Studying the Pliocene (5.33–2.58 Ma) is key to understanding Earth’s climate under current atmospheric CO₂ levels and the development of permanent Northern Hemisphere ice. We used ocean sediments and improved laboratory methods to reconstruct sea surface temperatures from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1090 (south Atlantic) from ~4.3–2.6 Ma. Our data suggests cooling patterns similar to those found worldwide, suggesting a global forcing, like decreased CO₂, triggered the shift to the ice ages.

The paper provides an updated analysis of Poland's climate, focusing on the 16th century using a multiproxy approach (documentary evidence and dendrochronological data). Newly gathered historical sources and dendrochronological data helped reconstruct five updated mean air temperature series: decadal winter and summer means from documentary evidence, and annual means for winter and late winter–early spring derived from dendrochronological data.

Accurate information about the surface ocean temperatures are important for understanding Earth's climate history. Here, we correct a sea surface temperature record from the critical subarctic North Pacific region for systematic biases introduced into the algal-biomarker-based geologic temperature estimates by the analytical method used by the original study.