleothem trace element records, in addition to an update to the stable isotope records available in previous versions of the database, cumulatively providing data from 365 globally distributed sites.
Synthesis and AnaLysis) database, SISALv3, which, for the first time, contains speleothem trace element records, in addition to an update to the stable isotope records available in previous versions of the database, cumulatively providing data from 365 globally distributed sites.
Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Paul J. Mann, Dirk J. Jong, Sergio Bulte Garcia, Anna Davydova, Sergei Davydov, Nikita Zimov, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 21, 357–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw releases organic carbon into waterways. Decomposition of this carbon pool emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, enhancing climate warming. We show that Arctic river carbon and water chemistry are different between the spring ice breakup and summer and that primary production is initiated in small Arctic rivers right after ice breakup, in contrast to in large rivers. This may have implications for fluvial carbon dynamics and greenhouse gas uptake and emission balance.
Heather M. Stoll, Leopoldo D. Pena, Ivan Hernandez-Almeida, José Guitián, Thomas Tanner, and Heiko Pälike
Clim. Past, 20, 25–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-25-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-25-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Oligocene and early Miocene periods featured dynamic glacial cycles on Antarctica. In this paper, we use Sr isotopes in marine carbonate sediments to document a change in the location and intensity of continental weathering during short periods of very intense Antarctic glaciation. Potentially, the weathering intensity of old continental rocks on Antarctica was reduced during glaciation. We also show improved age models for correlation of Southern Ocean and North Atlantic sediments.
Heather M. Stoll, Chris Day, Franziska Lechleitner, Oliver Kost, Laura Endres, Jakub Sliwinski, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Hai Cheng, and Denis Scholz
Clim. Past, 19, 2423–2444, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stalagmites formed in caves provide valuable information about past changes in climate and vegetation conditions. In this contribution, we present a new method to better estimate past changes in soil and vegetation productivity using carbon isotopes and trace elements measured in stalagmites. Applying this method to other stalagmites should provide a better indication of past vegetation feedbacks to climate change.
Giselle Utida, Francisco W. Cruz, Mathias Vuille, Angela Ampuero, Valdir F. Novello, Jelena Maksic, Gilvan Sampaio, Hai Cheng, Haiwei Zhang, Fabio Ramos Dias de Andrade, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 19, 1975–1992, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1975-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) behavior during the past 3000 years over northeastern Brazil based on oxygen stable isotopes of stalagmites. Paleoclimate changes were mainly forced by the tropical South Atlantic and tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variability. We describe an ITCZ zonal behavior active around 1100 CE and the period from 1500 to 1750 CE. The dataset also records historical droughts that affected modern human population in this area of Brazil.
Ixeia Vidaller, Eñaut Izagirre, Luis Mariano del Rio, Esteban Alonso-González, Francisco Rojas-Heredia, Enrique Serrano, Ana Moreno, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, and Jesús Revuelto
The Cryosphere, 17, 3177–3192, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3177-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3177-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Aneto glacier, the largest glacier in the Pyrenees, has shown continuous surface and ice thickness losses in the last decades. In this study, we examine changes in its surface and ice thickness for 1981–2022 and the remaining ice thickness in 2020. During these 41 years, the glacier has shrunk by 64.7 %, and the ice thickness has decreased by 30.5 m on average. The mean ice thickness in 2022 was 11.9 m, compared to 32.9 m in 1981. The results highlight the critical situation of the glacier.
Anika Donner, Paul Töchterle, Christoph Spötl, Irka Hajdas, Xianglei Li, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Gina E. Moseley
Clim. Past, 19, 1607–1621, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the first finding of fine-grained cryogenic cave minerals in Greenland, a type of speleothem that has been notably difficult to date. We present a successful approach for determining the age of these minerals using 230Th / U disequilibrium and 14C dating. We relate the formation of the cryogenic cave minerals to a well-documented extreme weather event in 1889 CE. Additionally, we provide a detailed report on the mineralogical and isotopic composition of these minerals.
Charlotte Honiat, Gabriella Koltai, Yuri Dublyansky, R. Lawrence Edwards, Haiwei Zhang, Hai Cheng, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 19, 1177–1199, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1177-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1177-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A look at the climate evolution during the last warm period may allow us to test ground for future climate conditions. We quantified the temperature evolution during the Last Interglacial using a tiny amount of water trapped in the crystals of precisely dated stalagmites in caves from the southeastern European Alps. Our record indicates temperatures up to 2 °C warmer than today and an unstable climate during the first half of the Last Interglacial.
Oliver Kost, Saúl González-Lemos, Laura Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Jakub Sliwinski, Laura Endres, Negar Haghipour, and Heather Stoll
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2227–2255, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2227-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2227-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cave monitoring studies including cave drip water are unique opportunities to sample water which has percolated through the soil and rock. The change in drip water chemistry is resolved over the course of 16 months, inferring seasonal and hydrological variations in soil and karst processes at the water–air and water–rock interface. Such data sets improve the understanding of hydrological and hydrochemical processes and ultimately advance the interpretation of geochemical stalagmite records.
Amanda Gerotto, Hongrui Zhang, Renata Hanae Nagai, Heather M. Stoll, Rubens César Lopes Figueira, Chuanlian Liu, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 20, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of the response of coccolithophores’ morphological attributes in a laboratory dissolution experiment and surface sediment samples from the South China Sea, we proposed that the thickness shape (ks) factor of fossil coccoliths together with the normalized ks variation, which is the ratio of the standard deviation of ks (σ) over the mean ks (σ/ks), is a robust and novel proxy to reconstruct past changes in deep ocean carbon chemistry.
Timothy Pollard, Jon Woodhead, John Hellstrom, John Engel, Roger Powell, and Russell Drysdale
Geochronology, 5, 181–196, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When using the uranium–lead (U–Pb) radiometric dating method on very young materials (e.g. Quaternary age zircon and carbonate minerals), it is important to accurately account for the production and decay of intermediate
daughterisotopes in the uranium-series decay chain. DQPB is open-source software that allows users to easily perform such calculations for a variety of sample types and produce publication-ready graphical outputs of the resulting age information.
Thibauld M. Béjard, Andrés S. Rigual-Hernández, José A. Flores, Javier P. Tarruella, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Isabel Cacho, Neghar Haghipour, Aidan Hunter, and Francisco J. Sierro
Biogeosciences, 20, 1505–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is undergoing a rapid and unprecedented environmental change. Planktic foraminifera calcification is affected on different timescales. On seasonal and interannual scales, calcification trends differ according to the species and are linked mainly to sea surface temperatures and carbonate system parameters, while comparison with pre/post-industrial assemblages shows that all three species have reduced their calcification between 10 % to 35 % according to the species.
Miguel Bartolomé, Gérard Cazenave, Marc Luetscher, Christoph Spötl, Fernando Gázquez, Ánchel Belmonte, Alexandra V. Turchyn, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, and Ana Moreno
The Cryosphere, 17, 477–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we study the microclimate and the geomorphological features of Devaux ice cave in the Central Pyrenees. The research is based on cave monitoring, geomorphology, and geochemical analyses. We infer two different thermal regimes. The cave is impacted by flooding in late winter/early spring when the main outlets freeze, damming the water inside. Rock temperatures below 0°C and the absence of drip water indicate frozen rock, while relict ice formations record past damming events.
Dirk Jong, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Nikita Zimov, Anna Davydova, Philip Pika, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 20, 271–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With this study, we want to highlight the importance of studying both land and ocean together, and water and sediment together, as these systems function as a continuum, and determine how organic carbon derived from permafrost is broken down and its effect on global warming. Although on the one hand it appears that organic carbon is removed from sediments along the pathway of transport from river to ocean, it also appears to remain relatively ‘fresh’, despite this removal and its very old age.
Jessica G. M. Crumpton-Banks, Thomas Tanner, Ivan Hernández Almeida, James W. B. Rae, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 19, 5633–5644, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5633-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5633-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Past ocean carbon is reconstructed using proxies, but it is unknown whether preparing ocean sediment for one proxy might damage the data given by another. We have tested whether the extraction of an organic proxy archive from sediment samples impacts the geochemistry of tiny shells also within the sediment. We find no difference in shell geochemistry between samples which come from treated and untreated sediment. This will help us to maximize scientific return from valuable sediment samples.
Melissa Sophia Schwab, Hannah Gies, Chantal Valérie Freymond, Maarten Lupker, Negar Haghipour, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 19, 5591–5616, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5591-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5591-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of river studies focus on headwater or floodplain systems, while often neglecting intermediate river segments. Our study on the subalpine Sihl River bridges the gap between streams and lowlands and demonstrates that moderately steep river segments are areas of significant instream alterations, modulating the export of organic carbon over short distances.
José Guitián, Miguel Ángel Fuertes, José-Abel Flores, Iván Hernández-Almeida, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 19, 5007–5019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5007-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of environmental conditions on the degree of calcification of marine phytoplankton remains unclear. This study implements a new microscopic approach to quantify the calcification of ancient coccolithophores, using North Atlantic sediments. Results show significant differences in the thickness and shape factor of coccoliths for samples with minimum dissolution, providing the first evaluation of phytoplankton physiology adaptation to million-year-scale variable environmental conditions.
Hege Kilhavn, Isabelle Couchoud, Russell N. Drysdale, Carlos Rossi, John Hellstrom, Fabien Arnaud, and Henri Wong
Clim. Past, 18, 2321–2344, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2321-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2321-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The analysis of stable carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios, trace element ratios, and growth rate from a Spanish speleothem provides quantitative information on past hydrological conditions during the early Holocene in south-western Europe. Our data show that the cave site experienced increased effective recharge during the 8.2 ka event. Additionally, the oxygen isotopes indicate a change in the isotopic composition of the moisture source, associated with the meltwater flux to the North Atlantic.
Paul Töchterle, Simon D. Steidle, R. Lawrence Edwards, Yuri Dublyansky, Christoph Spötl, Xianglei Li, John Gunn, and Gina E. Moseley
Geochronology, 4, 617–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-617-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-617-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Cryogenic cave carbonates (CCCs) provide a marker for past permafrost conditions. Their formation age is determined by Th / U dating. However, samples can be contaminated with small amounts of Th at formation, which can cause inaccurate ages and require correction. We analysed multiple CCCs and found that varying degrees of contamination can cause an apparent spread of ages, when samples actually formed within distinguishable freezing events. A correction method using isochrons is presented.
Maria Wind, Friedrich Obleitner, Tanguy Racine, and Christoph Spötl
The Cryosphere, 16, 3163–3179, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a thorough analysis of the thermal conditions of a sag-type ice cave in the Austrian Alps using temperature measurements for the period 2008–2021. Apart from a long-term increasing temperature trend in all parts of the cave, we find strong interannual and spatial variations as well as a characteristic seasonal pattern. Increasing temperatures further led to a drastic decrease in cave ice. A first attempt to model ablation based on temperature shows promising results.
Jan Pfeiffer, Thomas Zieher, Jan Schmieder, Thom Bogaard, Martin Rutzinger, and Christoph Spötl
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2219–2237, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The activity of slow-moving deep-seated landslides is commonly governed by pore pressure variations within the shear zone. Groundwater recharge as a consequence of precipitation therefore is a process regulating the activity of landslides. In this context, we present a highly automated geo-statistical approach to spatially assess groundwater recharge controlling the velocity of a deep-seated landslide in Tyrol, Austria.
Blanca Ausín, Negar Haghipour, Elena Bruni, and Timothy Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 19, 613–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The preservation and distribution of alkenones – organic molecules produced by marine algae – in marine sediments allows us to reconstruct past variations in sea surface temperature, primary productivity and CO2. Here, we explore the impact of remobilization and lateral transport of sedimentary alkenones on their fate in marine sediments. We demonstrate the pervasive influence of these processes on alkenone-derived environmental signals, compromising the reliability of related paleorecords.
Cinthya Esther Nava Fernandez, Tobias Braun, Bethany Fox, Adam Hartland, Ola Kwiecien, Chelsea Pederson, Sebastian Hoepker, Stefano Bernasconi, Madalina Jaggi, John Hellstrom, Fernando Gázquez, Amanda French, Norbert Marwan, Adrian Immenhauser, and Sebastian Franz Martin Breitenbach
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-172, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-172, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a ca. 1000 year long (6.4–5.4 ka BP) stalagmite-based reconstruction of mid-Holocene rainfall variability in the tropical western Pacific. The annually laminated multi-proxy (δ13C, δ18O, X/Ca, gray values) record comes from Niue island and informs on El Nino-Southern Oscillation and South Pacific Convergence Zone dynamics. Our data suggest that ENSO was active and influenced rainfall seasonality over the covered time interval. Rainfall seasonality was subdued during active ENSO phases
Caroline Welte, Jens Fohlmeister, Melina Wertnik, Lukas Wacker, Bodo Hattendorf, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 17, 2165–2177, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Stalagmites are valuable climate archives, but unlike other proxies the use of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) is still difficult. A stalagmite from the Austrian Alps was analyzed using a new laser ablation method for fast radiocarbon (14C) analysis. This allowed 14C and δ13C to be combined, showing that besides soil and bedrock a third source is contributing during periods of warm, wet climate: old organic matter.
Franziska A. Lechleitner, Christopher C. Day, Oliver Kost, Micah Wilhelm, Negar Haghipour, Gideon M. Henderson, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past, 17, 1903–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is a critical but poorly constrained component of the global carbon cycle. We analyse the effect of changing soil respiration rates on the stable carbon isotope ratio of speleothems from northern Spain covering the last deglaciation. Using geochemical analysis and forward modelling we quantify the processes affecting speleothem stable carbon isotope ratios and extract a signature of increasing soil respiration synchronous with deglacial warming.
Elena T. Bruni, Richard F. Ott, Vincenzo Picotti, Negar Haghipour, Karl W. Wegmann, and Sean F. Gallen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 771–793, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-771-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-771-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Klados River catchment contains seemingly overlarge, well-preserved alluvial terraces and fans. Unlike previous studies, we argue that the deposits formed in the Holocene based on their position relative to a paleoshoreline uplifted in 365 CE and seven radiocarbon dates. We also find that constant sediment supply from high-lying landslide deposits disconnected the valley from regional tectonics and climate controls, which resulted in fan and terrace formation guided by stochastic events.
Kathleen A. Wendt, Xianglei Li, R. Lawrence Edwards, Hai Cheng, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 17, 1443–1454, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1443-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1443-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we tested the upper limits of U–Th dating precision by analyzing three stalagmites from the Austrian Alps that have high U concentrations. The composite record spans the penultimate interglacial (MIS 7) with an average 2σ age uncertainty of 400 years. This unprecedented age control allows us to constrain the timing of temperature shifts in the Alps during MIS 7 while offering new insight into millennial-scale changes in the North Atlantic leading up to Terminations III and IIIa.
Ana Moreno, Miguel Iglesias, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Miguel Bartolomé, Carlos Sancho, Heather Stoll, Isabel Cacho, Jaime Frigola, Cinta Osácar, Arsenio Muñoz, Antonio Delgado-Huertas, Ileana Bladé, and Françoise Vimeux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10159–10177, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a large and unique dataset of the rainfall isotopic composition at seven sites from northern Iberia to characterize their variability at daily and monthly timescales and to assess the role of climate and geographic factors in the modulation of δ18O values. We found that the origin, moisture uptake along the trajectory and type of precipitation play a key role. These results will help to improve the interpretation of δ18O paleorecords from lacustrine carbonates or speleothems.
Jannik Martens, Evgeny Romankevich, Igor Semiletov, Birgit Wild, Bart van Dongen, Jorien Vonk, Tommaso Tesi, Natalia Shakhova, Oleg V. Dudarev, Denis Kosmach, Alexander Vetrov, Leopold Lobkovsky, Nikolay Belyaev, Robie W. Macdonald, Anna J. Pieńkowski, Timothy I. Eglinton, Negar Haghipour, Salve Dahle, Michael L. Carroll, Emmelie K. L. Åström, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier, Lee W. Cooper, Göran Possnert, and Örjan Gustafsson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2561–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes the establishment, structure and current status of the first Circum-Arctic Sediment CArbon DatabasE (CASCADE), which is a scientific effort to harmonize and curate all published and unpublished data of carbon, nitrogen, carbon isotopes, and terrigenous biomarkers in sediments of the Arctic Ocean in one database. CASCADE will enable a variety of studies of the Arctic carbon cycle and thus contribute to a better understanding of how climate change affects the Arctic.
Inken Heidke, Adam Hartland, Denis Scholz, Andrew Pearson, John Hellstrom, Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Biogeosciences, 18, 2289–2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed lignin oxidation products (LOPs) in leaf litter and different soil horizons as well as dripwater and flowstone samples from four different cave sites from different vegetation zones in New Zealand using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. We test whether the original source-dependent LOP signal of the overlying vegetation is preserved and can be recovered from flowstone samples and investigate how the signal is altered by the transport from the soil to the cave.
Gabriella Koltai, Christoph Spötl, Alexander H. Jarosch, and Hai Cheng
Clim. Past, 17, 775–789, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-775-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-775-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper utilises a novel palaeoclimate archive from caves, cryogenic cave carbonates, which allow for precisely constraining permafrost thawing events in the past. Our study provides new insights into the climate of the Younger Dryas (12 800 to 11 700 years BP) in mid-Europe from the perspective of a high-elevation cave sensitive to permafrost development. We quantify seasonal temperature and precipitation changes by using a heat conduction model.
Hongrui Zhang, Chuanlian Liu, Luz María Mejía, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 18, 1909–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1909-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1909-2021, 2021
Chao-Jun Chen, Dao-Xian Yuan, Jun-Yun Li, Xian-Feng Wang, Hai Cheng, You-Feng Ning, R. Lawrence Edwards, Yao Wu, Si-Ya Xiao, Yu-Zhen Xu, Yang-Yang Huang, Hai-Ying Qiu, Jian Zhang, Ming-Qiang Liang, and Ting-Yong Li
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-20, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-20, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Ana Moreno, Miguel Bartolomé, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno, Jorge Pey, Juan Pablo Corella, Jordi García-Orellana, Carlos Sancho, María Leunda, Graciela Gil-Romera, Penélope González-Sampériz, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Francisco Navarro, Jaime Otero-García, Javier Lapazaran, Esteban Alonso-González, Cristina Cid, Jerónimo López-Martínez, Belén Oliva-Urcia, Sérgio Henrique Faria, María José Sierra, Rocío Millán, Xavier Querol, Andrés Alastuey, and José M. García-Ruíz
The Cryosphere, 15, 1157–1172, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1157-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1157-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study of the chronological sequence of Monte Perdido Glacier in the Central Pyrenees (Spain) reveals that, although the intense warming associated with the Roman period or Medieval Climate Anomaly produced important ice mass losses, it was insufficient to make this glacier disappear. By contrast, recent global warming has melted away almost 600 years of ice accumulated since the Little Ice Age, jeopardising the survival of this and other southern European glaciers over the next few decades.
Xianglei Li, Kathleen A. Wendt, Yuri Dublyansky, Gina E. Moseley, Christoph Spötl, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Geochronology, 3, 49–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-49-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-49-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we built a statistical model to determine the initial δ234U in submerged calcite crusts that coat the walls of Devils Hole 2 (DH2) cave (Nevada, USA) and, using a 234U–238U dating method, extended the chronology of the calcite deposition beyond previous well-established 230Th ages and determined the oldest calcite deposited in this cave, a time marker for cave genesis. The novel method presented here may be used in future speleothem studies in similar hydrogeological settings.
Hannah Gies, Frank Hagedorn, Maarten Lupker, Daniel Montluçon, Negar Haghipour, Tessa Sophia van der Voort, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 18, 189–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding controls on the persistence of organic matter in soils is essential to constrain its role in the carbon cycle. Emerging concepts suggest that the soil carbon pool is predominantly comprised of stabilized microbial residues. To test this hypothesis we isolated microbial membrane lipids from two Swiss soil profiles and measured their radiocarbon age. We find that the ages of these compounds are in the range of millenia and thus provide evidence for stabilized microbial mass in soils.
Catarina Cavaleiro, Antje H. L. Voelker, Heather Stoll, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Clim. Past, 16, 2017–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, 2020
Leticia G. Luz, Thiago P. Santos, Timothy I. Eglinton, Daniel Montluçon, Blanca Ausin, Negar Haghipour, Silvia M. Sousa, Renata H. Nagai, and Renato S. Carreira
Clim. Past, 16, 1245–1261, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Two sediment cores retrieved from the SE Brazilian continental margin were studied using multiple organic (alkenones) and inorganic (oxygen isotopes in carbonate shells and water) proxies to reconstruct the sea surface temperature (SST) over the last 50 000 years. The findings indicate the formation of strong thermal gradients in the region during the last climate transition, a feature that may become more frequent in the future scenario of global water circulation changes.
Matías Frugone-Álvarez, Claudio Latorre, Fernando Barreiro-Lostres, Santiago Giralt, Ana Moreno, Josué Polanco-Martínez, Antonio Maldonado, María Laura Carrevedo, Patricia Bernárdez, Ricardo Prego, Antonio Delgado Huertas, Magdalena Fuentealba, and Blas Valero-Garcés
Clim. Past, 16, 1097–1125, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The manuscript identifies the main volcanic phases in the Laguna del Maule volcanic field and their impact in the lake basin through the late glacial and Holocene. We show that the bio-productivity and geochemical variabilities in the lake are related with climatic dynamics type ENSO, SPA and SWW and that the main phases are synchronous with the major regional climate changes on millennial timescales.
Cinthya Nava-Fernandez, Adam Hartland, Fernando Gázquez, Ola Kwiecien, Norbert Marwan, Bethany Fox, John Hellstrom, Andrew Pearson, Brittany Ward, Amanda French, David A. Hodell, Adrian Immenhauser, and Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3361–3380, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3361-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3361-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Speleothems are powerful archives of past climate for understanding modern local hydrology and its relation to regional circulation patterns. We use a 3-year monitoring dataset to test the sensitivity of Waipuna Cave to seasonal changes and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. Drip water data suggest a fast response to rainfall events; its elemental composition reflects a seasonal cycle and ENSO variability. Waipuna Cave speleothems have a high potential for past ENSO reconstructions.
Yue Hu, Xiaoming Sun, Hai Cheng, and Hong Yan
Clim. Past, 16, 597–610, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-597-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-597-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Tridacna, as the largest marine bivalves, can be used for high-resolution paleoclimate reconstruction in its carbonate skeleton. In this contribution, the modern δ18O shell is suggested to be a proxy for sea surface temperature in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea. Data from a fossil Tridacna (3673 ± 28 BP) indicate a warmer climate and intense ENSO-related variability but reduced ENSO frequency and more extreme El Niño winters compared to modern Tridacna.
Ole Valk, Michiel M. Rutgers van der Loeff, Walter Geibert, Sandra Gdaniec, S. Bradley Moran, Kate Lepore, Robert Lawrence Edwards, Yanbin Lu, Viena Puigcorbé, Nuria Casacuberta, Ronja Paffrath, William Smethie, and Matthieu Roy-Barman
Ocean Sci., 16, 221–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-221-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-221-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
After 2007 230Th decreased significantly in the central Amundsen Basin. This decrease is accompanied by a circulation change, indicated by changes in salinity. Ventilation of waters is most likely not the reason for the observed depletion in 230Th as atmospherically derived tracers do not reveal an increase in ventilation rate. It is suggested that these interior waters have undergone enhanced scavenging of Th during transit from Fram Strait and the Barents Sea to the central Amundsen Basin.
Haiwei Zhang, Hai Cheng, Yanjun Cai, Christoph Spötl, Ashish Sinha, Gayatri Kathayat, and Hanying Li
Clim. Past, 16, 211–225, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-211-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-211-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Few studies have paid attention to the important effect of nonsummer monsoon (NSM) precipitation on the speleothem δ18O in SE China. We find the summer monsoon precipitation is equivalent to NSM precipitation amount in the area of spring persistent rain in SE China, and we discuss the relationships between seasonal precipitation amount, moisture source, δ18O, and ENSO. Characterizing the spatial differences in seasonal precipitation is key to interpreting the speleothem δ18O record.
Gina E. Moseley, Christoph Spötl, Susanne Brandstätter, Tobias Erhardt, Marc Luetscher, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 16, 29–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-29-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-29-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Abrupt climate change during the last ice age can be used to provide important insights into the timescales on which the climate is capable of changing and the mechanisms that drive those changes. In this study, we construct climate records for the period 60 to 120 ka using stalagmites that formed in caves along the northern rim of the European Alps and find good agreement with the timing of climate changes in Greenland and the Asian monsoon.
Mike Rogerson, Yuri Dublyansky, Dirk L. Hoffmann, Marc Luetscher, Paul Töchterle, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 15, 1757–1769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1757-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1757-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall in North Africa is known to vary through time and is likely to change as global climate warms. Here, we provide a new level of understanding about past rainfall in North Africa by looking at a stalagmite which formed within northeastern Libya between 67 and 30 thousand years ago. We find that at times more rain falls, and the associated moisture is mostly derived from the western Mediterranean during winter storms. Sometimes, water comes from the eastern Mediterranean.
Tessa Sophia van der Voort, Utsav Mannu, Frank Hagedorn, Cameron McIntyre, Lorenz Walthert, Patrick Schleppi, Negar Haghipour, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 16, 3233–3246, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3233-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3233-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon stored in soils is the largest reservoir of organic carbon on land. In the context of greenhouse gas emissions and a changing climate, it is very important to understand how stable the carbon in the soil is and why. The deeper parts of the soil have often been overlooked even though they store a lot of carbon. In this paper, we discovered that although deep soil carbon is expected to be old and stable, there can be a significant young component that cycles much faster.
Albert Català, Isabel Cacho, Jaime Frigola, Leopoldo D. Pena, and Fabrizio Lirer
Clim. Past, 15, 927–942, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-927-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-927-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction for the Holocene (last 11 700 years) in the westernmost Mediterranean Sea. We identify three sub-periods: the Early Holocene with warmest SST; the Middle Holocene with a cooling trend ending at 4200 years, which is identified as a double peak cooling event that marks the transition between the Middle and Late Holocene; and the Late Holocene with very different behaviour in both long- and short-term SST variability.
Monica Bini, Giovanni Zanchetta, Aurel Perşoiu, Rosine Cartier, Albert Català, Isabel Cacho, Jonathan R. Dean, Federico Di Rita, Russell N. Drysdale, Martin Finnè, Ilaria Isola, Bassem Jalali, Fabrizio Lirer, Donatella Magri, Alessia Masi, Leszek Marks, Anna Maria Mercuri, Odile Peyron, Laura Sadori, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Fabian Welc, Christoph Zielhofer, and Elodie Brisset
Clim. Past, 15, 555–577, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-555-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-555-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean region has returned some of the clearest evidence of a climatically dry period occurring approximately 4200 years ago. We reviewed selected proxies to infer regional climate patterns between 4.3 and 3.8 ka. Temperature data suggest a cooling anomaly, even if this is not uniform, whereas winter was drier, along with dry summers. However, some exceptions to this prevail, where wetter condition seems to have persisted, suggesting regional heterogeneity.
Ilaria Isola, Giovanni Zanchetta, Russell N. Drysdale, Eleonora Regattieri, Monica Bini, Petra Bajo, John C. Hellstrom, Ilaria Baneschi, Piero Lionello, Jon Woodhead, and Alan Greig
Clim. Past, 15, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-135-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-135-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the natural variability in the climate system, the hydrological aspect (dry and wet conditions) is particularly important for its impact on our societies. The reconstruction of past precipitation regimes can provide a useful tool for forecasting future climate changes. We use multi-proxy time series (oxygen and carbon isotopes, trace elements) from a speleothem to investigate circulation pattern variations and seasonality effects during the dry 4.2 ka event in central Italy.
Hanying Li, Hai Cheng, Ashish Sinha, Gayatri Kathayat, Christoph Spötl, Aurèle Anquetil André, Arnaud Meunier, Jayant Biswas, Pengzhen Duan, Youfeng Ning, and Richard Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 14, 1881–1891, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1881-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1881-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The
4.2 ka eventbetween 4.2 and 3.9 ka has been widely discussed in the Northern Hemsiphere but less reported in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we use speleothem records from Rodrigues in the southwestern Indian Ocean spanning from 6000 to 3000 years ago to investigate the regional hydro-climatic variability. Our records show no evidence for an unusual climate anomaly between 4.2 and 3.9 ka. Instead, it shows a multi-centennial drought between 3.9 and 3.5 ka.
Gayatri Kathayat, Hai Cheng, Ashish Sinha, Max Berkelhammer, Haiwei Zhang, Pengzhen Duan, Hanying Li, Xianglei Li, Youfeng Ning, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 14, 1869–1879, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1869-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1869-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The 4.2 ka event is generally characterized as an approximately 300-year period of major global climate anomaly. However, the climatic manifestation of this event remains unclear in the Indian monsoon domain. Our high-resolution and precisely dated speleothem record from Meghalaya, India, characterizes the event as consisting of a series of multi-decadal droughts between 3.9 and 4.0 ka rather than a singular pulse of multi-centennial drought as previously thought.
Haiwei Zhang, Hai Cheng, Yanjun Cai, Christoph Spötl, Gayatri Kathayat, Ashish Sinha, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Liangcheng Tan
Clim. Past, 14, 1805–1817, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1805-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1805-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The collapses of several Neolithic cultures in China are considered to have been associated with abrupt climate change during the 4.2 ka BP event; however, the hydroclimate of this event in China is still poorly known. Based on stalagmite records from monsoonal China, we found that north China was dry but south China was wet during this event. We propose that the rain belt remained longer at its southern position, giving rise to a pronounced humidity gradient between north and south China.
Florian Adolphi, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Tobias Erhardt, R. Lawrence Edwards, Hai Cheng, Chris S. M. Turney, Alan Cooper, Anders Svensson, Sune O. Rasmussen, Hubertus Fischer, and Raimund Muscheler
Clim. Past, 14, 1755–1781, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1755-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1755-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The last glacial period was characterized by a number of rapid climate changes seen, for example, as abrupt warmings in Greenland and changes in monsoon rainfall intensity. However, due to chronological uncertainties it is challenging to know how tightly coupled these changes were. Here we exploit cosmogenic signals caused by changes in the Sun and Earth magnetic fields to link different climate archives and improve our understanding of the dynamics of abrupt climate change.
Hongrui Zhang, Heather Stoll, Clara Bolton, Xiaobo Jin, and Chuanlian Liu
Biogeosciences, 15, 4759–4775, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4759-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4759-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The sinking speeds of coccoliths are relevant for laboratory methods to separate coccoliths for geochemical analysis. However, in the absence of estimates of coccolith settling velocity, previous implementations have depended mainly on time-consuming method development by trial and error. In this study, the sinking velocities of cocooliths were carefully measured for the first time. We also provide an estimation of coccolith sinking velocity by shape, which will make coccolith separation easier.
Muhammed Ojoshogu Usman, Frédérique Marie Sophie Anne Kirkels, Huub Michel Zwart, Sayak Basu, Camilo Ponton, Thomas Michael Blattmann, Michael Ploetze, Negar Haghipour, Cameron McIntyre, Francien Peterse, Maarten Lupker, Liviu Giosan, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 15, 3357–3375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3357-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3357-2018, 2018
Gabriella Koltai, Hai Cheng, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 14, 369–381, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-369-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-369-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a multi-proxy study of flowstones in fractures of crystalline rocks with the aim of assessing the palaeoclimate significance of this new type of speleothem archive. Our results indicate a high degree of spatial heterogeneity, whereby changes in speleothem mineralogy and carbon isotope composition are likely governed by aquifer-internal processes. In contrast, the oxygen isotope composition reflects first-order climate variability.
Saúl González-Lemos, José Guitián, Miguel-Ángel Fuertes, José-Abel Flores, and Heather M. Stoll
Biogeosciences, 15, 1079–1091, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1079-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1079-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide affect ocean chemistry and the ability of marine organisms to manufacture shells from calcium carbonate. We describe a technique to obtain more reproducible measurements of the thickness of calcium carbonate shells made by microscopic marine algae called coccolithophores, which will allow researchers to compare how the shell thickness responds to variations in ocean chemistry in the past and present.
Lorenz Wüthrich, Claudio Brändli, Régis Braucher, Heinz Veit, Negar Haghipour, Carla Terrizzano, Marcus Christl, Christian Gnägi, and Roland Zech
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 66, 57–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-66-57-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-66-57-2017, 2017
Ny Riavo Gilbertinie Voarintsoa, Loren Bruce Railsback, George Albert Brook, Lixin Wang, Gayatri Kathayat, Hai Cheng, Xianglei Li, Richard Lawrence Edwards, Amos Fety Michel Rakotondrazafy, and Marie Olga Madison Razanatseheno
Clim. Past, 13, 1771–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1771-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1771-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This research has been an investigation of two stalagmites from two caves in NW Madagascar to reconstruct the region's paleoenvironmental changes, and to understand the linkage of such changes to the dynamics of the ITCZ. Stable isotopes, mineralogy, and petrography suggest wetter climate conditions than today during the early and late Holocene, when the mean ITCZ was south, and drier during the mid-Holocene when the ITCZ was north.
Liviu Giosan, Camilo Ponton, Muhammed Usman, Jerzy Blusztajn, Dorian Q. Fuller, Valier Galy, Negar Haghipour, Joel E. Johnson, Cameron McIntyre, Lukas Wacker, and Timothy I. Eglinton
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 781–789, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-781-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-781-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A reconstruction of erosion in the core monsoon zone of India provides unintuitive but fundamental insights: in contrast to semiarid regions that experience enhanced erosion during erratic rain events, the monsoon is annual and acts as a veritable
erosional pumpaccelerating when the land cover is minimal. The existence of such a monsoon erosional pump promises to reconcile conflicting views on the land–sea sediment and carbon transfer as well as the monsoon evolution on longer timescales.
Pauline C. Treble, Andy Baker, Linda K. Ayliffe, Timothy J. Cohen, John C. Hellstrom, Michael K. Gagan, Silvia Frisia, Russell N. Drysdale, Alan D. Griffiths, and Andrea Borsato
Clim. Past, 13, 667–687, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-667-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-667-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Little is known about the climate of southern Australia during the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation owing to sparse records for this region. We present the first high-resolution data, derived from speleothems that grew 23–5 ka. It appears that recharge to the Flinders Ranges was higher than today, particularly during 18.9–15.8 ka, argued to be due to the enhanced availability of tropical moisture. An abrupt shift to aridity is recorded at 15.8 ka, associated with restored westerly airflow.
Robert B. Sparkes, Ayça Doğrul Selver, Örjan Gustafsson, Igor P. Semiletov, Negar Haghipour, Lukas Wacker, Timothy I. Eglinton, Helen M. Talbot, and Bart E. van Dongen
The Cryosphere, 10, 2485–2500, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2485-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2485-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The permafrost in eastern Siberia contains large amounts of carbon frozen in soils and sediments. Continuing global warming is thawing the permafrost and releasing carbon to the Arctic Ocean. We used pyrolysis-GCMS, a chemical fingerprinting technique, to study the types of carbon being deposited on the continental shelf. We found large amounts of permafrost-sourced carbon being deposited up to 200 km offshore.
Stef Vansteenberge, Sophie Verheyden, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Eddy Keppens, and Philippe Claeys
Clim. Past, 12, 1445–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1445-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1445-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The use of stalagmites for last interglacial continental climate reconstructions in Europe has been successful in the past; however to expand the geographical coverage, additional data from Belgium is presented. It has been shown that stalagmite growth, morphology and stable isotope content reflect regional and local climate conditions, with Eemian optimum climate occurring between 125.3 and 117.3 ka. The start the Weichselian is expressed by a stop of growth caused by a drying climate.
Mercè Cisneros, Isabel Cacho, Jaime Frigola, Miquel Canals, Pere Masqué, Belen Martrat, Marta Casado, Joan O. Grimalt, Leopoldo D. Pena, Giulia Margaritelli, and Fabrizio Lirer
Clim. Past, 12, 849–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-849-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-849-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a high-resolution multi-proxy study about the evolution of sea surface conditions along the last 2700 yr in the north-western Mediterranean Sea based on five sediment records from two different sites north of Minorca. The novelty of the results and the followed approach, constructing stack records from the studied proxies to preserve the most robust patterns, provides a special value to the study. This complex period appears to have significant regional changes in the climatic signal.
I. Hernández-Almeida, F.-J. Sierro, I. Cacho, and J.-A. Flores
Clim. Past, 11, 687–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-687-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-687-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript presents new Mg/Ca and previously published δ18O measurements of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral for MIS 31-19, from a sediment core from the subpolar North Atlantic. The mechanism proposed here involves northward subsurface transport of warm and salty subtropical waters during periods of weaker AMOC, leading to ice-sheet instability and IRD discharge. This is the first time that these rapid climate oscillations are described for the early Pleistocene.
O. Margalef, I. Cacho, S. Pla-Rabes, N. Cañellas-Boltà, J. J. Pueyo, A. Sáez, L. D. Pena, B. L. Valero-Garcés, V. Rull, and S. Giralt
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-1407-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-1407-2015, 2015
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
The Rano Aroi peat record (Easter Island, 27ºS) is characterized by six major events of enhanced precipitation between 38 and 65 kyr BP coinciding with Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) Stadials. These events draw a coherent regional picture involving atmospheric and oceanic reorganization. The singular location of Easter Island, filling a gap in an area where marine records are not available, contributes to understand the mechanisms behind these global rapid climatic excursions.
C. Spötl and H. Cheng
Clim. Past, 10, 1349–1362, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1349-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1349-2014, 2014
M. N. Müller, M. Lebrato, U. Riebesell, J. Barcelos e Ramos, K. G. Schulz, S. Blanco-Ameijeiras, S. Sett, A. Eisenhauer, and H. M. Stoll
Biogeosciences, 11, 1065–1075, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1065-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1065-2014, 2014
M. Luetscher, M. Borreguero, G. E. Moseley, C. Spötl, and R. L. Edwards
The Cryosphere, 7, 1073–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1073-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1073-2013, 2013
V. E. Johnston, A. Borsato, C. Spötl, S. Frisia, and R. Miorandi
Clim. Past, 9, 99–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-99-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-99-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Continental Surface Processes | Archive: Terrestrial Archives | Timescale: Decadal-Seasonal
50-year seasonal variability in East African droughts and floods recorded in central Afar lake sediments (Ethiopia) and their connections with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Reconstruction of MIS 5 climate in the central Levant using a stalagmite from Kanaan Cave, Lebanon
Preliminary estimation of Lake El'gygytgyn water balance and sediment income
Carlo Mologni, Marie Revel, Eric Chaumillon, Emmanuel Malet, Thibault Coulombier, Pierre Sabatier, Pierre Brigode, Gwenael Hervé, Anne-Lise Develle, Laure Schenini, Medhi Messous, Gourguen Davtian, Alain Carré, Delphine Bosch, Natacha Volto, Clément Ménard, Lamya Khalidi, and Fabien Arnaud
Clim. Past, 20, 1837–1860, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The reactivity of local to regional hydrosystems to global changes remains understated in East African climate models. By reconstructing a chronicle of seasonal floods and droughts from a lacustrine sedimentary core, this paper highlights the impact of El Niño anomalies in the Awash River valley (Ethiopia). Studying regional hydrosystem feedbacks to global atmospheric anomalies is essential for better comprehending and mitigating the effects of global warming in extreme environments.
C. Nehme, S. Verheyden, S. R. Noble, A. R. Farrant, D. Sahy, J. Hellstrom, J. J. Delannoy, and P. Claeys
Clim. Past, 11, 1785–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1785-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1785-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Levant is a key area to study palaeoclimatic responses over G-IG cycles. A precisely dated MIS 5 stalagmite (129–84ka) from Kanaan Cave, Lebanon, with growth rate and isotopic records variations indicate a warm humid phase at the last interglacial (~129-125ka). A shift in δ18O values (125-122ka) is driven by the source effect of the eastern Med. during sapropel 5 (S5). Low growth rates and high δ18O-δ13C values (~122-84ka) mark the onset of glacial inception and transition to drier phase.
G. Fedorov, M. Nolan, J. Brigham-Grette, D. Bolshiyanov, G. Schwamborn, and O. Juschus
Clim. Past, 9, 1455–1465, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1455-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1455-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Abrantes, F., Rodrigues, T., Rufino, M., Salgueiro, E., Oliveira, D., Gomes, S., Oliveira, P., Costa, A., Mil-Homens, M., Drago, T., and Naughton, F.: The climate of the Common Era off the Iberian Peninsula, Clim. Past, 13, 1901–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1901-2017, 2017.
Affolter, S., Häuselmann, A., Fleitmann, D., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., and Leuenberger, M.: Central Europe temperature constrained by speleothem fluid inclusion water isotopes over the past 14 000 years, Science Advances, 5, eaav3809, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3809, 2019.
Ahmed, M., Anchukaitis, K. J., Asrat, A., Borgaonkar, H. P., Braida, M., Buckley, B. M., Büntgen, U., Chase, B. M., Christie, D. A., Cook, E. R., Curran, M. A. J., Diaz, H. F., Esper, J., Fan, Z.-X., Gaire, N. P., Ge, Q., Gergis, J., González-Rouco, J. F., Goosse, H., Grab, S. W., Graham, N., Graham, R., Grosjean, M., Hanhijärvi, S. T., Kaufman, D. S., Kiefer, T., Kimura, K., Korhola, A. A., Krusic, P. J., Lara, A., Lézine, A.-M., Ljungqvist, F. C., Lorrey, A. M., Luterbacher, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., McCarroll, D., McConnell, J. R., McKay, N. P., Morales, M. S., Moy, A. D., Mulvaney, R., Mundo, I. A., Nakatsuka, T., Nash, D. J., Neukom, R., Nicholson, S. E., Oerter, H., Palmer, J. G., Phipps, S. J., Prieto, M. R., Rivera, A., Sano, M., Severi, M., Shanahan, T. M., Shao, X., Shi, F., Sigl, M., Smerdon, J. E., Solomina, O. N., Steig, E. J., Stenni, B., Thamban, M., Trouet, V., Turney, C. S. M., Umer, M., van Ommen, T., Verschuren, D., Viau, A. E., Villalba, R., Vinther, B. M., von Gunten, L., Wagner, S., Wahl, E. R., Wanner, H., Werner, J. P., White, J. W. C., Yasue, K., Zorita, E., and PAGES 2k Consortium: Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia, Nat. Geosci., 6, 339–346, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1797, 2013.
Ait Brahim, Y., Wassenburg, J. A., Sha, L., Cruz, F. W., Deininger, M., Sifeddine, A., Bouchaou, L., Spötl, C., Edwards, R. L., and Cheng, H.: North Atlantic Ice-Rafting, Ocean and Atmospheric Circulation During the Holocene: Insights From Western Mediterranean Speleothems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 7614–7623, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082405, 2019.
Baker, A., Hellstrom, J. C., Kelly, B. F. J., Mariethoz, G., and Trouet, V.: A composite annual-resolution stalagmite record of North Atlantic climate over the last three millennia, Sci. Rep., 5, 10307, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10307, 2015.
Bard, E., Raisbeck, G., Yiou, F., and Jouzel, J.: Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides, Tellus B, 52, 985–992, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.d01-7.x, 2000.
Bartolomé, M.: La Cueva del Caserío de Seso (Pirineo Central): espeleogénesis, dinámica actual y reconstrucción paleoambiental de los últimos 13.000 años, PhD, Universidad de Zaragoza, 276 pp., 2016.
Bartolomé, M. and Moreno, A.: Isotopes, trace elements and U-Th dates of Pyrenean stalagmites covering last 2500 years, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10563468, 2024.
Bartolomé, M., Moreno, A., Sancho, C., Stoll, H. M., Cacho, I., Spötl, C., Belmonte, Á., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., and Hellstrom, J. C.: Hydrological change in Southern Europe responding to increasing North Atlantic overturning during Greenland Stadial 1, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 6568–6572, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503990112, 2015a.
Bartolomé, M., Sancho, C., Moreno, A., Oliva-Urcia, B., Belmonte, Á., Bastida, J., Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L.: Upper Pleistocene interstratal piping-cave speleogenesis: The Seso Cave System (Central Pyrenees, Northern Spain), Geomorphology, 228, 335–344, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.09.007, 2015b.
Beniston, M., Farinotti, D., Stoffel, M., Andreassen, L. M., Coppola, E., Eckert, N., Fantini, A., Giacona, F., Hauck, C., Huss, M., Huwald, H., Lehning, M., López-Moreno, J.-I., Magnusson, J., Marty, C., Morán-Tejéda, E., Morin, S., Naaim, M., Provenzale, A., Rabatel, A., Six, D., Stötter, J., Strasser, U., Terzago, S., and Vincent, C.: The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges, The Cryosphere, 12, 759–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018, 2018.
Benito, G., Macklin, M. G., Panin, A., Rossato, S., Fontana, A., Jones, A. F., Machado, M. J., Matlakhova, E., Mozzi, P., and Zielhofer, C.: Recurring flood distribution patterns related to short-term Holocene climatic variability, Sci. Rep., 5, 16398, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16398, 2015.
Bernal-Wormull, J. L., Moreno, A., Pérez-Mejías, C., Bartolomé, M., Aranburu, A., Arriolabengoa, M., Iriarte, E., Cacho, I., Spötl, C., Edwards, R. L., and Cheng, H.: Immediate temperature response in northern Iberia to last deglacial changes in the North Atlantic, Geology, 49, 999–1003, https://doi.org/10.1130/G48660.1, 2021.
Bücher, A. and Dessens, J.: Secular Trend of Surface Temperature at an Elevated Observatory in the Pyrenees, J. Climate, 4, 859–868, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0859:STOSTA>2.0.CO;2, 1991.
Büntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J. O., Herzig, F., Heussner, K.-U., Wanner, H., Luterbacher, J., and Esper, J.: 2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility, Science, 331, 578–582, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197175, 2011.
Büntgen, U., Myglan, V. S., Ljungqvist, F. C., McCormick, M., Di Cosmo, N., Sigl, M., Jungclaus, J., Wagner, S., Krusic, P. J., Esper, J., Kaplan, J. O., de Vaan, M. A. C., Luterbacher, J., Wacker, L., Tegel, W., and Kirdyanov, A. V.: Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD, Nat. Geosci., 9, 231–236, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2652, 2016.
Büntgen, U., Krusic, P. J., Verstege, A., Sangüesa-Barreda, G., Wagner, S., Camarero, J. J., Ljungqvist, F. C., Zorita, E., Oppenheimer, C., Konter, O., Tegel, W., Gärtner, H., Cherubini, P., Reinig, F., and Esper, J.: New Tree-Ring Evidence from the Pyrenees Reveals Western Mediterranean Climate Variability since Medieval Times, J. Climate, 30, 5295–5318, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0526.1, 2017.
Büntgen, U., Urban, O., Krusic, P. J., Rybníèek, M., Koláø, T., Kyncl, T., Aè, A., Koòasová, E., Èáslavský, J., Esper, J., Wagner, S., Saurer, M., Tegel, W., Dobrovolný, P., Cherubini, P., Reinig, F., and Trnka, M.: Recent European drought extremes beyond Common Era background variability, Nat. Geosci., 14, 190–196, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00698-0, 2021.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Shen, C.-C., Woodhead, J., Hellstrom, J., Wang, Y. J., Kong, X. G., Spötl, C., Wang, X. F., and Alexander Jr., E. C.: Improvements in 230Th dating, 230Th and 234U half-life values, and U-Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 371, 82–91, 2013.
Cheng, H., Adkins, J., Edwards, R., and Boyle, E.: U-Th dating of deep-sea corals, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 64, 2401–2416, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00422-6, 2000.
Cisneros, M., Cacho, I., Frigola, J., Canals, M., Masqué, P., Martrat, B., Casado, M., Grimalt, J. O., Pena, L. D., Margaritelli, G., and Lirer, F.: Sea surface temperature variability in the central-western Mediterranean Sea during the last 2700 years: a multi-proxy and multi-record approach, Clim. Past, 12, 849–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-849-2016, 2016.
Cisneros, M., Cacho, I., Moreno, A., Stoll, H., Torner, J., Català, A., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., and Fornós, J. J.: Hydroclimate variability during the last 2700 years based on stalagmite multi-proxy records in the central-western Mediterranean, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 269, 107137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107137, 2021.
Comas-Bru, L. and Hernández, A.: Reconciling North Atlantic climate modes: revised monthly indices for the East Atlantic and the Scandinavian patterns beyond the 20th century, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2329–2344, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2329-2018, 2018.
Comas-Bru, L., Rehfeld, K., Roesch, C., Amirnezhad-Mozhdehi, S., Harrison, S. P., Atsawawaranunt, K., Ahmad, S. M., Brahim, Y. A., Baker, A., Bosomworth, M., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Burstyn, Y., Columbu, A., Deininger, M., Demény, A., Dixon, B., Fohlmeister, J., Hatvani, I. G., Hu, J., Kaushal, N., Kern, Z., Labuhn, I., Lechleitner, F. A., Lorrey, A., Martrat, B., Novello, V. F., Oster, J., Pérez-Mejías, C., Scholz, D., Scroxton, N., Sinha, N., Ward, B. M., Warken, S., Zhang, H., and SISAL Working Group members: SISALv2: a comprehensive speleothem isotope database with multiple age–depth models, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2579–2606, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2579-2020, 2020.
Corella, J. P., Valero-Garcés, B. L., Vicente- Serrano, S. M., Brauer, A., and Benito, G.: Three millennia of heavy rainfalls in Western Mediterranean: frequency, seasonality and atmospheric drivers, Sci. Rep., 6, 38206, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38206, 2016.
Dessens, J. and Bücher, A.: Changes in minimum and maximum temperatures at the Pic du Midi in relation with humidity and cloudiness, 1882–1984, Atmos. Res., 37, 147–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)00075-O, 1995.
Edwards, R. L., Chen, J. H., and Wasserburg, G. J.: 238U-234U-230Th-232Th systematics and the precise measurements of time over the past 500.000 years, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 81, 175–192, 1987.
Fohlmeister, J.: A statistical approach to construct composite climate records of dated archives, Quat. Geochronol., 14, 48–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2012.06.007, 2012.
Fohlmeister, J., Kromer, B., and Mangini, A.: The influence of soil organic matter age spectrum on the reconstruction of atmospheric 14C levels via stalagmites, Radiocarbon, 53, 99–115, https://doi.org/10.1017/S003382220003438X, 2011.
Fohlmeister, J., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Scholz, D., Spötl, C., Riechelmann, D. F. C., Mudelsee, M., Wackerbarth, A., Gerdes, A., Riechelmann, S., Immenhauser, A., Richter, D. K., and Mangini, A.: Bunker Cave stalagmites: an archive for central European Holocene climate variability, Clim. Past, 8, 1751–1764, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1751-2012, 2012.
García-Ruiz, J. M., Palacios, D., de Andrés, N., Valero-Garcés, B. L., López-Moreno, J. I., and Sanjuán, Y.: Holocene and “Little Ice Age” glacial activity in the Marboré Cirque, Monte Perdido Massif, Central Spanish Pyrenees, Holocene, 24, 1439–1452, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614544053, 2014.
Genty, D., Vokal, B., Obelic, B., and Massault, M.: Bomb 14C time history recorded in two modern stalagmites – importance for soil organic matter dynamics and bomb 14C distribution over continents, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 160, 795–809, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00128-9, 1998.
Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ghaleb, B., Plagnes, V., Causse, Ch., Bakalowicz, M., Zouari, K., Chkir, N., Hellstrom, J., Wainer, K., and Bourges, F.: Timing and dynamics of the last deglaciation from European and North African δ13C stalagmite profiles – comparison with Chinese and South Hemisphere stalagmites, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2118–2142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.01.030, 2006.
Genty, D., Labuhn, I., Hoffmann, G., Danis, P. A., Mestre, O., Bourges, F., Wainer, K., Massault, M., Van Exter, S., Régnier, E., Orengo, Ph., Falourd, S., and Minster, B.: Rainfall and cave water isotopic relationships in two South-France sites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 131, 323–343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.01.043, 2014.
Giménez, R., Bartolomé, M., Gázquez, F., Iglesias, M., and Moreno, A.: Underlying Climate Controls in Triple Oxygen (16O, 17O, 18O) and Hydrogen (1H, 2H) Isotopes Composition of Rainfall (Central Pyrenees), Front. Earth Sci., 9, 633698, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.633698, 2021.
González-Sampériz, P., Aranbarri, J., Pérez-Sanz, A., Gil-Romera, G., Moreno, A., Leunda, M., Sevilla-Callejo, M., Corella, J. P., Morellón, M., Oliva, B., and Valero-Garcés, B.: Environmental and climate change in the southern Central Pyrenees since the Last Glacial Maximum: A view from the lake records, CATENA, 149, 668–688, 2017.
Goosse, H., Guiot, J., Mann, M. E., Dubinkina, S., and Sallaz-Damaz, Y.: The medieval climate anomaly in Europe: Comparison of the summer and annual mean signals in two reconstructions and in simulations with data assimilation, Global Planet. Change, 84–85, 35–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.002, 2012.
Gray, L. J., Beer, J., Geller, M., Haigh, J. D., Lockwood, M., Matthes, K., Cubasch, U., Fleitmann, D., Harrison, G., Hood, L., Luterbacher, J., Meehl, G. A., Shindell, D., van Geel, B., and White, W.: Solar influences on climate, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009RG000282, 2010.
Hammer, O., Harper, D. A. T., and Ryan, P. D.: PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis, Palaeontol. Electron., 4, 4 2001.
Helama, S., Meriläinen, J., and Tuomenvirta, H.: Multicentennial megadrought in northern Europe coincided with a global El Niño–Southern Oscillation drought pattern during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, Geology, 37, 175–178, https://doi.org/10.1130/G25329A.1, 2009.
Hellstrom, J.: Rapid and accurate U/Th dating using parallel ion-counting multi-collector ICP-MS, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 18, 1346–1351, 2003.
Hellstrom, J.: U–Th dating of speleothems with high initial 230Th using stratigraphical constraint, Quat. Geochronol., 1, 289–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2007.01.004, 2006.
Hernández, A., Sánchez-López, G., Pla-Rabes, S., Comas-Bru, L., Parnell, A., Cahill, N., Geyer, A., Trigo, R. M., and Giralt, S.: A 2000 year Bayesian NAO reconstruction from the Iberian Peninsula, Sci. Rep., 10, 14961, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71372-5, 2020.
Holzhauser, H., Magny, M., and Zumbuühl, H. J.: Glacier and lake-level variations in west-central Europe over the last 3500 years, Holocene, 15, 789–801, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl853ra, 2016.
Hu, H.-M., Michel, V., Valensi, P., Mii, H.-S., Starnini, E., Zunino, M., and Shen, C.-C.: Stalagmite-Inferred Climate in the Western Mediterranean during the Roman Warm Period, Climate, 10, 93, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10070093, 2022.
Hua, Q., McDonald, J., Redwood, D., Drysdale, R., Lee, S., Fallon, S., and Hellstrom, J.: Robust chronological reconstruction for young speleothems using radiocarbon, Quat. Geochronol., 14, 67–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2012.04.017, 2012.
Hua, Q., Cook, D., Fohlmeister, J., Penny, D., Bishop, P., and Buckman, S.: Radiocarbon Dating of a Speleothem Record of Paleoclimate for Angkor, Cambodia, Radiocarbon, 59, 1873–1890, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2017.115, 2017.
Hughes, P. D.: Little Ice Age glaciers and climate in the Mediterranean mountains: a new analysis, Cuadernos de Investigaciones Geográficas, 44, 15, https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3362, 2018.
Ilyashuk, E. A., Heiri, O., Ilyashuk, B. P., Koinig, K. A., and Psenner, R.: The Little Ice Age signature in a 700 year high-resolution chironomid record of summer temperatures in the Central Eastern Alps, Clim. Dynam., 52, 6953–6967, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4555-y, 2019.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021.
Jacob, D., Kotova, L., Teichmann, C., Sobolowski, S. P., Vautard, R., Donnelly, C., Koutroulis, A. G., Grillakis, M. G., Tsanis, I. K., Damm, A., Sakalli, A., and van Vliet, M. T. H.: Climate Impacts in Europe Under +1.5 °C Global Warming, Earths Future, 6, 264–285, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000710, 2018.
Jaffey, A. H., Flynn, K. F., Glendenin, L. E., Bentley, W. C., and Essling, A. M.: Precision Measurement of Half-Lives and Specific Activities of 235U and 238U, Phys. Rev. C, 4, 1889, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.4.1889, 1971.
Jiménez-Moreno, G., García-Alix, A., Hernández-Corbalán, M. D., Anderson, R. S., and Delgado-Huertas, A.: Vegetation, fire, climate and human disturbance history in the southwestern Mediterranean area during the late Holocene, Quaternary Res., 79, 110–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.11.008, 2013.
Konecky, B. L., McKay, N. P., Churakova (Sidorova), O. V., Comas-Bru, L., Dassié, E. P., DeLong, K. L., Falster, G. M., Fischer, M. J., Jones, M. D., Jonkers, L., Kaufman, D. S., Leduc, G., Managave, S. R., Martrat, B., Opel, T., Orsi, A. J., Partin, J. W., Sayani, H. R., Thomas, E. K., Thompson, D. M., Tyler, J. J., Abram, N. J., Atwood, A. R., Cartapanis, O., Conroy, J. L., Curran, M. A., Dee, S. G., Deininger, M., Divine, D. V., Kern, Z., Porter, T. J., Stevenson, S. L., von Gunten, L., and Iso2k Project Members: The Iso2k database: a global compilation of paleo-δ18O and δ2H records to aid understanding of Common Era climate, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2261–2288, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2261-2020, 2020.
Lachniet, M. S.: Climatic and environmental controls on speleothem oxygen-isotope values, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 412–432, 2009.
Leunda, M., González-Sampériz, P., Gil-Romera, G., Bartolomé, M., Belmonte-Ribas, Á., Gómez-García, D., Kaltenrieder, P., Rubiales, J. M., Schwörer, C., Tinner, W., Morales-Molino, C., and Sancho, C.: Ice cave reveals environmental forcing of long-term Pyrenean tree line dynamics, J. Ecol., 107, 814–828, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13077, 2019.
López-Moreno, J. I., Revuelto, J., Rico, I., Chueca-Cía, J., Julián, A., Serreta, A., Serrano, E., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Azorin-Molina, C., Alonso-González, E., and García-Ruiz, J. M.: Thinning of the Monte Perdido Glacier in the Spanish Pyrenees since 1981, The Cryosphere, 10, 681–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-681-2016, 2016.
López-Moreno, J. I., García-Ruiz, J. M., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Alonso-González, E., Revuelto-Benedí, J., Rico, I., Izagirre, E., and Beguería-Portugués, S.: Critical discussion of: “A farewell to glaciers: Ecosystem services loss in the Spanish Pyrenees,” J. Environ. Manage., 275, 111247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111247, 2020.
Lüning, S., Schulte, L., Garcés-Pastor, S., Danladi, I. B., and Gałka, M.: The Medieval Climate Anomaly in the Mediterranean Region, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34, 1625–1649, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003734, 2019.
Luterbacher, J., Werner, J. P., Smerdon, J. E., Fernández-Donado, L., González-Rouco, F. J., Barriopedro, D., Ljungqvist, F. C., Büntgen, U., Zorita, E., Wagner, S., Esper, J., McCarroll, D., Toreti, A., Frank, D., Jungclaus, J. H., M Barriendos, Bertolin, C., Bothe, O., Brázdil, R., Camuffo, D., Dobrovolný, P., Gagen, M., García-Bustamante, E., Ge, Q., Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Guiot, J., Hao, Z., Hegerl, G. C., Holmgren, K., Klimenko, V. V., Martín-Chivelet, J., Pfister, C., N Roberts, Schindler, A., Schurer, A., Solomina, O., von Gunten, L., Wahl, E., Wanner, H., Wetter, O., Xoplaki, E., Yuan, N., D Zanchettin, Zhang, H., and Zerefos, C.: European summer temperatures since Roman times, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 024001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024001, 2016.
Magny, M.: Orbital, ice-sheet, and possible solar forcing of Holocene lake-level fluctuations in west-central Europe: A comment on Bleicher, Holocene, 23, 1202–1212, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683613483627, 2013.
Mangini, A., Spötl, C., and Verdes, P.: Reconstruction of temperature in the Central Alps during the past 2000 yr from a δ18O stalagmite record, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 235, 741–751, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.010, 2005.
Mann, M. E.: Beyond the hockey stick: Climate lessons from the Common Era, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2112797118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2112797118, 2021.
Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R. S., Hughes, M. K., Shindell, D., Ammann, C., Faluvegi, G., and Ni, F.: Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly, Science, 326, 1256–1260, 2009.
Margaritelli, G., Cacho, I., Català, A., Barra, M., Bellucci, L. G., Lubritto, C., Rettori, R., and Lirer, F.: Persistent warm Mediterranean surface waters during the Roman period, Sci. Rep., 10, 10431, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67281-2, 2020.
Markowska, M., Fohlmeister, J., Treble, P. C., Baker, A., Andersen, M. S., and Hua, Q.: Modelling the 14C bomb-pulse in young speleothems using a soil carbon continuum model, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 261, 342–367, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.04.029, 2019.
Martín-Chivelet, J., Muñoz-García, M. B., Edwards, R. L., Turrero, M. J., and Ortega, A. I.: Land surface temperature changes in Northern Iberia since 4000 yr BP, based on δ13C of speleothems, Global Planet. Change, 77, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.02.002, 2011.
Martín-Puertas, C., Valero-Garcés, B. L., Brauer, A., Mata, M. P., Delgado-Huertas, A., and Dulski, P.: The Iberian-Roman Humid Period (2600–1600 cal yr BP) in the Zoñar Lake varve record (Andalucía, southern Spain), Quaternary Res., 71, 108–120, 2009.
Martin-Puertas, C., Matthes, K., Brauer, A., Muscheler, R., Hansen, F., Petrick, C., Aldahan, A., Possnert, G., and van Geel, B.: Regional atmospheric circulation shifts induced by a grand solar minimum, Nat. Geosci., 5, 397–401, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1460, 2012.
McCormick, M., Büntgen, U., Cane, M. A., Cook, E. R., Harper, K., Huybers, P., Litt, T., Manning, S. W., Mayewski, P. A., More, A. F. M., Nicolussi, K., and Tegel, W.: Climate Change during and after the Roman Empire: Reconstructing the Past from Scientific and Historical Evidence, J. Interdiscipl. Hist., 43, 169–220, https://doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_00379, 2012.
Morellón, M., Valero-Garcés, B., Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T., González-Sampériz, P., Romero, Ó., Delgado-Huertas, A., Mata, P., Moreno, A., Rico, M., and Corella, J. P.: Lateglacial and Holocene palaeohydrology in the western Mediterranean region: The Lake Estanya record (NE Spain), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 2582–2599, 2009.
Morellón, M., Valero-Garcés, B., González-Sampériz, P., Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T., Rubio, E., Rieradevall, M., Delgado-Huertas, A., Mata, P., Romero, Ó., Engstrom, D. R., López-Vicente, M., Navas, A., and Soto, J.: Climate changes and human activities recorded in the sediments of Lake Estanya (NE Spain) during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age, J. Paleolimnol., 46, 423–452, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-009-9346-3, 2011.
Morellón, M., Pérez-Sanz, A., Corella, J. P., Büntgen, U., Catalán, J., González-Sampériz, P., González-Trueba, J. J., López-Sáez, J. A., Moreno, A., Pla-Rabes, S., Saz-Sánchez, M. Á., Scussolini, P., Serrano, E., Steinhilber, F., Stefanova, V., Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T., and Valero-Garcés, B.: A multi-proxy perspective on millennium-long climate variability in the Southern Pyrenees, Clim. Past, 8, 683–700, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-683-2012, 2012.
Moreno, A., Stoll, H. M., Jiménez-Sánchez, M., Cacho, I., Valero-Garcés, B., Ito, E., and Edwards, L. R.: A speleothem record of rapid climatic shifts during last glacial period from Northern Iberian Peninsula, Global Planet. Change, 71, 218–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.10.002, 2010.
Moreno, A., Pérez, A., Frigola, J., Nieto-Moreno, V., Rodrigo-Gámiz, M., Martrat, B., González-Sampériz, P., Morellón, M., Martín-Puertas, C., Corella, J. P., Belmonte, Á., Sancho, C., Cacho, I., Herrera, G., Canals, M., Grimalt, J. O., Jiménez-Espejo, F., Martínez-Ruiz, F., Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T., and Valero-Garcés, B. L.: The Medieval Climate Anomaly in the Iberian Peninsula reconstructed from marine and lake records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 43, 16–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.007, 2012.
Moreno, A., Sancho, C., Bartolomé, M., Oliva-Urcia, B., Delgado-Huertas, A., Estrela, M. J., Corell, D., López-Moreno, J. I., and Cacho, I.: Climate controls on rainfall isotopes and their effects on cave drip water and speleothem growth: the case of Molinos cave (Teruel, NE Spain), Clim. Dynam., 43, 221–241, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2140-6, 2014.
Moreno, A., Pérez-Mejías, C., Bartolomé, M., Sancho, C., Cacho, I., Stoll, H., Delgado-Huertas, A., Hellstrom, J., Edwards, R. L., and Cheng, H.: New speleothem data from Molinos and Ejulve caves reveal Holocene hydrological variability in northeast Iberia, Quaternary Res., 88, 223–233, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.39, 2017.
Moreno, A., Bartolomé, M., López-Moreno, J. I., Pey, J., Corella, J. P., García-Orellana, J., Sancho, C., Leunda, M., Gil-Romera, G., González-Sampériz, P., Pérez-Mejías, C., Navarro, F., Otero-García, J., Lapazaran, J., Alonso-González, E., Cid, C., López-Martínez, J., Oliva-Urcia, B., Faria, S. H., Sierra, M. J., Millán, R., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., and García-Ruíz, J. M.: The case of a southern European glacier which survived Roman and medieval warm periods but is disappearing under recent warming, The Cryosphere, 15, 1157–1172, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1157-2021, 2021a.
Moreno, A., Iglesias, M., Azorin-Molina, C., Pérez-Mejías, C., Bartolomé, M., Sancho, C., Stoll, H., Cacho, I., Frigola, J., Osácar, C., Muñoz, A., Delgado-Huertas, A., Bladé, I., and Vimeux, F.: Measurement report: Spatial variability of northern Iberian rainfall stable isotope values – investigating atmospheric controls on daily and monthly timescales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10159–10177, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10159-2021, 2021b.
Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., Dunn, R. J. H., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P. D., and Simpson, I. R.: An Updated Assessment of Near-Surface Temperature Change From 1850: The HadCRUT5 Data Set, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2019JD032361, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361, 2021.
Naumann, G., Cammalleri, C., Mentaschi, L., and Feyen, L.: Increased economic drought impacts in Europe with anthropogenic warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 11, 485–491, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01044-3, 2021.
Neukom, R., Steiger, N., Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Wang, J., and Werner, J. P.: No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era, Nature, 571, 550–554, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1401-2, 2019.
Observatorio Pirenaico de Cambio Global: Executive summary report OPCC2: Climate change in the Pyrenees:impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, Pyrenees Climate Change Observatory, https://opcc-ctp.org/es/contenido/boletin-climatico-biccpir (last accessed: 7 March 2024), 2018.
Oliva, M., Ruiz-Fernández, J., Barriendos, M., Benito, G., Cuadrat, J. M., Domínguez-Castro, F., García-Ruiz, J. M., Giralt, S., Gómez-Ortiz, A., Hernández, A., López-Costas, O., López-Moreno, J. I., López-Sáez, J. A., Martínez-Cortizas, A., Moreno, A., Prohom, M., Saz, M. A., Serrano, E., Tejedor, E., Trigo, R., Valero-Garcés, B., and Vicente-Serrano, S. M.: The Little Ice Age in Iberian mountains, Earth-Sci. Rev., 177, 175–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.11.010, 2018.
Ortega, P., Lehner, F., Swingedouw, D., Masson-Delmotte, V., Raible, C. C., Casado, M., and Yiou, P.: A model-tested North Atlantic Oscillation reconstruction for the past millennium, Nature, 523, 71–74, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14518, 2015.
PAGES 2k Consortium: Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia, Nat. Geosci., 6, 339–346, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1797, 2013.
PAGES Hydro2k Consortium: Comparing proxy and model estimates of hydroclimate variability and change over the Common Era, Clim. Past, 13, 1851–1900, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1851-2017, 2017.
PAGES2k Consortium, Emile-Geay, J., McKay, N. P., Kaufman, D. S., von Gunten, L., Wang, J., Anchukaitis, K. J., Abram, N. J., Addison, J. A., Curran, M. A. J., Evans, M. N., Henley, B. J., Hao, Z., Martrat, B., McGregor, H. V., Neukom, R., Pederson, G. T., Stenni, B., Thirumalai, K., Werner, J. P., Xu, C., Divine, D. V., Dixon, B. C., Gergis, J., Mundo, I. A., Nakatsuka, T., Phipps, S. J., Routson, C. C., Steig, E. J., Tierney, J. E., Tyler, J. J., Allen, K. J., Bertler, N. A. N., Björklund, J., Chase, B. M., Chen, M.-T., Cook, E., de Jong, R., DeLong, K. L., Dixon, D. A., Ekaykin, A. A., Ersek, V., Filipsson, H. L., Francus, P., Freund, M. B., Frezzotti, M., Gaire, N. P., Gajewski, K., Ge, Q., Goosse, H., Gornostaeva, A., Grosjean, M., Horiuchi, K., Hormes, A., Husum, K., Isaksson, E., Kandasamy, S., Kawamura, K., Kilbourne, K. H., Koç, N., Leduc, G., Linderholm, H. W., Lorrey, A. M., Mikhalenko, V., Mortyn, P. G., Motoyama, H., Moy, A. D., Mulvaney, R., Munz, P. M., Nash, D. J., Oerter, H., Opel, T., Orsi, A. J., Ovchinnikov, D. V., Porter, T. J., Roop, H. A., Saenger, C., Sano, M., Sauchyn, D., Saunders, K. M., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Severi, M., Shao, X., Sicre, M.-A., Sigl, M., Sinclair, K., George, S. S., Jacques, J.-M. S., Thamban, M., Thapa, U. K., Thomas, E. R., Turney, C., Uemura, R., Viau, A. E., Vladimirova, D. O., Wahl, E. R., White, J. W. C., Yu, Z., and Zinke, J.: A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era, Scientific Data, 4, sdata201788, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.88, 2017.
Peregrine, P. N.: Climate and social change at the start of the Late Antique Little Ice Age, Holocene, 30, 1643–1648, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620941079, 2020.
Pérez-Mejías, C., Moreno, A., Sancho, C., Bartolomé, M., Stoll, H., Osácar, M. C., Cacho, I., and Delgado-Huertas, A.: Transference of isotopic signal from rainfall to dripwaters and farmed calcite in Mediterranean semi-arid karst, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 243, 66–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.09.014, 2018.
Pérez-Zanón, N., Sigró, J., and Ashcroft, L.: Temperature and precipitation regional climate series over the central Pyrenees during 1910–2013, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 1922–1937, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4823, 2017.
Pla, S. and Catalan, J.: Chrysophyte cysts from lake sediments reveal the submillennial winter/spring climate variability in the northwestern Mediterranean region throughout the Holocene, Clim. Dynam., 24, 263–278, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0482-1, 2005.
Pla, S. and Catalan, J.: Deciphering chrysophyte responses to climate seasonality, J. Paleolimnol., 46, 139–150, 2011.
Pla-Rabes, S. and Catalan, J.: Deciphering chrysophyte responses to climate seasonality, J. Paleolimnol., 46, 139, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-011-9529-6, 2011.
Priestley, S. C., Treble, P. C., Griffiths, A. D., Baker, A., Abram, N. J., and Meredith, K. T.: Caves demonstrate decrease in rainfall recharge of southwest Australian groundwater is unprecedented for the last 800 years, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00858-7, 2023.
Reimer, P.: Discussion: Reporting and Calibration of Post-Bomb 14C Data, Radiocarbon, 46, 1299–1304, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033154, 2004.
Rico, I., Izagirre, E., Serrano, E., and López-Moreno, J. I.: Superficie glaciar actual en los Pirineos: Una actualización para 2016, Pirineos, 172, 029, https://doi.org/10.3989/Pirineos.2017.172004, 2017.
Sánchez-López, G., Hernández, A., Pla-Rabes, S., Trigo, R. M., Toro, M., Granados, I., Sáez, A., Masqué, P., Pueyo, J. J., Rubio-Inglés, M. J., and Giralt, S.: Climate reconstruction for the last two millennia in central Iberia: The role of East Atlantic (EA), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and their interplay over the Iberian Peninsula, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 149, 135–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.021, 2016.
Sancho, C., Belmonte, Á., Bartolomé, M., Moreno, A., Leunda, M., and López-Martínez, J.: Middle-to-late Holocene palaeoenvironmental reconstruction from the A294 ice-cave record (Central Pyrenees, northern Spain), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 484, 135–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.027, 2018.
Scholz, D. and Hoffmann, D. L.: StalAge – An algorithm designed for construction of speleothem age models, Quat. Geochronol., 6, 369–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2011.02.002, 2011.
Schurer, A. P., Tett, S. F. B., and Hegerl, G. C.: Small influence of solar variability on climate over the past millennium, Nat. Geosci., 7, 104–108, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2040, 2014.
Shindell, D. T., Schmidt, G. A., Mann, M. E., Rind, D., and Waple, A.: Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum, Science, 294, 2149, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064363, 2001.
Sigl, M., Winstrup, M., McConnell, J. R., Welten, K. C., Plunkett, G., Ludlow, F., Büntgen, U., Caffee, M., Chellman, N., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., Kostick, C., Maselli, O. J., Mekhaldi, F., Mulvaney, R., Muscheler, R., Pasteris, D. R., Pilcher, J. R., Salzer, M., Schüpbach, S., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M., and Woodruff, T. E.: Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2500 years, Nature, 523, 543–549, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14565, 2015.
Spötl, C.: Long-term performance of the Gasbench isotope ratio mass spectrometry system for the stable isotope analysis of carbonate microsamples, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 25, 1683–1685, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.5037, 2011.
Steffen, W., Broadgate, W., Deutsch, L., Gaffney, O., and Ludwig, C.: The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration, The Anthropocene Review, 2, 81–98, https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019614564785, 2015.
Sundqvist, H. S., Holmgren, K., Moberg, A., Spötl, C., and Mangini, A.: Stable isotopes in a stalagmite from NW Sweden document environmental changes over the past 4000 years, Boreas, 39, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00099.x, 2010.
Swingedouw, D., Terray, L., Cassou, C., Voldoire, A., Salas-Melia, D., and Servonnat, J.: Natural forcing of climate during the last millennium: fingerprint of solar variability, Clim. Dynam., 36, 1349–1364, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0803-5, 2011.
Tadros, C. V., Markowska, M., Treble, P. C., Baker, A., Frisia, S., Adler, L., and Drysdale, R. N.: Recharge variability in Australia's southeast alpine region derived from cave monitoring and modern stalagmite δ18O records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 295, 107742, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107742, 2022.
Thatcher, D. L., Wanamaker, A. D., Denniston, R. F., Ummenhofer, C. C., Asmerom, Y., Polyak, V. J., Cresswell-Clay, N., Hasiuk, F., Haws, J., and Gillikin, D. P.: Iberian hydroclimate variability and the Azores High during the last 1200 years: evidence from proxy records and climate model simulations, Clim. Dynam., 60, 2365–2387, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06427-6, 2022.
Trachsel, M., Kamenik, C., Grosjean, M., McCarroll, D., Moberg, A., Brázdil, R., Büntgen, U., Dobrovolný, P., Esper, J., Frank, D. C., Friedrich, M., Glaser, R., Larocque-Tobler, I., Nicolussi, K., and Riemann, D.: Multi-archive summer temperature reconstruction for the European Alps, AD 1053–1996, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 46, 66–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.021, 2012.
Treble, P. C., Baker, A., Abram, N. J., Hellstrom, J. C., Crawford, J., Gagan, M. K., Borsato, A., Griffiths, A. D., Bajo, P., Markowska, M., Priestley, S. C., Hankin, S., and Paterson, D.: Ubiquitous karst hydrological control on speleothem oxygen isotope variability in a global study, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00347-3, 2022.
Tremaine, D. M., Froelich, P. N., and Wang, Y.: Speleothem calcite farmed in situ: Modern calibration of δ18O and δ13C paleoclimate proxies in a continuously-monitored natural cave system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 4929–4950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.06.005, 2011.
Trouet, V., Esper, J., Graham, N. E., Baker, A., Scourse, J. D., and Frank, D. C.: Persistent Positive North Atlantic Oscillation Mode Dominated the Medieval Climate Anomaly, Science, 324, 78–80, 2009.
Trouet, V., Scourse, J. D., and Raible, C. C.: North Atlantic storminess and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during the last Millennium: Reconciling contradictory proxy records of NAO variability, Global Planet. Change, 84–85, 48–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.003, 2012.
Usoskin, I. G., Hulot, G., Gallet, Y., Roth, R., Licht, A., Joos, F., Kovaltsov, G. A., Thébault, E., and Khokhlov, A.: Evidence for distinct modes of solar activity, Astron. Astrophys., 562, L10, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423391, 2014.
Usoskin, I. G., Gallet, Y., Lopes, F., Kovaltsov, G. A., and Hulot, G.: Solar activity during the Holocene: the Hallstatt cycle and its consequence for grand minima and maxima, Astron. Astrophys., 587, A150, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527295, 2016.
Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T., Corella, J. P., Sigró, J., Rull, V., Dorado-Liñan, I., Valero-Garcés, B., and Gutiérrez-Merino, E.: Regional precipitation trends since 1500 CE reconstructed from calcite sublayers of a varved Mediterranean lake record (Central Pyrenees), Sci. Total Environ., 826, 153773, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153773, 2022.
Vicente de Vera García, A., Mata-Campo, M. P., Pla, S., Vicente, E., Prego, R., Frugone-Álvarez, M., Polanco-Martínez, J., Galofré, M., and Valero-Garcés, B. L.: Unprecedented recent regional increase in organic carbon and lithogenic fluxes in high altitude Pyrenean lakes, Sci. Rep., 13, 8586, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35233-1, 2023.
Vidaller, I., Revuelto, J., Izagirre, E., Rojas-Heredia, F., Alonso-González, E., Gascoin, S., René, P., Berthier, E., Rico, I., Moreno, A., Serrano, E., Serreta, A., and López-Moreno, J. I.: Toward an Ice-Free Mountain Range: Demise of Pyrenean Glaciers During 2011–2020, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094339, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094339, 2021.
Welte, C., Wacker, L., Hattendorf, B., Christl, M., Koch, J., Synal, H.-A., and Günther, D.: Novel Laser Ablation Sampling Device for the Rapid Radiocarbon Analysis of Carbonate Samples by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Radiocarbon, 58, 419–435, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2016.6, 2016.
Zawiska, I., Luoto, T. P., Nevalainen, L., Tylmann, W., Jensen, T. C., Obremska, M., Słowiński, M., Woszczyk, M., Schartau, A. K., and Walseng, B.: Climate variability and lake ecosystem responses in western Scandinavia (Norway) during the last Millennium, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 466, 231–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.034, 2017.
Short summary
Reconstructing past temperatures at regional scales during the Common Era is necessary to place the current warming in the context of natural climate variability. We present a climate reconstruction based on eight stalagmites from four caves in the Pyrenees, NE Spain. These stalagmites were dated precisely and analysed for their oxygen isotopes, which appear dominated by temperature changes. Solar variability and major volcanic eruptions are the two main drivers of observed climate variability.
Reconstructing past temperatures at regional scales during the Common Era is necessary to place...
