Studying the Pliocene (5.33–2.58 Ma) is key to understanding Earth’s climate under current atmospheric CO₂ levels and the development of permanent Northern Hemisphere ice. We used ocean sediments and improved laboratory methods to reconstruct sea surface temperatures from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1090 (south Atlantic) from ~4.3–2.6 Ma. Our data suggests cooling patterns similar to those found worldwide, suggesting a global forcing, like decreased CO₂, triggered the shift to the ice ages.

The paper provides an updated analysis of Poland's climate, focusing on the 16th century using a multiproxy approach (documentary evidence and dendrochronological data). Newly gathered historical sources and dendrochronological data helped reconstruct five updated mean air temperature series: decadal winter and summer means from documentary evidence, and annual means for winter and late winter–early spring derived from dendrochronological data.

Accurate information about the surface ocean temperatures are important for understanding Earth's climate history. Here, we correct a sea surface temperature record from the critical subarctic North Pacific region for systematic biases introduced into the algal-biomarker-based geologic temperature estimates by the analytical method used by the original study.

We show how measurements of nitrogen isotopes in Antarctic ice core records can be used to show dramatic thinning of an ice sheet during ice mass changes in the Holocene. Combining such measurements with proxies for ice sheet elevation could be a powerful tool for constraining the history of ice dynamics at sites which are sensitive to rapid changes, and could contribute to constraining ice sheet models.

Arctic Pleistocene benthic foraminifers show distinct temporal and spatial distribution patterns in the Arctic Ocean. We refine previously applied calcareous benthic foraminiferal bioevents and correlated them with lithology changes and independent stratigraphic markers. Benthic foraminifera colonized the Arctic Ocean via advection of Atlantic water and ecological requirements must have been met locally for the species to settle. Yet, bioevents also reflect significant diagenetic loss.

Did Scandinavian glaciers survive the warmer conditions of the early Holocene? Ice thickness measurements, proglacial lake sediment, and cosmogenic nuclides in bedrock alongside Riukojietna, a small low-elevation ice cap in northern Sweden, all combine to constrain a glacier advance and retreat history since 9.8 thousand years ago. Riukojietna was small but persisted through the early Holocene, illustrating that other but higher-elevation valley glaciers in the region may also have done so.

The article discusses (i) a recently discovered series of meteorological measurements (air temperature, precipitation, pressure, humidity, wind direction, and force) taken in Wrocław, South-Western Poland, from 1773–81, and (ii) an analysis of air temperature. This unique, quality-controlled series, verified against data from Silesia (Żagań and Jelenia Góra) and Warsaw, extends Wrocław's regular temperature records back to 1773, previously starting in 1791.

We generated five new and compiled previously published Holocene temperature timeseries from southwestern Greenland. We found temperature maxima between 7500 and 5000 years ago, with temperatures approx. 2–5 °C higher than 1994–2024. Afterward, temperatures gradually cooled towards the present, following maximum summer insolation. Local variations in the magnitude and timing of the thermal maximum are related to topography and proximity to the ice sheet and the ocean.