Articles | Volume 20, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Jun 2024
Research article |
| 12 Jun 2024
| 12 Jun 2024
Polar amplification of orbital-scale climate variability in the early Eocene greenhouse world
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Tobias Agterhuis
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
now at: School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
Danielle Gerritsma
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Myrthe de Goeij
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Xiaoqing Liu
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA
Pauline de Regt
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Addison Rice
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Laurens Vennema
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Claudia Agnini
Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Universita degli Studi di Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
Peter K. Bijl
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Joost Frieling
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
Matthew Huber
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA
Francien Peterse
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Appy Sluijs
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Yannick F. Bats, Appy Sluijs, and Gert-Jan Reichart
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Daniel J. Lunt, Nicky M. Wright, Bram Vaes, Ulrich Salzmann, James W. B. Rae, Thomas Hickler, David K. Hutchinson, Julia Brugger, Jiang Zhu, Sebastian Steinig, A. Nele Meckler, Gordon N. Inglis, David Evans, Agatha M. de Boer, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Natalie Burls, Yurui Zhang, Appy Sluijs, Tammo Reichgelt, Igor Niezgodzki, Katrin Meissner, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Fanni D. Kelemen, Matthew Huber, David R. Greenwood, Mattias Green, Flavia Boscolo-Galazzo, Manuel Tobias Blau, and Michiel Baatsen
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 6143–6166, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6143-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-6143-2026, 2026
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The early Eocene, about 50 million years ago, was a super-warm period of Earth's history, with high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Here, we provide a framework and experimental design for climate modellers to carry out a coordinated project, simulating this period. This is the second phase of this project, and here we provide updated maps of the Earth's mountains and ocean floor, and vegetation, to enable more accurate modelling.
Izabela De Mey-Śnieżyńska, Mirosław Słowakiewicz, Francien Peterse, Aleksandra Brodecka-Goluch, Andrzej Borkowski, and Katarzyna Łukawska-Matuszewska
Biogeosciences, 23, 4485–4514, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4485-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4485-2026, 2026
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This study examined seafloor gas- and/or water-venting craters (pockmarks) to understand the drivers of the microorganisms inhabiting these environments. By combining lipid biomarkers extracted from seabed sediments with genetic analyses, the study found that the microbial community is shaped mainly by nitrogen availability, methane seepage, and porewater freshening. Pockmarks may therefore modulate coastal nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas dynamics, a finding relevant to ecosystem monitoring.
Thomas Tanner, Ivan Hernandez-Almeida, Reto Wijker, Andrea K. Manirajan, Madeleine Santos, Peter Bijl, Tim van Peer, and Heather Stoll
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3415, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3415, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
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In this study, we examined the relationship between surface ocean temperature in the midlatitudes in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres over a period of major Antarctic ice expansion 24 to 22 million years ago, a period when Antarctica was the only polar ice sheet. We find consistent cooling of the surface ocean in both hemispheres as ice was expanding, indicating a close coupling of global climate and polar ice caps.
Ashley M. Morris, Sarah Lambart, Carlos A. Alvarez Zarikian, John M. Millett, Morgan T. Jones, Sverre Planke, Peter Betlem, Sayantani Chatterjee, Marialena Christopoulou, Eric C. Ferré, Irina Y. Filina, Joost Frieling, Reed P. Scherer, Natalia Varela, Weimu Xu, and Stacy L. Yager
Sci. Dril., 35, 21–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-35-21-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-35-21-2026, 2026
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Choosing samples from large sections of hard-rock cores often relies on preliminary chemical analyses, which can be limited and therefore misrepresentative of full chemical variability. This study adapts X-ray fluorescence core-scanning techniques for use on hard-rock basalt cores to outline a method that provides accurate chemical information in greater detail relative to traditional analytical methods. The presented workflow suggests significant contributions to new and legacy core research.
Hamida Ngoma Nadoya, Clay R. Tabor, Ran Feng, Xiaoqing Liu, Daniel E. Ibarra, Tammo Reichgelt, and Amber Laskos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-899, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-899, 2026
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The Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO; ~17–14 Ma) may provide a window into the future of Earth’s climate. Our study employs the water isotope tracer version of CESM1 to simulate and evaluate climate during the MCO under three different CO2 concentrations. Our findings show warmer conditions during the MCO with increase in precipitation in the mid and high latitudes, southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone and enriched isotopes.
Anne L. Kruijt, Robin van Dijk, Olivier Sulpis, Luc Beaufort, Guillaume Lassus, Geert-Jan Brummer, A. Daniëlle van der Burg, Ben A. Cala, Yasmina Ourradi, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Matthew P. Humphreys, Sonia Chaabane, Appy Sluijs, and Jack J. Middelburg
Biogeosciences, 23, 531–563, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-531-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-531-2026, 2026
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We measured the three main types of plankton that produce calcium carbonate in the ocean, at the same time and location. While coccolithophores were the biggest contributors, we found that planktonic gastropods, not foraminifera, were the second largest contributor. This challenges the current view and improves our understanding of how these organisms influence oceans’ carbon cycling.
Laura Kellner, Karen Dybkjær, Stefan Piasecki, Julie Fredborg, Francien Peterse, Erik S. Rasmussen, Manuel Vieira, Lígia Castro, and Kasia K. Śliwińska
J. Micropalaeontol., 44, 509–539, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-509-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-509-2025, 2025
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Peter K. Bijl, Kasia K. Śliwińska, Bella Duncan, Arnaud Huguet, Sebastian Naeher, Ronnakrit Rattanasriampaipong, Claudia Sosa-Montes de Oca, Alexandra Auderset, Melissa A. Berke, Bum Soo Kim, Nina Davtian, Tom Dunkley Jones, Desmond D. Eefting, Felix J. Elling, Pierrick Fenies, Gordon N. Inglis, Lauren O'Connor, Richard D. Pancost, Francien Peterse, Addison Rice, Appy Sluijs, Devika Varma, Wenjie Xiao, and Yi Ge Zhang
Biogeosciences, 22, 6465–6508, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6465-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6465-2025, 2025
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Many academic laboratories worldwide process environmental samples for analysis of membrane lipid molecules of archaea, for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions. However, the sample workup scheme involves many steps, each of which has a risk of contamination or bias, affecting the results. This paper reviews steps involved in sampling, extraction and analysis of lipids, interpretation and archiving of the data. This ensures reproducible, reusable, comparable and consistent data.
Mei Nelissen, Appy Sluijs, Debra A. Willard, and Henk Brinkhuis
J. Micropalaeontol., 44, 431–467, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-431-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-44-431-2025, 2025
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We studied a short-lived episode of major warming ~56 million years ago, often seen as a past analogue for modern climate change. We developed a scheme to correlate biological signals from this warming period across six sediment cores from the US East Coast. Based on the occurrences and distribution of organic remains of planktonic microfossils, we can correlate events in time, allowing detailed reconstructions of how climate and environments changed regionally during this extreme warming.
Yannick F. Bats, Klaas G. J. Nierop, Alice Stuart-Lee, Joost Frieling, Linda van Roij, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 22, 4689–4704, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4689-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4689-2025, 2025
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In this study, we analyzed the molecular and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of pollen and spores (sporomorphs) that underwent chemical treatments that simulate diagenesis during fossilization. We show that the successive removal of sugars and lipids results in the depletion of 13C in the residual sporomorph, leaving rich aromatic compounds. This residual aromatic-rich structure likely represents diagenetically resistant sporopollenin, implying that diagenesis results in the depletion of 13C in pollen.
Alice R. Paine, Joost Frieling, Timothy M. Shanahan, Tamsin A. Mather, Nicholas McKay, Stuart A. Robinson, David M. Pyle, Isabel M. Fendley, Ruth Kiely, and William D. Gosling
Clim. Past, 21, 817–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-817-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-817-2025, 2025
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Few tropical mercury (Hg) records extend beyond ~ 12 ka, meaning our current understanding of Hg behaviour may not fully account for the impact of long-term hydroclimate changes on the Hg cycle in these environments. Here, we present an ~ 96 kyr Hg record from Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana. A coupled response is observed between Hg flux and shifts in sediment composition reflective of changes in lake level, suggesting that hydroclimate may be a key driver of tropical Hg cycling over millennial timescales.
Mark V. Elbertsen, Erik van Sebille, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 21, 441–464, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-441-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-441-2025, 2025
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This work verifies the remarkable finds of late Eocene Antarctic-sourced iceberg-rafted debris on the South Orkney Microcontinent. We find that these icebergs must have been on the larger end of the size scale compared to today’s icebergs due to faster melting in the warmer Eocene climate. The study was performed using a high-resolution model in which individual icebergs were followed through time.
Jingjing Guo, Martin Ziegler, Louise Fuchs, Youbin Sun, and Francien Peterse
Clim. Past, 21, 343–355, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-343-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-343-2025, 2025
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In this study, we use the distribution of soil bacterial membrane lipids stored on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) to quantitatively reconstruct variations in precipitation amount over the past 130 kyr. The precipitation record shows orbital- and millennial-scale variations and varies at precession and obliquity scale. The application of this precipitation proxy across the CLP indicates a more pronounced spatial gradient during glacials, when the western CLP experiences more arid conditions.
Suning Hou, Leonie Toebrock, Mart van der Linden, Fleur Rothstegge, Martin Ziegler, Lucas J. Lourens, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 21, 79–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-79-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-79-2025, 2025
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Based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages and sea surface temperature records west of offshore Tasmania, we find a northward migration and freshening of the subtropical front, not at the M2 glacial maximum but at its deglaciation phase. This oceanographic change aligns well with trends in pCO2. We propose that iceberg discharge from the M2 deglaciation freshened the subtropical front, which together with the other oceanographic changes affected atmosphere–ocean CO2 exchange in the Southern Ocean.
Frida S. Hoem, Karlijn van den Broek, Adrián López-Quirós, Suzanna H. A. van de Lagemaat, Steve M. Bohaty, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Robert D. Larter, Tim E. van Peer, Henk Brinkhuis, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 497–517, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-497-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-497-2024, 2024
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The timing and impact of onset of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) on climate and Antarctic ice are unclear. We reconstruct late Eocene to Miocene southern Atlantic surface ocean environment using microfossil remains of dinoflagellates (dinocysts). Our dinocyst records shows the breakdown of subpolar gyres in the late Oligocene and the transition into a modern-like oceanographic regime with ACC flow, established frontal systems, Antarctic proximal cooling, and sea ice by the late Miocene.
Appy Sluijs and Henk Brinkhuis
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 441–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-441-2024, 2024
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We present intrinsic details of dinocyst taxa and assemblages from the sole available central Arctic late Paleocene–early Eocene sedimentary succession recovered at the central Lomonosov Ridge by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 302. We develop a pragmatic taxonomic framework, document critical biostratigraphic events, and propose two new genera and seven new species.
Dominique K. L. L. Jenny, Tammo Reichgelt, Charlotte L. O'Brien, Xiaoqing Liu, Peter K. Bijl, Matthew Huber, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 20, 1627–1657, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024, 2024
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This study reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the Oligocene
icehouseclimate. We extend an existing marine climate proxy data compilation and present a new compilation and analysis of terrestrial plant assemblages to assess long-term climate trends and variability. Our data–climate model comparison reinforces the notion that models underestimate polar amplification of Oligocene climates, and we identify potential future research directions.
Allix J. Baxter, Francien Peterse, Dirk Verschuren, Aihemaiti Maitituerdi, Nicolas Waldmann, and Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
Biogeosciences, 21, 2877–2908, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2877-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2877-2024, 2024
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This study investigates the impact of long-term lake-system evolution on the climate signal recorded by glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), a popular biomarker in paleoclimate research. It compares downcore changes in GDGTs in the 250 000 year sediment sequence of Lake Chala (Kenya/Tanzania) to independent data for lake mixing and water-column chemistry. These factors influence the GDGT proxies in the earliest depositional phases (before ~180 ka), confounding the climate signal.
Marci M. Robinson, Kenneth G. Miller, Tali L. Babila, Timothy J. Bralower, James V. Browning, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, Monika Doubrawa, Gavin L. Foster, Megan K. Fung, Sean Kinney, Maria Makarova, Peter P. McLaughlin, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Morgan F. Schaller, Jean M. Self-Trail, Appy Sluijs, Thomas Westerhold, James D. Wright, and James C. Zachos
Sci. Dril., 33, 47–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, 2024
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The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is the closest geological analog to modern anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but its causes and the responses remain enigmatic. Coastal plain sediments can resolve this uncertainty, but their discontinuous nature requires numerous sites to constrain events. Workshop participants identified 10 drill sites that target the PETM and other interesting intervals. Our post-drilling research will provide valuable insights into Earth system responses.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1447–1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1447-2024, 2024
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This new version release of DINOSTRAT, version 2.1, aligns stratigraphic ranges of dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts), a microfossil group, to the latest Geologic Time Scale. In this release I present the evolution of dinocyst subfamilies from the Middle Triassic to the modern period.
Alice R. Paine, Isabel M. Fendley, Joost Frieling, Tamsin A. Mather, Jack H. Lacey, Bernd Wagner, Stuart A. Robinson, David M. Pyle, Alexander Francke, Theodore R. Them II, and Konstantinos Panagiotopoulos
Biogeosciences, 21, 531–556, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-531-2024, 2024
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Many important processes within the global mercury (Hg) cycle operate over thousands of years. Here, we explore the timing, magnitude, and expression of Hg signals retained in sediments of lakes Prespa and Ohrid over the past ∼90 000 years. Divergent signals suggest that local differences in sediment composition, lake structure, and water balance influence the local Hg cycle and determine the extent to which sedimentary Hg signals reflect local- or global-scale environmental changes.
Michiel Baatsen, Peter Bijl, Anna von der Heydt, Appy Sluijs, and Henk Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 20, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, 2024
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This work introduces the possibility and consequences of monsoons on Antarctica in the warm Eocene climate. We suggest that such a monsoonal climate can be important to understand conditions in Antarctica prior to large-scale glaciation. We can explain seemingly contradictory indications of ice and vegetation on the continent through regional variability. In addition, we provide a new mechanism through which most of Antarctica remained ice-free through a wide range of global climatic changes.
Maria Elena Gastaldello, Claudia Agnini, and Laia Alegret
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 1–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-1-2024, 2024
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This paper examines benthic foraminifera, single-celled organisms, at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1506 in the Tasman Sea from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene (between 7.4 to 4.5 million years ago). We described and illustrated the 36 most common species; analysed the past ocean depth of the site; and investigated the environmental conditions at the seafloor during the Biogenic Bloom phenomenon, a global phase of high marine primary productivity.
Madeleine L. Vickers, Morgan T. Jones, Jack Longman, David Evans, Clemens V. Ullmann, Ella Wulfsberg Stokke, Martin Vickers, Joost Frieling, Dustin T. Harper, Vincent J. Clementi, and IODP Expedition 396 Scientists
Clim. Past, 20, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1-2024, 2024
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The discovery of cold-water glendonite pseudomorphs in sediments deposited during the hottest part of the Cenozoic poses an apparent climate paradox. This study examines their occurrence, association with volcanic sediments, and speculates on the timing and extent of cooling, fitting this with current understanding of global climate during this period. We propose that volcanic activity was key to both physical and chemical conditions that enabled the formation of glendonites in these sediments.
Peter K. Bijl and Henk Brinkhuis
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 309–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-309-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-309-2023, 2023
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We developed an online, open-access database for taxonomic descriptions, stratigraphic information and images of organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst species. With this new resource for applied and academic research, teaching and training, we open up organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts for the academic era of open science. We expect that palsys.org represents a starting point to improve taxonomic concepts, and we invite the community to contribute.
Yord W. Yedema, Timme Donders, Francien Peterse, and Francesca Sangiorgi
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 257–276, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-257-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-257-2023, 2023
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The pollen and dinoflagellate cyst content of 21 surface sediments from the northern Gulf of Mexico is used to test the applicability of three palynological ratios (heterotroph/autotroph, pollen/dinocyst, and pollen/bisaccate ratio) as proxies for marine productivity and distance to the coast/river. Redundancy analysis confirms the suitability of these three ratios, where the H/A ratio can be used as an indicator of primary production, and the P/B ratio best tracks the distance to the coast.
Joost Frieling, Linda van Roij, Iris Kleij, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 20, 4651–4668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, 2023
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We present a first species-specific evaluation of marine core-top dinoflagellate cyst carbon isotope fractionation (εp) to assess natural pCO2 dependency on εp and explore its geological deep-time paleo-pCO2 proxy potential. We find that εp differs between genera and species and that in Operculodinium centrocarpum, εp is controlled by pCO2 and nutrients. Our results highlight the added value of δ13C analyses of individual micrometer-scale sedimentary organic carbon particles.
Stephen P. Hesselbo, Aisha Al-Suwaidi, Sarah J. Baker, Giorgia Ballabio, Claire M. Belcher, Andrew Bond, Ian Boomer, Remco Bos, Christian J. Bjerrum, Kara Bogus, Richard Boyle, James V. Browning, Alan R. Butcher, Daniel J. Condon, Philip Copestake, Stuart Daines, Christopher Dalby, Magret Damaschke, Susana E. Damborenea, Jean-Francois Deconinck, Alexander J. Dickson, Isabel M. Fendley, Calum P. Fox, Angela Fraguas, Joost Frieling, Thomas A. Gibson, Tianchen He, Kat Hickey, Linda A. Hinnov, Teuntje P. Hollaar, Chunju Huang, Alexander J. L. Hudson, Hugh C. Jenkyns, Erdem Idiz, Mengjie Jiang, Wout Krijgsman, Christoph Korte, Melanie J. Leng, Timothy M. Lenton, Katharina Leu, Crispin T. S. Little, Conall MacNiocaill, Miguel O. Manceñido, Tamsin A. Mather, Emanuela Mattioli, Kenneth G. Miller, Robert J. Newton, Kevin N. Page, József Pálfy, Gregory Pieńkowski, Richard J. Porter, Simon W. Poulton, Alberto C. Riccardi, James B. Riding, Ailsa Roper, Micha Ruhl, Ricardo L. Silva, Marisa S. Storm, Guillaume Suan, Dominika Szűcs, Nicolas Thibault, Alfred Uchman, James N. Stanley, Clemens V. Ullmann, Bas van de Schootbrugge, Madeleine L. Vickers, Sonja Wadas, Jessica H. Whiteside, Paul B. Wignall, Thomas Wonik, Weimu Xu, Christian Zeeden, and Ke Zhao
Sci. Dril., 32, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-32-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-32-1-2023, 2023
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We present initial results from a 650 m long core of Late Triasssic to Early Jurassic (190–202 Myr) sedimentary strata from the Cheshire Basin, UK, which is shown to be an exceptional record of Earth evolution for the time of break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea. Further work will determine periodic changes in depositional environments caused by solar system dynamics and used to reconstruct orbital history.
Frida S. Hoem, Adrián López-Quirós, Suzanna van de Lagemaat, Johan Etourneau, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Carlota Escutia, Henk Brinkhuis, Francien Peterse, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 19, 1931–1949, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1931-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1931-2023, 2023
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We present two new sea surface temperature (SST) records in comparison with available SST records to reconstruct South Atlantic paleoceanographic evolution. Our results show a low SST gradient in the Eocene–early Oligocene due to the persistent gyral circulation. A higher SST gradient in the Middle–Late Miocene infers a stronger circumpolar current. The southern South Atlantic was the coldest region in the Southern Ocean and likely the main deep-water formation location in the Middle Miocene.
William Rush, Jean Self-Trail, Yang Zhang, Appy Sluijs, Henk Brinkhuis, James Zachos, James G. Ogg, and Marci Robinson
Clim. Past, 19, 1677–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, 2023
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The Eocene contains several brief warming periods referred to as hyperthermals. Studying these events and how they varied between locations can help provide insight into our future warmer world. This study provides a characterization of two of these events in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. The records of climate that we measured demonstrate significant changes during this time period, but the type and timing of these changes highlight the complexity of climatic changes.
Morgan T. Jones, Ella W. Stokke, Alan D. Rooney, Joost Frieling, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, David J. Wilson, Henrik H. Svensen, Sverre Planke, Thierry Adatte, Nicolas Thibault, Madeleine L. Vickers, Tamsin A. Mather, Christian Tegner, Valentin Zuchuat, and Bo P. Schultz
Clim. Past, 19, 1623–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, 2023
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There are periods in Earth’s history when huge volumes of magma are erupted at the Earth’s surface. The gases released from volcanic eruptions and from sediments heated by the magma are believed to have caused severe climate changes in the geological past. We use a variety of volcanic and climatic tracers to assess how the North Atlantic Igneous Province (56–54 Ma) affected the oceans and atmosphere during a period of extreme global warming.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-169, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-169, 2023
Publication in ESSD not foreseen
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This new version release of DINOSTRAT, version 2.0, aligns stratigraphic ranges of dinoflagellate cysts, a microfossil group, to the Geologic Time Scale. In this release we present the evolution of dinocyst subfamilies from the mid-Triassic to the modern.
Lena Mareike Thöle, Peter Dirk Nooteboom, Suning Hou, Rujian Wang, Senyan Nie, Elisabeth Michel, Isabel Sauermilch, Fabienne Marret, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter Kristian Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 35–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-35-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-35-2023, 2023
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Dinoflagellate cysts can be used to infer past oceanographic conditions in the Southern Ocean. This requires knowledge of their present-day ecologic affinities. We add 66 Antarctic-proximal surface sediment samples to the Southern Ocean data and derive oceanographic conditions at those stations. Dinoflagellate cysts are clearly biogeographically separated along latitudinal gradients of temperature, sea ice, nutrients, and salinity, which allows us to reconstruct these parameters for the past.
Suning Hou, Foteini Lamprou, Frida S. Hoem, Mohammad Rizky Nanda Hadju, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 19, 787–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023, 2023
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Neogene climate cooling is thought to be accompanied by increased Equator-to-pole temperature gradients, but mid-latitudes are poorly represented. We use biomarkers to reconstruct a 23 Myr continuous sea surface temperature record of the mid-latitude Southern Ocean. We note a profound mid-latitude cooling which narrowed the latitudinal temperature gradient with the northward expansion of subpolar conditions. We surmise that this reflects the strengthening of the ACC and the expansion of sea ice.
Yord W. Yedema, Francesca Sangiorgi, Appy Sluijs, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 20, 663–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, 2023
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Terrestrial organic matter (TerrOM) is transported to the ocean by rivers, where its burial can potentially form a long-term carbon sink. This burial is dependent on the type and characteristics of the TerrOM. We used bulk sediment properties, biomarkers, and palynology to identify the dispersal patterns of plant-derived, soil–microbial, and marine OM in the northern Gulf of Mexico and show that plant-derived OM is transported further into the coastal zone than soil and marine-produced TerrOM.
Frédérique M. S. A. Kirkels, Hugo J. de Boer, Paulina Concha Hernández, Chris R. T. Martes, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Sayak Basu, Muhammed O. Usman, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 19, 4107–4127, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4107-2022, 2022
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The distinct carbon isotopic values of C3 and C4 plants are widely used to reconstruct past hydroclimate, where more C3 plants reflect wetter and C4 plants drier conditions. Here we examine the impact of regional hydroclimatic conditions on plant isotopic values in the Godavari River basin, India. We find that it is crucial to identify regional plant isotopic values and consider drought stress, which introduces a bias in C3 / C4 plant estimates and associated hydroclimate reconstructions.
Frédérique M. S. A. Kirkels, Huub M. Zwart, Muhammed O. Usman, Suning Hou, Camilo Ponton, Liviu Giosan, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 19, 3979–4010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3979-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3979-2022, 2022
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) that is transferred to the ocean by rivers forms a long-term sink of atmospheric CO2 upon burial on the ocean floor. We here test if certain bacterial membrane lipids can be used to trace SOC through the monsoon-fed Godavari River basin in India. We find that these lipids trace the mobilisation and transport of SOC in the wet season but that these lipids are not transferred far into the sea. This suggests that the burial of SOC on the sea floor is limited here.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Koen J. van der Laan, Francien Peterse, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, Stefan Schouten, Tjerk J. T. Veenstra, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 1947–1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, 2022
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The TEX86 proxy is often used by paleoceanographers to reconstruct past sea-surface temperatures. However, the origin of the TEX86 signal in marine sediments has been debated since the proxy was first proposed. In our paper, we show that TEX86 carries a mixed sea-surface and subsurface temperature signal and should be calibrated accordingly. Using our 15-million-year record, we subsequently show how a TEX86 subsurface temperature record can be used to inform us on past sea-surface temperatures.
Karen M. Brandenburg, Björn Rost, Dedmer B. Van de Waal, Mirja Hoins, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 19, 3305–3315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, 2022
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Reconstructions of past CO2 concentrations rely on proxy estimates, with one line of proxies relying on the CO2-dependence of stable carbon isotope fractionation in marine phytoplankton. Culturing experiments provide insights into which processes may impact this. We found, however, that the methods with which these culturing experiments are performed also influence 13C fractionation. Caution should therefore be taken when extrapolating results from these experiments to proxy applications.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Josse Winkelhorst, Wesley de Nooijer, Anna von der Heydt, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 961–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, 2022
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A hypothesized link between Pliocene (5.3–2.5 million years ago) global climate and tropical thermocline depth is currently only backed up by data from the Pacific Ocean. In our paper, we present temperature, salinity, and thermocline records from the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Surprisingly, the Pliocene thermocline evolution was remarkably different in the Atlantic and Pacific. We need to reevaluate the mechanisms that drive thermocline depth, and how these are tied to global climate change.
Michael Amoo, Ulrich Salzmann, Matthew J. Pound, Nick Thompson, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 18, 525–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, 2022
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Late Eocene to earliest Oligocene (37.97–33.06 Ma) climate and vegetation dynamics around the Tasmanian Gateway region reveal that changes in ocean circulation due to accelerated deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway may not have been solely responsible for the changes in terrestrial climate and vegetation; a series of regional and global events, including a change in stratification of water masses and changes in pCO2, may have played significant roles.
Peter D. Nooteboom, Peter K. Bijl, Christian Kehl, Erik van Sebille, Martin Ziegler, Anna S. von der Heydt, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 357–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-357-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-357-2022, 2022
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Having descended through the water column, microplankton in ocean sediments represents the ocean surface environment and is used as an archive of past and present surface oceanographic conditions. However, this microplankton is advected by turbulent ocean currents during its sinking journey. We use simulations of sinking particles to define ocean bottom provinces and detect these provinces in datasets of sedimentary microplankton, which has implications for palaeoclimate reconstructions.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 579–617, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-579-2022, 2022
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Using microfossils to gauge the age of rocks and sediments requires an accurate age of their first (origination) and last (extinction) appearances. But how do you know such ages can then be applied worldwide? And what causes regional differences? This paper investigates the regional consistency of ranges of species of a specific microfossil group, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts. This overview helps in identifying regional differences in the stratigraphic ranges of species and their causes.
Nick Thompson, Ulrich Salzmann, Adrián López-Quirós, Peter K. Bijl, Frida S. Hoem, Johan Etourneau, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Sabine Roignant, Emma Hocking, Michael Amoo, and Carlota Escutia
Clim. Past, 18, 209–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, 2022
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New pollen and spore data from the Antarctic Peninsula region reveal temperate rainforests that changed and adapted in response to Eocene climatic cooling, roughly 35.5 Myr ago, and glacially related disturbance in the early Oligocene, approximately 33.5 Myr ago. The timing of these events indicates that the opening of ocean gateways alone did not trigger Antarctic glaciation, although ocean gateways may have played a role in climate cooling.
Peter K. Bijl, Joost Frieling, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Christine Boschman, Appy Sluijs, and Francien Peterse
Clim. Past, 17, 2393–2425, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, 2021
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Here, we use the latest insights for GDGT and dinocyst-based paleotemperature and paleoenvironmental reconstructions in late Cretaceous–early Oligocene sediments from ODP Site 1172 (East Tasman Plateau, Australia). We reconstruct strong river runoff during the Paleocene–early Eocene, a progressive decline thereafter with increased wet/dry seasonality in the northward-drifting hinterland. Our critical review leaves the anomalous warmth of the Eocene SW Pacific Ocean unexplained.
Frida S. Hoem, Isabel Sauermilch, Suning Hou, Henk Brinkhuis, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 40, 175–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-175-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-175-2021, 2021
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We use marine microfossil (dinocyst) assemblage data as well as seismic and tectonic investigations to reconstruct the oceanographic history south of Australia 37–20 Ma as the Tasmanian Gateway widens and deepens. Our results show stable conditions with typically warmer dinocysts south of Australia, which contrasts with the colder dinocysts closer to Antarctica, indicating the establishment of modern oceanographic conditions with a strong Southern Ocean temperature gradient and frontal systems.
Cited articles
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Agnini, C., Fornaciari, E., Raffi, I., Catanzariti, R., Pälike, H., Backman, J., and Rio, D.: Biozonation and biochronology of Paleogene calcareous nannofossils from low and middle latitudes, Newslett. Stratigr., 47, 131–181, https://doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2014/0042, 2014.
Agterhuis, T., Ziegler, M., de Winter, N. J., and Lourens, L. J.: Warm deep-sea temperatures across Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 from clumped isotope thermometry, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 39, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00350-8, 2022.
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Annan, J. D., Hargreaves, J. C., and Mauritsen, T.: A new global surface temperature reconstruction for the Last Glacial Maximum, Clim. Past, 18, 1883–1896, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1883-2022, 2022.
Baatsen, M., Bijl, P., Von Der Heydt, A., Sluijs, A., and Dijkstra, H.: Resilient Antarctic monsoonal climate prevented ice growth during the Eocene, Clim. Past, 20, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, 2024.
Bemis, B. E., Spero, H. J., Bijma, J., and Lea, D. W.: Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera: Experimental results and revised paleotemperature equations, Paleoceanography, 13, 150–160, https://doi.org/10.1029/98PA00070, 1998.
Bijl, P. K., Bendle, J. A. P., Bohaty, S. M., Pross, J., Schouten, S., Tauxe, L., Stickley, C. E., McKay, R. M., Röhl, U., Olney, M., Sluijs, A., Escutia, C., Brinkhuis, H., Expedition 318 Scientists, Klaus, A., Fehr, A., Williams, T., Carr, S. A., Dunbar, R. B., Gonzàlez, J. J., Hayden, T. G., Iwai, M., Jimenez-Espejo, F. J., Katsuki, K., Kong, G. S., Nakai, M., Passchier, S., Pekar, S. F., Riesselman, C., Sakai, T., Shrivastava, P. K., Sugisaki, S., Tuo, S., van de Flierdt, T., Welsh, K., and Yamane, M.: Eocene cooling linked to early flow across the Tasmanian Gateway, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 9645–9650, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220872110, 2013.
Bijl, P. K., Frieling, J., Cramwinckel, M. J., Boschman, C., Sluijs, A., and Peterse, F.: Maastrichtian–Rupelian paleoclimates in the southwest Pacific – a critical re-evaluation of biomarker paleothermometry and dinoflagellate cyst paleoecology at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1172, Clim. Past, 17, 2393–2425, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, 2021.
Blaga, C. I., Reichart, G.-J., Heiri, O., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Tetraether membrane lipid distributions in water-column particulate matter and sediments: a study of 47 European lakes along a north–south transect, J. Paleolimnol., 41, 523–540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-008-9242-2, 2009.
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Carmichael, M. J., Inglis, G. N., Badger, M. P. S., Naafs, B. D. A., Behrooz, L., Remmelzwaal, S., Monteiro, F. M., Rohrssen, M., Farnsworth, A., Buss, H. L., Dickson, A. J., Valdes, P. J., Lunt, D. J., and Pancost, R. D.: Hydrological and associated biogeochemical consequences of rapid global warming during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Global Planet. Change, 157, 114–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.07.014, 2017.
Cramer, B. S., Wright, J. D., Kent, D. V., and Aubry, M.-P.: Orbital climate forcing of D13C excursions in the late Paleocene – early Eocene (chrons C24n–C25n), Paleoceanography, 18, 1097, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000909, 2003.
Cramwinckel, M. J., Huber, M., Kocken, I. J., Agnini, C., Bijl, P. K., Bohaty, S. M., Frieling, J., Goldner, A., Hilgen, F. J., Kip, E. L., Peterse, F., van der Ploeg, R., Röhl, U., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.: Synchronous tropical and polar temperature evolution in the Eocene, Nature, 559, 382–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0272-2, 2018.
Deconto, R. M., Brady, E. C., Bergengren, J., and Hay, W. W.: Late Cretaceous climate, vegetation, and ocean interactions, in: Warm Climates in Earth History, edited by: Huber, B. T., Macleod, K. G., and Wing, S. L., Cambridge University Press, 275–296, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511564512.010, 1999.
DeConto, R. M., Galeotti, S., Pagani, M., Tracy, D., Schaefer, K., Zhang, T., Pollard, D., and Beerling, D. J.: Past extreme warming events linked to massive carbon release from thawing permafrost, Nature, 484, 87–91, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10929, 2012.
Dickens, G. R.: Carbon addition and removal during the Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum: basic theory with a preliminary treatment of the isotope record at ODP Site 1051, Blake Nose, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 183, 293–305, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.183.01.14, 2001a.
Dickens, G. R.: The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions, Org. Geochem., 32, 1179–1193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00086-9, 2001b.
Dickens, G. R., Castillo, M. M., and Walker, J. C. G.: A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate, Geology, 25, 259, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0259:ABOGIT>2.3.CO;2, 1997.
Dunkley Jones, T., Lunt, D. J., Schmidt, D. N., Ridgwell, A., Sluijs, A., Valdes, P. J., and Maslin, M.: Climate model and proxy data constraints on ocean warming across the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Earth-Sci. Rev., 125, 123–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.07.004, 2013.
England, M. R. and Feldl, N.: Robust Polar Amplification in Ice-Free Climates Relies on Ocean Heat Transport and Cloud Radiative Effects, J. Climate, 37, 2179–2197, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0151.1, 2024.
England, M. R., Eisenman, I., Lutsko, N. J., and Wagner, T. J. W.: The Recent Emergence of Arctic Amplification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094086, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094086, 2021.
Evans, D., Sagoo, N., Renema, W., Cotton, L. J., Müller, W., Todd, J. A., Saraswati, P. K., Stassen, P., Ziegler, M., Pearson, P. N., Valdes, P. J., and Affek, H. P.: Eocene greenhouse climate revealed by coupled clumped isotope-Mg/Ca thermometry, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 1174–1179, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714744115, 2018.
Frieling, J. and Sluijs, A.: Towards quantitative environmental reconstructions from ancient non-analogue microfossil assemblages: Ecological preferences of Paleocene–Eocene dinoflagellates, Earth-Sci. Rev., 185, 956–973, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.08.014, 2018.
Frieling, J., Gebhardt, H., Huber, M., Adekeye, O. A., Akande, S. O., Reichart, G.-J., Middelburg, J. J., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.: Extreme warmth and heat-stressed plankton in the tropics during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Sci. Adv., 3, e1600891, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600891, 2017.
Frieling, J., Reichart, G.-J., Middelburg, J. J., Röhl, U., Westerhold, T., Bohaty, S. M., and Sluijs, A.: Tropical Atlantic climate and ecosystem regime shifts during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Clim. Past, 14, 39–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, 2018.
Frieling, J., Peterse, F., Lunt, D. J., Bohaty, S. M., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Reichart, G.-J., and Sluijs, A.: Widespread Warming Before and Elevated Barium Burial During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Evidence for Methane Hydrate Release?, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 34, 546–566, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003425, 2019.
Gaskell, D. E., Huber, M., O'Brien, C. L., Inglis, G. N., Acosta, R. P., Poulsen, C. J., and Hull, P. M.: The latitudinal temperature gradient and its climate dependence as inferred from foraminiferal δ18O over the past 95 million years, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2111332119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111332119, 2022.
Gibbs, S. J., Bown, P. R., Murphy, B. H., Sluijs, A., Edgar, K. M., Pälike, H., Bolton, C. T., and Zachos, J. C.: Scaled biotic disruption during early Eocene global warming events, Biogeosciences, 9, 4679–4688, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4679-2012, 2012.
Harper, D. T., Zeebe, R., Hönisch, B., Schrader, C. D., Lourens, L. J., and Zachos, J. C.: Subtropical sea-surface warming and increased salinity during Eocene Thermal Maximum 2, Geology, 46, 187–190, https://doi.org/10.1130/G39658.1, 2018.
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Herbert, T. D., Peterson, L. C., Lawrence, K. T., and Liu, Z.: Tropical Ocean Temperatures Over the Past 3.5 Million Years, Science, 328, 1530–1534, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185435, 2010.
Hernández-Sánchez, M. T., Woodward, E. M. S., Taylor, K. W. R., Henderson, G. M., and Pancost, R. D.: Variations in GDGT distributions through the water column in the South East Atlantic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 132, 337–348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.02.009, 2014.
Ho, S. L. and Laepple, T.: Flat meridional temperature gradient in the early Eocene in the subsurface rather than surface ocean, Nat. Geosci., 9, 606–610, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2763, 2016.
Ho, S. L., Mollenhauer, G., Lamy, F., Martínez-Garcia, A., Mohtadi, M., Gersonde, R., Hebbeln, D., Nunez-Ricardo, S., Rosell-Melé, A., and Tiedemann, R.: Sea surface temperature variability in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean over the past 700 kyr, Paleoceanography, 27, PA4202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012PA002317, 2012.
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Short summary
Polar amplification (PA) is a key uncertainty in climate projections. The factors that dominantly control PA are difficult to separate. Here we provide an estimate for the non-ice-related PA by reconstructing tropical ocean temperature variability from the ice-free early Eocene, which we compare to deep-ocean-derived high-latitude temperature variability across short-lived warming periods. We find a PA factor of 1.7–2.3 on 20 kyr timescales, which is somewhat larger than model estimates.
Polar amplification (PA) is a key uncertainty in climate projections. The factors that...
