Articles | Volume 11, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-473-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-473-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 Mar 2015
Research article |
| 17 Mar 2015
Early Paleogene variations in the calcite compensation depth: new constraints using old borehole sediments from across Ninetyeast Ridge, central Indian Ocean
B. S. Slotnick
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
V. Lauretano
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
J. Backman
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
G. R. Dickens
Department of Earth Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
A. Sluijs
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
L. Lourens
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Suning Hou, Leonie Toebrock, Mart van der Linden, Fleur Rothstegge, Martin Ziegler, Lucas J. Lourens, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 21, 79–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-79-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-79-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages and sea surface temperature records west of offshore Tasmania, we find a northward migration and freshening of the subtropical front, not at the M2 glacial maximum but at its deglaciation phase. This oceanographic change aligns well with trends in pCO2. We propose that iceberg discharge from the M2 deglaciation freshened the subtropical front, which together with the other oceanographic changes affected atmosphere–ocean CO2 exchange in the Southern Ocean.
Appy Sluijs and Henk Brinkhuis
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 441–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present intrinsic details of dinocyst taxa and assemblages from the sole available central Arctic late Paleocene–early Eocene sedimentary succession recovered at the central Lomonosov Ridge by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 302. We develop a pragmatic taxonomic framework, document critical biostratigraphic events, and propose two new genera and seven new species.
Dominique K. L. L. Jenny, Tammo Reichgelt, Charlotte L. O'Brien, Xiaoqing Liu, Peter K. Bijl, Matthew Huber, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 20, 1627–1657, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the Oligocene
icehouseclimate. We extend an existing marine climate proxy data compilation and present a new compilation and analysis of terrestrial plant assemblages to assess long-term climate trends and variability. Our data–climate model comparison reinforces the notion that models underestimate polar amplification of Oligocene climates, and we identify potential future research directions.
Chris D. Fokkema, Tobias Agterhuis, Danielle Gerritsma, Myrthe de Goeij, Xiaoqing Liu, Pauline de Regt, Addison Rice, Laurens Vennema, Claudia Agnini, Peter K. Bijl, Joost Frieling, Matthew Huber, Francien Peterse, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 20, 1303–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Polar amplification (PA) is a key uncertainty in climate projections. The factors that dominantly control PA are difficult to separate. Here we provide an estimate for the non-ice-related PA by reconstructing tropical ocean temperature variability from the ice-free early Eocene, which we compare to deep-ocean-derived high-latitude temperature variability across short-lived warming periods. We find a PA factor of 1.7–2.3 on 20 kyr timescales, which is somewhat larger than model estimates.
Marci M. Robinson, Kenneth G. Miller, Tali L. Babila, Timothy J. Bralower, James V. Browning, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, Monika Doubrawa, Gavin L. Foster, Megan K. Fung, Sean Kinney, Maria Makarova, Peter P. McLaughlin, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Morgan F. Schaller, Jean M. Self-Trail, Appy Sluijs, Thomas Westerhold, James D. Wright, and James C. Zachos
Sci. Dril., 33, 47–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is the closest geological analog to modern anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but its causes and the responses remain enigmatic. Coastal plain sediments can resolve this uncertainty, but their discontinuous nature requires numerous sites to constrain events. Workshop participants identified 10 drill sites that target the PETM and other interesting intervals. Our post-drilling research will provide valuable insights into Earth system responses.
Michiel Baatsen, Peter Bijl, Anna von der Heydt, Appy Sluijs, and Henk Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 20, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work introduces the possibility and consequences of monsoons on Antarctica in the warm Eocene climate. We suggest that such a monsoonal climate can be important to understand conditions in Antarctica prior to large-scale glaciation. We can explain seemingly contradictory indications of ice and vegetation on the continent through regional variability. In addition, we provide a new mechanism through which most of Antarctica remained ice-free through a wide range of global climatic changes.
Joost Frieling, Linda van Roij, Iris Kleij, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 20, 4651–4668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a first species-specific evaluation of marine core-top dinoflagellate cyst carbon isotope fractionation (εp) to assess natural pCO2 dependency on εp and explore its geological deep-time paleo-pCO2 proxy potential. We find that εp differs between genera and species and that in Operculodinium centrocarpum, εp is controlled by pCO2 and nutrients. Our results highlight the added value of δ13C analyses of individual micrometer-scale sedimentary organic carbon particles.
William Rush, Jean Self-Trail, Yang Zhang, Appy Sluijs, Henk Brinkhuis, James Zachos, James G. Ogg, and Marci Robinson
Clim. Past, 19, 1677–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene contains several brief warming periods referred to as hyperthermals. Studying these events and how they varied between locations can help provide insight into our future warmer world. This study provides a characterization of two of these events in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. The records of climate that we measured demonstrate significant changes during this time period, but the type and timing of these changes highlight the complexity of climatic changes.
David A. Hodell, Simon J. Crowhurst, Lucas Lourens, Vasiliki Margari, John Nicolson, James E. Rolfe, Luke C. Skinner, Nicola C. Thomas, Polychronis C. Tzedakis, Maryline J. Mleneck-Vautravers, and Eric W. Wolff
Clim. Past, 19, 607–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We produced a 1.5-million-year-long history of climate change at International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1385 of the Iberian margin, a well-known location for rapidly accumulating sediments on the seafloor. Our record demonstrates that longer-term orbital changes in Earth's climate were persistently overprinted by abrupt millennial-to-centennial climate variability. The occurrence of abrupt climate change is modulated by the slower variations in Earth's orbit and climate background state.
Yord W. Yedema, Francesca Sangiorgi, Appy Sluijs, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 20, 663–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Terrestrial organic matter (TerrOM) is transported to the ocean by rivers, where its burial can potentially form a long-term carbon sink. This burial is dependent on the type and characteristics of the TerrOM. We used bulk sediment properties, biomarkers, and palynology to identify the dispersal patterns of plant-derived, soil–microbial, and marine OM in the northern Gulf of Mexico and show that plant-derived OM is transported further into the coastal zone than soil and marine-produced TerrOM.
Rick Hennekam, Katharine M. Grant, Eelco J. Rohling, Rik Tjallingii, David Heslop, Andrew P. Roberts, Lucas J. Lourens, and Gert-Jan Reichart
Clim. Past, 18, 2509–2521, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2509-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2509-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ratio of titanium to aluminum (Ti/Al) is an established way to reconstruct North African climate in eastern Mediterranean Sea sediments. We demonstrate here how to obtain reliable Ti/Al data using an efficient scanning method that allows rapid acquisition of long climate records at low expense. Using this method, we reconstruct a 3-million-year North African climate record. African environmental variability was paced predominantly by low-latitude insolation from 3–1.2 million years ago.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Koen J. van der Laan, Francien Peterse, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, Stefan Schouten, Tjerk J. T. Veenstra, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 1947–1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The TEX86 proxy is often used by paleoceanographers to reconstruct past sea-surface temperatures. However, the origin of the TEX86 signal in marine sediments has been debated since the proxy was first proposed. In our paper, we show that TEX86 carries a mixed sea-surface and subsurface temperature signal and should be calibrated accordingly. Using our 15-million-year record, we subsequently show how a TEX86 subsurface temperature record can be used to inform us on past sea-surface temperatures.
Karen M. Brandenburg, Björn Rost, Dedmer B. Van de Waal, Mirja Hoins, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 19, 3305–3315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructions of past CO2 concentrations rely on proxy estimates, with one line of proxies relying on the CO2-dependence of stable carbon isotope fractionation in marine phytoplankton. Culturing experiments provide insights into which processes may impact this. We found, however, that the methods with which these culturing experiments are performed also influence 13C fractionation. Caution should therefore be taken when extrapolating results from these experiments to proxy applications.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Josse Winkelhorst, Wesley de Nooijer, Anna von der Heydt, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 961–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A hypothesized link between Pliocene (5.3–2.5 million years ago) global climate and tropical thermocline depth is currently only backed up by data from the Pacific Ocean. In our paper, we present temperature, salinity, and thermocline records from the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Surprisingly, the Pliocene thermocline evolution was remarkably different in the Atlantic and Pacific. We need to reevaluate the mechanisms that drive thermocline depth, and how these are tied to global climate change.
Henry Hooghiemstra, Gustavo Sarmiento Pérez, Vladimir Torres Torres, Juan-Carlos Berrío, Lucas Lourens, and Suzette G. A. Flantua
Sci. Dril., 30, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This is a brief overview of long continental fossil pollen records globally in relationship with marine records. Specifically, the Northern Andes is a key area in developing and testing hypotheses in the fields of ecology, paleobiogeography, and climate change in tropical regions. We review 60 years of deep drilling experience in this region that have led to landmark records. We also highlight the early development of long continental pollen records from unique, deep, sediment-filled basins.
Peter K. Bijl, Joost Frieling, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Christine Boschman, Appy Sluijs, and Francien Peterse
Clim. Past, 17, 2393–2425, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we use the latest insights for GDGT and dinocyst-based paleotemperature and paleoenvironmental reconstructions in late Cretaceous–early Oligocene sediments from ODP Site 1172 (East Tasman Plateau, Australia). We reconstruct strong river runoff during the Paleocene–early Eocene, a progressive decline thereafter with increased wet/dry seasonality in the northward-drifting hinterland. Our critical review leaves the anomalous warmth of the Eocene SW Pacific Ocean unexplained.
Anna Joy Drury, Diederik Liebrand, Thomas Westerhold, Helen M. Beddow, David A. Hodell, Nina Rohlfs, Roy H. Wilkens, Mitchell Lyle, David B. Bell, Dick Kroon, Heiko Pälike, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 17, 2091–2117, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2091-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2091-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use the first high-resolution southeast Atlantic carbonate record to see how climate dynamics evolved since 30 million years ago (Ma). During ~ 30–13 Ma, eccentricity (orbital circularity) paced carbonate deposition. After the mid-Miocene Climate Transition (~ 14 Ma), precession (Earth's tilt direction) increasingly drove carbonate variability. In the latest Miocene (~ 8 Ma), obliquity (Earth's tilt) pacing appeared, signalling increasing high-latitude influence.
Gerrit Müller, Jack J. Middelburg, and Appy Sluijs
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3565–3575, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers are major freshwater resources, connectors and transporters on Earth. As the composition of river waters and particles results from processes in their catchment, such as erosion, weathering, environmental pollution, nutrient and carbon cycling, Earth-spanning databases of river composition are needed for studies of these processes on a global scale. While extensive resources on water and nutrient composition exist, we provide a database of river particle composition.
Bas de Boer, Marit Peters, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 17, 331–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-331-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-331-2021, 2021
Annique van der Boon, Klaudia F. Kuiper, Robin van der Ploeg, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Maryam Honarmand, Appy Sluijs, and Wout Krijgsman
Clim. Past, 17, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
40.5 million years ago, Earth's climate warmed, but it is unknown why. Enhanced volcanism has been suggested, but this has not yet been tied to a specific region. We explore an increase in volcanism in Iran. We dated igneous rocks and compiled ages from the literature. We estimated the volume of igneous rocks in Iran in order to calculate the amount of CO2 that could have been released due to enhanced volcanism. We conclude that an increase in volcanism in Iran is a plausible cause of warming.
Michiel Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Michael A. Kliphuis, Peter K. Bijl, Appy Sluijs, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 16, 2573–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Warm climates of the deep past have proven to be challenging to reconstruct with the same numerical models used for future predictions. We present results of CESM simulations for the middle to late Eocene (∼ 38 Ma), in which we managed to match the available indications of temperature well. With these results we can now look into regional features and the response to external changes to ultimately better understand the climate when it is in such a warm state.
Appy Sluijs, Joost Frieling, Gordon N. Inglis, Klaas G. J. Nierop, Francien Peterse, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Stefan Schouten
Clim. Past, 16, 2381–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We revisit 15-year-old reconstructions of sea surface temperatures in the Arctic Ocean for the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs (∼ 57–53 million years ago) based on the distribution of fossil membrane lipids of archaea preserved in Arctic Ocean sediments. We find that improvements in the methods over the past 15 years do not lead to different results. However, data quality is now higher and potential biases better characterized. Results confirm remarkable Arctic warmth during this time.
Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Lineke Woelders, Emiel P. Huurdeman, Francien Peterse, Stephen J. Gallagher, Jörg Pross, Catherine E. Burgess, Gert-Jan Reichart, Appy Sluijs, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 16, 1667–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1667-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1667-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Phases of past transient warming can be used as a test bed to study the environmental response to climate change independent of tectonic change. Using fossil plankton and organic molecules, here we reconstruct surface ocean temperature and circulation in and around the Tasman Gateway during a warming phase 40 million years ago termed the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum. We find that plankton assemblages track ocean circulation patterns, with superimposed variability being related to temperature.
Carolien Maria Hendrina van der Weijst, Josse Winkelhorst, Anna von der Heydt, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-105, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-105, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Emily Dearing Crampton-Flood, Lars J. Noorbergen, Damian Smits, R. Christine Boschman, Timme H. Donders, Dirk K. Munsterman, Johan ten Veen, Francien Peterse, Lucas Lourens, and Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
Clim. Past, 16, 523–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP; 3.3–3.0 million years ago) is thought to be the last geological interval with similar atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as the present day. Further, the mPWP was 2–3 °C warmer than present, making it a good analogue for estimating the effects of future climate change. Here, we construct a new precise age model for the North Sea during the mPWP, and provide a detailed reconstruction of terrestrial and marine climate using a multi-proxy approach.
Gabriel J. Bowen, Brenden Fischer-Femal, Gert-Jan Reichart, Appy Sluijs, and Caroline H. Lear
Clim. Past, 16, 65–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Past climate conditions are reconstructed using indirect and incomplete geological, biological, and geochemical proxy data. We propose that such reconstructions are best obtained by statistical inversion of hierarchical models that represent how multi–proxy observations and calibration data are produced by variation of environmental conditions in time and/or space. These methods extract new information from traditional proxies and provide robust, comprehensive estimates of uncertainty.
Johan Vellekoop, Lineke Woelders, Appy Sluijs, Kenneth G. Miller, and Robert P. Speijer
Biogeosciences, 16, 4201–4210, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4201-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4201-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our micropaleontological analyses on three cores from New Jersey (USA) show that the late Maastrichtian warming event (66.4–66.1 Ma), characterized by a ~ 4.0 °C warming of sea waters on the New Jersey paleoshelf, resulted in a disruption of phytoplankton communities and a stressed benthic ecosystem. This increased ecosystem stress during the latest Maastrichtian potentially primed global ecosystems for the subsequent mass extinction following the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary impact.
Christopher J. Hollis, Tom Dunkley Jones, Eleni Anagnostou, Peter K. Bijl, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Ying Cui, Gerald R. Dickens, Kirsty M. Edgar, Yvette Eley, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Joost Frieling, Gordon N. Inglis, Elizabeth M. Kennedy, Reinhard Kozdon, Vittoria Lauretano, Caroline H. Lear, Kate Littler, Lucas Lourens, A. Nele Meckler, B. David A. Naafs, Heiko Pälike, Richard D. Pancost, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Dana L. Royer, Ulrich Salzmann, Brian A. Schubert, Hannu Seebeck, Appy Sluijs, Robert P. Speijer, Peter Stassen, Jessica Tierney, Aradhna Tripati, Bridget Wade, Thomas Westerhold, Caitlyn Witkowski, James C. Zachos, Yi Ge Zhang, Matthew Huber, and Daniel J. Lunt
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3149–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) is a model–data intercomparison of the early Eocene (around 55 million years ago), the last time that Earth's atmospheric CO2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Previously, we outlined the experimental design for climate model simulations. Here, we outline the methods used for compilation and analysis of climate proxy data. The resulting climate
atlaswill provide insights into the mechanisms that control past warm climate states.
Ilja J. Kocken, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Richard E. Zeebe, Jack J. Middelburg, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 15, 91–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-91-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-91-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Marine organic carbon burial could link the 405 thousand year eccentricity cycle in the long-term carbon cycle to that observed in climate records. Here, we simulate the response of the carbon cycle to astronomical forcing. We find a strong 2.4 million year cycle in the model output, which is present as an amplitude modulator of the 405 and 100 thousand year eccentricity cycles in a newly assembled composite record.
Robert McKay, Neville Exon, Dietmar Müller, Karsten Gohl, Michael Gurnis, Amelia Shevenell, Stuart Henrys, Fumio Inagaki, Dhananjai Pandey, Jessica Whiteside, Tina van de Flierdt, Tim Naish, Verena Heuer, Yuki Morono, Millard Coffin, Marguerite Godard, Laura Wallace, Shuichi Kodaira, Peter Bijl, Julien Collot, Gerald Dickens, Brandon Dugan, Ann G. Dunlea, Ron Hackney, Minoru Ikehara, Martin Jutzeler, Lisa McNeill, Sushant Naik, Taryn Noble, Bradley Opdyke, Ingo Pecher, Lowell Stott, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben, Yatheesh Vadakkeykath, and Ulrich G. Wortmann
Sci. Dril., 24, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, 2018
Michiel Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Michael A. Kliphuis, Peter K. Bijl, Appy Sluijs, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-43, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-43, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene marks a period where the climate was in a hothouse state, without any continental-scale ice sheets. Such climates have proven difficult to reproduce in models, especially their low temperature difference between equator and poles. Here, we present high resolution CESM simulations using a new geographic reconstruction of the middle-to-late Eocene. The results provide new insights into a period for which knowledge is limited, leading up to a transition into the present icehouse state.
Timme H. Donders, Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Roel Verreussel, Dirk Munsterman, Johan ten Veen, Robert P. Speijer, Johan W. H. Weijers, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Lucas Lourens, Gesa Kuhlmann, and Henk Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 14, 397–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-397-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-397-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The buildup and melting of ice during the early glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, around 2.5 million years ago, were far shorter in duration than during the last million years. Based on molecular compounds and microfossils from sediments dating back to the early glaciations we show that the temperature on land and in the sea changed simultaneously and was a major factor in the ice buildup in the Northern Hemisphere. These data provide key insights into the dynamics of early glaciations.
Helen M. Beddow, Diederik Liebrand, Douglas S. Wilson, Frits J. Hilgen, Appy Sluijs, Bridget S. Wade, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 14, 255–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-255-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-255-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present two astronomy-based timescales for climate records from the Pacific Ocean. These records range from 24 to 22 million years ago, a time period when Earth was warmer than today and the only land ice was located on Antarctica. We use tectonic plate-pair spreading rates to test the two timescales, which shows that the carbonate record yields the best timescale. In turn, this implies that Earth’s climate system and carbon cycle responded slowly to changes in incoming solar radiation.
Joost Frieling, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jack J. Middelburg, Ursula Röhl, Thomas Westerhold, Steven M. Bohaty, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 14, 39–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Past periods of rapid global warming such as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum are used to study biotic response to climate change. We show that very high peak PETM temperatures in the tropical Atlantic (~ 37 ºC) caused heat stress in several marine plankton groups. However, only slightly cooler temperatures afterwards allowed highly diverse plankton communities to bloom. This shows that tropical plankton communities may be susceptible to extreme warming, but may also recover rapidly.
Lennert B. Stap, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Bas de Boer, Richard Bintanja, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 13, 1243–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1243-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1243-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We show the results of transient simulations with a coupled climate–ice sheet model over the past 38 million years. The CO2 forcing of the model is inversely obtained from a benthic δ18O stack. These simulations enable us to study the influence of ice sheet variability on climate change on long timescales. We find that ice sheet–climate interaction strongly enhances Earth system sensitivity and polar amplification.
Stefanie Kaboth, Patrick Grunert, and Lucas Lourens
Clim. Past, 13, 1023–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1023-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1023-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study is devoted to reconstructing Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) variability and the interplay between the Mediterranean and North Atlantic climate systems during the Early Pleistocene. We find indication that the increasing production of MOW aligns with the intensification of the North Atlantic overturning circulation, highlighting the potential of MOW to modulate the North Atlantic salt budget. Our results are based on new stable isotope and grain-size data from IODP 339 Site U1389.
Clint M. Miller, Gerald R. Dickens, Martin Jakobsson, Carina Johansson, Andrey Koshurnikov, Matt O'Regan, Francesco Muschitiello, Christian Stranne, and Carl-Magnus Mörth
Biogeosciences, 14, 2929–2953, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2929-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2929-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Continental slopes north of the East Siberian Sea are assumed to hold large amounts of methane. We present pore water chemistry from the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition. These are among the first results generated from this vast climatically sensitive region, and they imply that abundant methane, including gas hydrates, do not characterize the East Siberian Sea slope or rise. This contradicts previous modeling and discussions, which due to the lack of data are almost entirely based assumption.
Michiel Baatsen, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Henk A. Dijkstra, Appy Sluijs, Hemmo A. Abels, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 12, 1635–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
One of the major difficulties in modelling palaeoclimate is constricting the boundary conditions, causing significant discrepancies between different studies. Here, a new method is presented to automate much of the process of generating the necessary geographical reconstructions. The latter can be made using various rotational frameworks and topography/bathymetry input, allowing for easy inter-comparisons and the incorporation of the latest insights from geoscientific research.
Hemmo A. Abels, Vittoria Lauretano, Anna E. van Yperen, Tarek Hopman, James C. Zachos, Lucas J. Lourens, Philip D. Gingerich, and Gabriel J. Bowen
Clim. Past, 12, 1151–1163, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1151-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1151-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Ancient greenhouse warming episodes are studied in river floodplain sediments in the western interior of the USA. Paleohydrological changes of four smaller warming episodes are revealed to be the opposite of those of the largest, most-studied event. Carbon cycle tracers are used to ascertain whether the largest event was a similar event but proportional to the smaller ones or whether this event was distinct in size as well as in carbon sourcing, a question the current work cannot answer.
Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Appy Sluijs, Nina M. Papadomanolaki, A. Guy Plint, Darren R. Gröcke, Martin A. Pearce, James S. Eldrett, João Trabucho-Alexandre, Ireneusz Walaszczyk, Bas van de Schootbrugge, and Henk Brinkhuis
Biogeosciences, 13, 2859–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades large changes have been observed in the biogeographical dispersion of marine life resulting from climate change. To better understand present and future trends it is important to document and fully understand the biogeographical response of marine life during episodes of environmental change in the geological past.
Here we investigate the response of phytoplankton, the base of the marine food web, to a rapid cold spell, interrupting greenhouse conditions during the Cretaceous.
Valeria Luciani, Gerald R. Dickens, Jan Backman, Eliana Fornaciari, Luca Giusberti, Claudia Agnini, and Roberta D'Onofrio
Clim. Past, 12, 981–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-981-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-981-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The symbiont-bearing planktic foraminiferal genera Morozovella and Acarinina were among the most important calcifiers of the early Paleogene tropical and subtropical oceans. However, a remarkable and permanent switch in the relative abundance of these genera happened in the early Eocene. We show that this switch occurred at low-latitude sites near the start of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), a multi-million-year interval when Earth surface temperatures reached their Cenozoic maximum.
Claudia Agnini, David J. A. Spofforth, Gerald R. Dickens, Domenico Rio, Heiko Pälike, Jan Backman, Giovanni Muttoni, and Edoardo Dallanave
Clim. Past, 12, 883–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-883-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-883-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present records of stable C and O isotopes, CaCO3 content, and changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages in a upper Paleocene-lower Eocene rocks now exposed in northeast Italy. Modifications of nannoplankton assemblages and carbon isotopes are strictly linked one to each other and always display the same ranking and spacing. The integration of this two data sets represents a significative improvement in our capacity to correlate different sections at a very high resolution.
J. H. C. Bosmans, F. J. Hilgen, E. Tuenter, and L. J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 11, 1335–1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1335-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1335-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Our study shows that the influence of obliquity (the tilt of Earth's rotational axis) can be explained through changes in the insolation gradient across the tropics. This explanation is fundamentally different from high-latitude mechanisms that were previously often inferred to explain obliquity signals in low-latitude paleoclimate records, for instance glacial fluctuations. Our study is based on state-of-the-art climate model experiments.
V. Lauretano, K. Littler, M. Polling, J. C. Zachos, and L. J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 11, 1313–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1313-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1313-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Several episodes of global warming took place during greenhouse conditions in the early Eocene and are recorded in deep-sea sediments. The stable carbon and oxygen isotope records are used to investigate the magnitude of six of these events describing their effects on the global carbon cycle and the associated temperature response. Findings indicate that these events share a common nature and hint to the presence of multiple sources of carbon release.
N. A. G. M. van Helmond, A. Sluijs, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, G.-J. Reichart, S. Voigt, J. Erbacher, J. Pross, and H. Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 11, 495–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the chemistry and microfossils preserved in sediments deposited in a shallow sea, in the current Lower Saxony region (NW Germany), we conclude that changes in Earth’s orbit around the Sun led to enhanced rainfall and organic matter production. The additional supply of organic matter, depleting oxygen upon degradation, and freshwater, inhibiting the mixing of oxygen-rich surface waters with deeper waters, caused the development of oxygen-poor waters about 94 million years ago.
L. B. Stap, R. S. W. van de Wal, B. de Boer, R. Bintanja, and L. J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 10, 2135–2152, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-2135-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-2135-2014, 2014
A. Sluijs, L. van Roij, G. J. Harrington, S. Schouten, J. A. Sessa, L. J. LeVay, G.-J. Reichart, and C. P. Slomp
Clim. Past, 10, 1421–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014, 2014
L. Contreras, J. Pross, P. K. Bijl, R. B. O'Hara, J. I. Raine, A. Sluijs, and H. Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 10, 1401–1420, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1401-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1401-2014, 2014
J. S. Eldrett, D. R. Greenwood, M. Polling, H. Brinkhuis, and A. Sluijs
Clim. Past, 10, 759–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, 2014
D. A. Hodell, L. Lourens, D. A. V. Stow, J. Hernández-Molina, C. A. Alvarez Zarikian, and the Shackleton Site Project Members
Sci. Dril., 16, 13–19, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-13-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-13-2013, 2013
R. S. W. van de Wal, B. de Boer, L. J. Lourens, P. Köhler, and R. Bintanja
Clim. Past, 7, 1459–1469, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1459-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1459-2011, 2011
D. Liebrand, L. J. Lourens, D. A. Hodell, B. de Boer, R. S. W. van de Wal, and H. Pälike
Clim. Past, 7, 869–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-869-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-869-2011, 2011
I. G. M. Wientjes, R. S. W. Van de Wal, G. J. Reichart, A. Sluijs, and J. Oerlemans
The Cryosphere, 5, 589–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-589-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-589-2011, 2011
Related subject area
Subject: Carbon Cycle | Archive: Marine Archives | Timescale: Cenozoic
Variations in the biological pump throughout the Miocene: evidence from organic carbon burial in Pacific Ocean sediments
Precise dating of deglacial Laptev Sea sediments via 14C and authigenic 10Be∕9Be – assessing local 14C reservoir ages
Late Eocene to early Oligocene productivity events in the proto-Southern Ocean and correlation to climate change
Tracing North Atlantic volcanism and seaway connectivity across the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)
Late Paleocene CO2 drawdown, climatic cooling and terrestrial denudation in the southwest Pacific
Late Miocene to Holocene high-resolution eastern equatorial Pacific carbonate records: stratigraphy linked by dissolution and paleoproductivity
Glacial CO2 decrease and deep-water deoxygenation by iron fertilization from glaciogenic dust
Reduced carbon cycle resilience across the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Tropical Atlantic climate and ecosystem regime shifts during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Ocean carbon cycling during the past 130 000 years – a pilot study on inverse palaeoclimate record modelling
Major perturbations in the global carbon cycle and photosymbiont-bearing planktic foraminifera during the early Eocene
Stable isotope and calcareous nannofossil assemblage record of the late Paleocene and early Eocene (Cicogna section)
Frequency, magnitude and character of hyperthermal events at the onset of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum
Astronomical calibration of the geological timescale: closing the middle Eocene gap
A seasonality trigger for carbon injection at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Down the Rabbit Hole: toward appropriate discussion of methane release from gas hydrate systems during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past hyperthermal events
Southern ocean warming, sea level and hydrological change during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
Perturbing phytoplankton: response and isotopic fractionation with changing carbonate chemistry in two coccolithophore species
Mitchell Lyle and Annette Olivarez Lyle
Clim. Past, 20, 2685–2700, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2685-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2685-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases were key in maintaining past warm intervals, but feedbacks are needed to sustain high atmospheric CO2 levels. We assess whether changes in the ocean degradation depth of plankton-produced organic matter (particulate organic carbon – POC) affect ocean carbon storage. Limited POC burial in sediments during the Miocene Climate Optimum (MCO) warm interval, relative to recent periods, suggests poorer POC transfer to the abyss, leading to the MCO's higher atmospheric CO2 levels.
Arnaud Nicolas, Gesine Mollenhauer, Johannes Lachner, Konstanze Stübner, Maylin Malter, Jutta Wollenburg, Hendrik Grotheer, and Florian Adolphi
Clim. Past, 20, 2617–2628, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use the authigenic 10Be/9Be record of a Laptev Sea sediment core for the period 8–14 kyr BP and synchronize it with the 10Be records from absolutely dated ice cores. We employed a likelihood function to calculate the ΔR values. A benthic ΔR value of +345±60 14C years was estimated, which corresponds to a marine reservoir age of 848±90 14C years. This new ΔR value was used to refine the age–depth model for core PS2458-4, establishing it as a potential reference chronology for the Laptev Sea.
Gabrielle Rodrigues de Faria, David Lazarus, Johan Renaudie, Jessica Stammeier, Volkan Özen, and Ulrich Struck
Clim. Past, 20, 1327–1348, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1327-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1327-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Export productivity is part of the global carbon cycle, influencing the climate system via biological pump. About 34 million years ago, the Earth's climate experienced a climate transition from a greenhouse state to an icehouse state with the onset of ice sheets in Antarctica. Our study shows important productivity events in the Southern Ocean preceding this climatic shift. Our findings strongly indicate that the biological pump potentially played an important role in that past climate change.
Morgan T. Jones, Ella W. Stokke, Alan D. Rooney, Joost Frieling, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, David J. Wilson, Henrik H. Svensen, Sverre Planke, Thierry Adatte, Nicolas Thibault, Madeleine L. Vickers, Tamsin A. Mather, Christian Tegner, Valentin Zuchuat, and Bo P. Schultz
Clim. Past, 19, 1623–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1623-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There are periods in Earth’s history when huge volumes of magma are erupted at the Earth’s surface. The gases released from volcanic eruptions and from sediments heated by the magma are believed to have caused severe climate changes in the geological past. We use a variety of volcanic and climatic tracers to assess how the North Atlantic Igneous Province (56–54 Ma) affected the oceans and atmosphere during a period of extreme global warming.
Christopher J. Hollis, Sebastian Naeher, Christopher D. Clowes, B. David A. Naafs, Richard D. Pancost, Kyle W. R. Taylor, Jenny Dahl, Xun Li, G. Todd Ventura, and Richard Sykes
Clim. Past, 18, 1295–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies of Paleogene greenhouse climates identified short-lived global warming events, termed hyperthermals, that provide insights into global warming scenarios. Within the same time period, we have identified a short-lived cooling event in the late Paleocene, which we term a hypothermal, that has potential to provide novel insights into the feedback mechanisms at work in a greenhouse climate.
Mitchell Lyle, Anna Joy Drury, Jun Tian, Roy Wilkens, and Thomas Westerhold
Clim. Past, 15, 1715–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1715-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1715-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean sediment records document changes in Earth’s carbon cycle and ocean productivity. We present 8 Myr CaCO3 and bulk sediment records from seven eastern Pacific scientific drill sites to identify intervals of excess CaCO3 dissolution (high carbon storage in the oceans) and excess burial of plankton hard parts indicating high productivity. We define the regional extent of production intervals and explore the impact of the closure of the Atlantic–Pacific Panama connection on CaCO3 burial.
Akitomo Yamamoto, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Rumi Ohgaito, Akinori Ito, and Akira Oka
Clim. Past, 15, 981–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-981-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-981-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Proxy records of glacial oxygen change provide constraints on the contribution of the biological pump to glacial CO2 decrease. Here, we report our numerical simulation which successfully reproduces records of glacial oxygen changes and shows the significance of iron supply from glaciogenic dust. Our model simulations clarify that the enhanced efficiency of the biological pump is responsible for glacial CO2 decline of more than 30 ppm and approximately half of deep-ocean deoxygenation.
David I. Armstrong McKay and Timothy M. Lenton
Clim. Past, 14, 1515–1527, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1515-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1515-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses statistical analyses to look for signs of declining resilience (i.e. greater sensitivity to small shocks) in the global carbon cycle and climate system across the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a global warming event 56 Myr ago driven by rapid carbon release. Our main finding is that carbon cycle resilience declined in the 1.5 Myr beforehand (a time of significant volcanic emissions), which is consistent with but not proof of a carbon release tipping point at the PETM.
Joost Frieling, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jack J. Middelburg, Ursula Röhl, Thomas Westerhold, Steven M. Bohaty, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 14, 39–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Past periods of rapid global warming such as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum are used to study biotic response to climate change. We show that very high peak PETM temperatures in the tropical Atlantic (~ 37 ºC) caused heat stress in several marine plankton groups. However, only slightly cooler temperatures afterwards allowed highly diverse plankton communities to bloom. This shows that tropical plankton communities may be susceptible to extreme warming, but may also recover rapidly.
Christoph Heinze, Babette A. A. Hoogakker, and Arne Winguth
Clim. Past, 12, 1949–1978, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1949-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1949-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Sensitivities of sediment tracers to changes in carbon cycle parameters were determined with a global ocean model. The sensitivities were combined with sediment and ice core data. The results suggest a drawdown of the sea surface temperature by 5 °C, an outgassing of the land biosphere by 430 Pg C, and a strengthening of the vertical carbon transfer by biological processes at the Last Glacial Maximum. A glacial change in marine calcium carbonate production can neither be proven nor rejected.
Valeria Luciani, Gerald R. Dickens, Jan Backman, Eliana Fornaciari, Luca Giusberti, Claudia Agnini, and Roberta D'Onofrio
Clim. Past, 12, 981–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-981-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-981-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The symbiont-bearing planktic foraminiferal genera Morozovella and Acarinina were among the most important calcifiers of the early Paleogene tropical and subtropical oceans. However, a remarkable and permanent switch in the relative abundance of these genera happened in the early Eocene. We show that this switch occurred at low-latitude sites near the start of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), a multi-million-year interval when Earth surface temperatures reached their Cenozoic maximum.
Claudia Agnini, David J. A. Spofforth, Gerald R. Dickens, Domenico Rio, Heiko Pälike, Jan Backman, Giovanni Muttoni, and Edoardo Dallanave
Clim. Past, 12, 883–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-883-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-883-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present records of stable C and O isotopes, CaCO3 content, and changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages in a upper Paleocene-lower Eocene rocks now exposed in northeast Italy. Modifications of nannoplankton assemblages and carbon isotopes are strictly linked one to each other and always display the same ranking and spacing. The integration of this two data sets represents a significative improvement in our capacity to correlate different sections at a very high resolution.
V. Lauretano, K. Littler, M. Polling, J. C. Zachos, and L. J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 11, 1313–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1313-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1313-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Several episodes of global warming took place during greenhouse conditions in the early Eocene and are recorded in deep-sea sediments. The stable carbon and oxygen isotope records are used to investigate the magnitude of six of these events describing their effects on the global carbon cycle and the associated temperature response. Findings indicate that these events share a common nature and hint to the presence of multiple sources of carbon release.
T. Westerhold, U. Röhl, T. Frederichs, S. M. Bohaty, and J. C. Zachos
Clim. Past, 11, 1181–1195, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1181-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1181-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Testing hypotheses for mechanisms and dynamics of past climate change relies on the accuracy of geological dating. Development of a highly accurate geological timescale for the Cenozoic Era has previously been hampered by discrepancies between radioisotopic and astronomical dating methods, as well as a stratigraphic gap in the middle Eocene. We close this gap and provide a fundamental advance in establishing a reliable and highly accurate geological timescale for the last 66 million years.
J. S. Eldrett, D. R. Greenwood, M. Polling, H. Brinkhuis, and A. Sluijs
Clim. Past, 10, 759–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, 2014
G. R. Dickens
Clim. Past, 7, 831–846, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-831-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-831-2011, 2011
A. Sluijs, P. K. Bijl, S. Schouten, U. Röhl, G.-J. Reichart, and H. Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 7, 47–61, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-47-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-47-2011, 2011
R. E. M. Rickaby, J. Henderiks, and J. N. Young
Clim. Past, 6, 771–785, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-771-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-771-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Agnini, C., Muttoni, G., Kent, D.V., and Rio, D.: Eocene biostratigraphy and magnetic stratigraphy from Possagno, Italy: The calcareous nannofossil response to climate variability, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 241, 815–830, 2006.
Agnini, C., Fornaciari, E., Raffi, I., Rio, D., Rohl, U., and Westerhold, T.: High-resolution nannofossil biochronology of middle Paleocene to early Eocene at ODP Site 1262: Implications for Calcareous nannoplankton evolution, Mar. Micropaleontol., 64, 215–248, 2007.
Berger, W. H.: Deep sea carbonates: Dissolution facies and age-Depth constancy, Nature, 236, 392–395, 1972.
Berger, W. H.: Cenozoic sedimentation in the eastern tropical Pacific, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 1941–1954, 1973.
Berggren, W. A. and Norris, R. D.: Biostratigraphy, Phylogeny, and Systematics of Paleocene Trochospiral Planktic Foraminifera, New York, NY (Micropaleontology Press, American Museum of Natural History), i-ii, 1-116, 1997.
Berggren, W. A. and Pearson, P. N.: A revised tropical Paleogene planktonic foraminiferal zonation, J. Foramin. Res., 35, 279–298, 2005.
Boudreau, B. P., Middelburg, J. J., and Meysman, F. J. R.: Carbonate compensation dynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041847, 2010.
Broecker, W. S.: A need to improve reconstructions of the fluctuations in the calcite compensation depth over the course of the Cenozoic, Paleoceanography, 23, PAI 204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001456, 2008.
Broecker, W. S. and Peng, T.-H.: Tracers in the Sea, Eldigio, edited by: Palisades, N. Y., 1–690, 1982.
Bukry, D.: Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, Eastern Indian Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 22, in: Initial Reports DSDP Leg 22, edited by: von der Borch, C. C. and Sclater, J. G., US Government Printing Office, Washington, 601–607, 1974.
Calcagno, P. and Cazenave, A.: Subsidence of the seafloor in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Regional and large-scale variations, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 126, 473–492, 1994.
Cande, S. C., Patriat, P., and Dyment, J.: Motion between the Indian, Antarctic, and African plates in the early Cenozoic, Geophys. J. Internat., 183, 127–149, 2010.
Carpenter, R. J., Truswell, E. M., and Harris, W. K.: Lauraceae fossils from a volcanic Palaeocene oceanic island, Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean: ancient long-distance dispersal?, J. Biogeogr., 37, 1202–1213, 2010.
Charles, A .J., Condon, D. J., Harding, I. C., Pälike, H., Marshall, J. E. A., Cui, Y., Kump, L., and Croudace, I. W.: Constraints on the numerical age of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 12, Q0AA17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003426, 2011.
Chatterjee, S., Goswami, A., and Scotese, C. R.: The longest voyage: Tectonic, magmatic, and paleoclimatic evolution of the Indian plate during its northward flight from Gondwana to Asia, Gondwana Res., 23, 238–267, 2013.
Cochran, J. R.: Variations in subsidence rates along intermediate and fast spreading mid-ocean ridges, Geophys. J. Roy. Astronom. Soc., 87, 421–454, 1986.
Coplen, T. B., Brand, W. A., Gehre, M., Gröning, M., Meijer, H. A. J., Toman, B., and Verkouteren, M.: New Guidelines for δ13C measurements, Anal. Chem., 78, 2439–2441, 2006.
Cramer, B. S., Wright, J. D., Kent, D. V., and Aubry, M.-P.: Orbital climate forcing of d13C excursion in the late Paleocene-early Eocene (chrons C24n–C25n), Paleoceanography, 18, 1097, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000909, 2003.
Cui, Y., Kump, L. R., Ridgwell, A. J., Charles, A. J., Junium, C. K., Diefendorf, A. F., Freeman, K. H., Urban, N. M., and Harding, I. C.: Slow Release of fossil carbon during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Nat. Geosci., 4, 481–485, 2011.
Detrick, R. S., Sclater, J. G., and Thiede, J.: The subsidence of aseismic ridges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 34, 185–196, 1977.
Dickens, G. R.: Rethinking the global carbon cycle with a large, dynamic and microbially mediated gas hydrate capacitor, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 213, 169–183, 2003.
Dickens, G. R.: Down the Rabbit Hole: toward appropriate discussion of methane release from gas hydrate systems during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past hyperthermal events, Clim. Past, 7, 831–846, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-831-2011, 2011.
Dickens, G. R. and Backman, J.: Core alignment and composite depth scale for the lower Paleogene through uppermost Cretaceous interval at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 577, Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 46, 47–68, 2013.
Dickens, G. R., O'Neil, J. R., Rea, D. K., and Owen, R. M.: Dissociation of oceanica methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene, Paleoceanography, 10, 965–971, 1995.
Dickens, G. R., Castillo, M. M., and Walker, J. C. G.: A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate, Geology, 25, 259–262, 1997.
Expedition 329 Scientists: Site U1370, in: Proc. of the IODP, Volume 329, edited by: D'Hondt, S., Inagaki, F., Alvarez Zarikian, C.A., and the Expedition 329 Scientists, Tokyo, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc., https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.329.108.2011, 2011.
Fisher, R. L. and Sclater, J. G.: Tectonic evolution of the Southwest Indian Ocean since the Mid-Cretaceous: plate motions and stability of the pole of Antarctica/Africa for at least 80 Myr, Geophys. J. Roy. Astrol. Soc., 73, 553–576, 1983.
Frey, F. A., Dickey Jr., J. S., Thompson, G., and Bryan, W. B.: Eastern Indian Ocean DSDP sites: Correlations between petrography, geochemistry and tectonic setting, in: A synthesis of deep sea drilling in the Indian Ocean, edited by: Heirtzler, J. R., and Sclater, J. G., Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 189–257, 1977.
Frey, F. A., Jones, W. B., Davies, H., and Weis, D.: Geochemical and petrologic data for basalts from Site 756, 757, and 758: implications for the origin and evolution of Ninetyeast Ridge, in: Proc. ODP Sci. Results, volume 121, edited by: Weissel, J., Peirce, J., Taylor, E., Alt, J., et al., College Station, TX Ocean Drilling Program, 611–659, 1991.
Frey, F. A., Pringle, M., Meleney, P., Huang, S., and Piotrowski, A.: Diverse mantle sources for Ninetyeast Ridge magmatism: Geochemical constraints from basaltic glasses, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 303, 215–224, 2011.
Galeotti, S., Krishnan, S., Pagani, M., Lanci, L., Gaudio, A., Zachos, J. C., Monechi, S., Morelli, G., and Lourens, L.: Orbital chronology of Early Eocene Hyperthermals form the Contessa Road Section, central Italy, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 290, 192–200, 2010.
Gartner, S.: Nannofossil biostratigraphy, Leg 22. Deep Sea Drilling Project, in: Initial Reports, DSDP Leg 22, edited by: von der Borch, C. C. and Sclater, J. G., US Government Printing Office, Washington, 577–599, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.22.126.1974, 1974.
Hagelberg, T., Shackleton, N., Pisias, N., and Shipboard Scientific Party: Development of Composite Depth Sections for Sites 844 through 854, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, V. 138, edited by: Mayer, L., Pisias, N., Janecek, T., et al., College Station, TX Ocean Drilling Program, 79–85, 1992.
Hancock, H. J. L., Dickens, G. R., Thomas, E., and Blake, K. L.: Reappraisal of early Paleogene CCD curves: foraminiferal assemblages and stable carbon isotopes across the carbonate facies of Perth Abyssal Plain, Int. J. Earth Sci., 96, 925–946, 2007.
Hilgen, F. J., Kuiper, K. F., and Lourens, L. J.: Evaluation of the astronomical time scale for the Paleocene and earliest Eocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 300, 139–151, 2010.
Hovan, S. A. and Rea, D. K.: Paleocene/Eocene boundary changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation: A Southern Hemisphere record, Geology, 20, 15–18, 1992.
Kelly, D. C., Nielsen, T. M. J., McCarren, H. K., Zachos, J. C., and Röhl, U.: Spatiotemporal patterns of carbonate sedimentation in the South Atlantic: Implications for carbon cycling during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 293, 30–40, 2010.
Kelly, D. C., Nielsen, T. M. J., and Schellenberg, S. A.: Carbonate saturation dynamics during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Bathyal constraints from ODP sites 689 and 690 in the Weddell Sea (South Atlantic), Mar. Geol., 303–306, 75–86, 2012.
Kennett, J. P.: Marine Geology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (Prentice-Hall, Inc.), 1–813, 1982.
Kennett, J. P. and Stott, L. D.: Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene, Nature, 353, 225–229, 1991.
Klein, E. M., Langmuir, C. H., and Staudigel, H.: Geochemistry of Basalts from the Southeast Indian Ridge, 115–138° E, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2089–2107, 1991.
Komar, N., Zeebe, R. E., and Dickens, G. R.: Understanding long-term carbon cycle trends: The late Paleocene through the early Eocene, Paleoceanography, 28, 650–662, 2013.
Kump, L. R., Bralower, T. J., and Ridgwell, A.: Ocean acidification in deep time, Oceanography, 22, 94–107, 2009.
Kurtz, A. C., Kump, L. R., Arthur, M. A., Zachos, J. C., and Paytan, A.: Early Cenozoic decoupling of the global carbon and sulfur cycles, Paleoceanography, 18, 1090, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000908, 2003.
Leon-Rodriguez, L. and Dickens, G. R.: Constraints on ocean acidification associated with rapid and massive carbon injections: The early Paleogene record at ocean drilling program site 1215, equatorial Pacific Ocean, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 298, 409–420, 2010.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Herbert, T. D.: Automated composite depth scale construction and estimates of sediment core extension, Paleoceanography, 22, PA4213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001401, 2007.
MacDougall, J. D.: Uranium in Marine Basalts: Concentration, Distribution and Implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 35, 65–70, 1977.
Mahoney, J. J., Graham, D. W., Christie, D. M., Johnson, K. T .M., Hall, L. S., and Vonderhaar, D. L.: Between a Hotspot and a Cold Spot: Isotopic Variation in the Southeast Indian Ridge Asthenosphere, 86–118° E, J. Petrol., 43, 1155–1176, 2002.
Martini, E.: Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation, in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Planktonic Microfossils Roma, edited by: Farinacci, A., Rome (Ed. Tecnosci.), 2, 739–785, 1971.
McGowran, B.: Foraminifera, Leg 22. Deep Sea Drilling Project, in: Initial Reports, DSDP Leg 22, edited by: von der Borch, C. C. and Sclater, J. G., US Government Printing Office, Washington, 577–599, 1974.
McKenzie, D. and Sclater, J. G.: The Evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous, Geophys. J. Roy. Astronom. Soc., 25, 437–528, 1971.
Nicolo, M. J., Dickens, G. R., Hollis, C. J., and Zachos, J. C.: Multiple early Eocene Hyperthermals: Their sedimentary expression on the New Zealand continental margin and in the deep sea, Geology, 35, 699–702, 2007.
Ocean Drilling Stratigraphic Network, available at: http://www.odsn.de, 2011.
Pälike, H., Nishi, H., Lyle, M., and Shipboard Scientific Party: Expedition 320/321 summary, in: Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 320/321, edited by: Pälike, H., Lyle, M., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and the Expedition 320/321 Scientists, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc., Tokyo, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321.101.2010, 2010.
Pälike, H., Lyle, M. W., Nishi, H., et al.: A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth, Nature, 488, 609–615, 2012.
Parsons, B. and Sclater, J. G.: An Analysis of the Variation of Ocean Floor Bathymetry and Heat Flow with Age, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 803–827, 1977.
Patriat, P. and Achache, J.: India-Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanisms of plates, Nature 311, 615–621, 1984.
Patterson, W. P. and Walter, L. M.: Syndepositional diagenesis of modern platform carbonates: Evidence from isotopic and minor element data, Geology, 22, 127–130, 1994a.
Patterson, W. P. and Walter, L. M.: Depletion of 13C in seawater ΣCO2 on modern carbonate platforms: Significance for the carbon isotopic record of carbonates, Geology, 22, 885–888, 1994b.
Peirce, J. W.: The northward motion of India since the Late Cretaceous, Geophys, J. R. Astr. Soc., 52, 277–311, 1978.
Pimm, A. C.: Sedimentology and History of the Northeastern Indian Ocean from Late Cretaceous to Recent, in: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 22, edited by: von der Borch, C. C., Sclater, J. G., et al., US Government Printing Office, Washington, 119–191, 1974.
Ravizza, G., Norris, R. N., Blusztajn, J., and Aubry, M-P.: An osmium isotope excursion associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Evidence of intensified chemical weathering, Paleoceanography, 16, 155–163, 2001.
Rea, D. K. and Lyle, M. W.: Paleogene calcite compensation depth in the eastern subtropical Pacific: Answers and questions, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001064, 2005.
Ruddiman, W. F., Cameron, D., and Clement, B. M.: Sediment Disturbance and Correlation of Offset Holds Drilled with the Hydraulic Piston Corer, Leg 94, in: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94, edited by: Ruddiman, W. F., Kidd, R. B., Thomas, E., et al., Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1987.
Sanders, D.: Syndepositional dissolution of calcium carbonate in neritic carbonate environments: geological recognition, processes, potential significance, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 36, 99–134, 2003.
Saunders, A. D., Storey, M., Gibson, I. L., Leat, P., Hergt, J., and Thompson, R. N.: Chemical and Isotopic Constraints on the origin of basalts from Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean: Results from DSDP Legs 22 and 26 and ODP Leg 121, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 121, edited by: Weissel, J., Peirce, J., Taylor, E., Alt, J., et al., College Station, TX Ocean Drilling Program, 559–590, 1991.
Sclater, J. G., Anderson, R. N., and Lee Bell, M.: Elevation of Ridges and Evolution of the Central Eastern Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 7888–7915, 1971.
Shackleton, N. J.: Paleogene Stable Isotope Events, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 57, 91–102, 1986.
Shackleton, N. J., Hall, M. A., and Bleil, U.: Carbon-isotope stratigraphy, site 577, in: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 86, edited by: Turner, K. L., US Government Printing Office, Washington, 503–511, 1985.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 216, in: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 22, edited by: von der Borch, C. C., Sclater, J. G., et al., US Government Printing Office, Washington, 213–265, 1974a.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 236, in: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 24, edited by: Fisher, R. L, Bunce, E. T., et al., US Government Printing Office, Washington, 327–389, 1974b.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 245, in: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 25, edited by: Simpson, E. S. W., Schlich, R., et al., US Government Printing Office, Washington, 187–236, 1974c.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 756, in: ODP Init. Reps, 121, edited by: Peirce, J., Weissel, J., et al., College Station, TX, Ocean Drilling Program, 259–303, 1989a.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 757, in: Proc. ODP Init. Reps, 121, edited by: Peirce, J., Weissel, J., et al., College Station, TX, Ocean Drilling Program, 305–358, 1989b.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 758, in: Proc. ODP Init. Reps, 121, edited by: Peirce, J., Weissel, J., et al., College Station, TX, Ocean Drilling Program, 359–453, 1989c.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 766, in: Proc. ODP Init. Reps, 123, edited by: Gradstein, F. M., Ludden, J. N., Adamson A. C., et al., College Station, TX, Ocean Drilling Program, 269–352, 1990.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Leg 179 summary, in: Proc. ODP, Init. Reps., 179, edited by: Pettigrew, T. L., Casey, J. F., Miller, D. J., et al., College Station, TX, Ocean Drilling Program, 1–26, 1999.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1219, in: Proc. ODP Init. Reps, 199, edited by: Lyle, M., Wilson, P. A., Janecek T. R., et al., College Station, TX, Ocean Drilling Program, 1–129, 2002a.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1220, in: Proc. ODP Init. Reps, 199, edited by: Lyle, M., Wilson, P.A., Janecek T.R., et al., College Station, TX, Ocean Drilling Program, 1–93, 2002b.
Slotnick, B.S., Dickens, G.R., Nicolo, M.J., Hollis, C.J., Crampton, J.S., and Zachos, J.C., Sluijs, A.: Numerous large amplitude variations in carbon cycling and terrestrial weathering throughout the latest Paleocene and earliest Eocene, The J. Geol., 120, 487-505, 2012.
Sluijs, A., Bowen, G., Brinkhuis, H., Lourens, L. J., and Thomas, E.: The Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum super greenhouse: biotic and geochemical signatures, age models and mechanisms of global change, in: Deep-Time Perspectives on Climate Change: Marrying the Signal from Computer Models and Biological Proxies, edited by: Williams, M., Haywood, A. M., Gregory, J., and Schmidt, D. N., The Micropaleontological Society, Special Publications, London, 323–349, 2007.
Stap, L., Sluijs, A., Thomas, E., and Lourens, L.: Patterns and magnitude of deep sea carbonate dissolution during Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 and H2, Walvis Ridge, southeastern Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography, 24, PA1211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001655, 2009.
Stap, L., Lourens, L. J., Thomas, E., Sluijs, A., Bohaty, S., and Zachos, J.C.: High resolution deep-sea carbon and oxygen isotope records of Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 and H2, Geology, 38, 607–610, 2010.
Storms, M. A.: Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Deep Sea Coring Techniques, Mar. Geophys. Res., 12, 109–130, 1990.
Swart, P. K. and Eberli, G.: The nature of the δ13C of periplatform sediments: Implications for stratigraphy and the global carbon cycle, Sediment. Geol., 175, 115–129, 2005.
Tremolada, R. and Bralower, T. J.: Nannofossil assemblage fluctuations during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sites 213 (Indian Ocean) and 401 (North Atlantic Ocean): palaeoceanographic implications, Mar. Micropaleontol., 52, 107–116, 2004.
van Andel, T. H.: Mesozoic/Cenozoic Calcite Compensation Depth and the global distribution of calcareous sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 26, 187–194, 1975.
Vandenberghe, N., Hilgen, F. J., and Speijer, R. P.: The Paleogene Period, in: The Geologic Time Scale 2012, edited by: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Schmitz, M., Ogg, G., Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Elsevier BV), 855–922, 2012.
Veevers, J. J.: 10. Seismic profiles made underway on Leg 22, in: Initial Reports, DSDP Leg 22, edited by: von der Borch, C. C. and Sclater, J. G., Washington, US Government Printing Office, 351–367, 1974.
von der Borch, C. C. and Sclater, J. G.: Initial Reports, DSDP Leg 22, Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1–599, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.22.126.1974, 1974.
Westerhold, T. and Röhl, U.: High resolution cyclostratigraphy of the early Eocene – new insights into the origin of the Cenozoic cooling trend, Clim. Past, 5, 309–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-309-2009, 2009.
Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Raffi, I., Fornaciari, E., Monechi, S., Reale, V., Bowles, J., and Evans, H. F.: Astronomical calibration of the Paleocene time, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 257, 377–403, 2008.
Zachos, J. C., Rea, D.K., Seto, K., Nomura, R., and Niitsuma, N.: Paleogene and Early Neogene Deep Water Paleoceanography of the Indian Ocean as Determined from Benthic Foraminifer Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Records, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 70, 351–385, 1992.
Zachos, J. C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.: Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present, Science, 292, 686–693, 2001.
Zachos, J. C., Kroon, D., Blum, P., Bowles, J., Gaillot, P., Hasegawa, T., Hathorne, E. C., and Shipboard Scientific Party: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, 208, https://doi.org/10.2973/opd.proc.ir.208.2004, 2004.
Zachos, J. C., Röhl, U., Schellenberg, S. A., Sluijs, A., Hodell, D. A., Kelly, D. C., Thomas, E., Nicolo, M., Raffi, I., Lourens, L. J., McCarren, H., and Kroon, D.: Rapid Acidification of the Ocean During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Science, 208, 1611–1615, 2005.
Zachos, J. C., McCarren, H., Murphy, B., Rohl, U., and Westerhold, T.: Tempo and scale of late Paleocene and early Eocene carbon isotope cycles: Implications for the origin of hyperthermals, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 299, 242–249, 2010.
Zeebe, R. E. and Westbroek, P.: A simple model for the CaCO3 saturation state of the ocean: The "Strangelove," the "Neritan," and the "Cretan" Ocean, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4, 1104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000538, 2003.
Zeebe, R. E., Zachos, J. C., and Dickens, G. R.: Carbon dioxide forcing along insufficient to explain Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum warming, Nat. Geosci., 2, 576–580, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO578, 2009.
