Articles | Volume 18, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-233-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-233-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Feb 2022
Research article |
| 04 Feb 2022
| 04 Feb 2022
Co-evolution of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem in the Holocene Baltic Sea
Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, The Royal
Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, the Netherlands
present address: Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Zurich (ETHZ), Biogeoscience
Group, Zurich, Switzerland
Marcel T. J. van der Meer
Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, The Royal
Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, the Netherlands
Timothy I. Eglinton
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Zurich (ETHZ), Biogeoscience
Group, Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
No articles found.
Cecile Sofie Hilgen, Gert-Jan Reichart, Wim Boer, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Rick Hennekam
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5785, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5785, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
Marine algae growth in the surface ocean, so-called net primary productivity, is an important process to remove CO2 from Earth's atmosphere. Therefore, scientists are interested in ways to reconstruct this productivity in the past. We tested a relatively new method using organic bromine to reconstruct this productivity in a broad range of marine settings. We show that this method can be used to produce high-resolution estimates of marine productivity in the past.
Annabeth McCall, Martin Hieronymi, P. Paul Overduin, Lisa Bröder, Julie Lattaud, Rüdiger Röttgers, Irina Overeem, Anne Morgenstern, Guido Grosse, and Bennet Juhls
Biogeosciences, 23, 5921–5942, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5921-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-5921-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how carbon and sediments move from the Mackenzie River, through its delta, and into the Beaufort Sea. We use data from 2009–2024 and show that major changes in carbon concentrations unfold in low-salinity mixing zones. As the optical properties of the water also shift, satellite estimates of carbon will require more tailored methods. These findings will improve our understanding of Arctic carbon fluxes and influences on the greater Arctic Ocean carbon budget.
Marco A. Bolandini, Jordon D. Hemingway, Negar Haghipour, Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Jorien E. Vonk, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Lisa Bröder
Biogeosciences, 23, 4447–4462, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4447-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4447-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Abrupt permafrost thaw mobilizes ancient organic matter, which could fuel further warming, yet its fate remains uncertain. We studied thaw slumps in Arctic Canada using thermal, radiocarbon, and molecular analyses. Recently thawed debris and runoff exiting the slumps contained old, thermally stable organic matter, compositionally similar to surrounding permafrost. This suggests that much of the thaw-mobilised carbon survives initial transport and may be processed or sequestered downstream.
Naoto F. Ishikawa, Hisami Suga, Tessa S. van der Voort, Reto Nyffeler, Nanako O. Ogawa, Negar Haghipour, Lukas Wacker, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Naohiko Ohkouchi
Biogeosciences, 23, 3855–3869, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3855-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3855-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The main finding of this work is that chlorophyll a in plant leaves is made from atmospheric CO2 (83 ± 2 %) as well as soil carbon (17 ± 2 %), the latter of which is older than 1000 years. The results suggest that radiocarbon age and provenance within a single tree are more diverse than previously thought.
Cecile S. Hilgen, Rick Hennekam, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Timme H. Donders, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Francesca Sangiorgi
J. Micropalaeontol., 45, 275–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-45-275-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-45-275-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Northwest European Shelf plays a key role in the global carbon cycle. To assess its past role, we want to reconstruct primary productivity using microfossils. By comparing surface sediment assemblages with sediment properties and modern environmental conditions, we found a good microfossil-based indicator for primary productivity. This indicator will be useful to reconstruct productivity in the past Northwest European Shelf.
Madeleine Santos, Lisa Bröder, Matt O'Regan, Iván Hernández-Almeida, Tommaso Tesi, Lukas Bigler, Negar Haghipour, Daniel B. Nelson, Michael Fritz, and Julie Lattaud
Clim. Past, 22, 187–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-187-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-187-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examined how sea ice in the Beaufort Sea has changed over the past 13 000 years to better understand today's rapid losses. By analyzing chemical tracers preserved in seafloor sediments, we found that the Early Holocene was largely ice-free, with warmer waters and lower salinity. Seasonal ice began forming about 7000 years ago and expanded as the climate cooled. These long-term patterns show that continued warming could return the region to mostly ice-free conditions.
Sarah Paradis, Hannah Gies, Davide Moccia, Julie Lattaud, Lisa Bröder, Negar Haghipour, Antonio Pusceddu, Albert Palanques, Pere Puig, Claudio Lo Iacono, and Timothy I. Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 22, 5921–5941, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5921-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5921-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Gulf of Palermo features several submarine canyons, where 50–70 % of the organic carbon deposited in them is terrigenous (OC-terr). The contribution of OC-terr generally decreases offshore and across canyons. Rivers deliver OC-terr, which is redistributed by regional currents and intercepted by the farthest down-current canyon, while the other submarine canyons receive terrigenous organic carbon from more distal sources. Bottom trawling also contributes to the transfer of OC-terr down-canyon.
Szabina Karancz, Lennart J. de Nooijer, Bas van der Wagt, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Sambuddha Misra, Rick Hennekam, Zeynep Erdem, Julie Lattaud, Negar Haghipour, Stefan Schouten, and Gert-Jan Reichart
Clim. Past, 21, 679–704, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-679-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-679-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in upwelling intensity of the Benguela upwelling region during the last glacial motivated us to investigate the local CO2 history during the last glacial-to-interglacial transition. Using various geochemical tracers on archives from both subsurface and surface waters reveals enhanced storage of carbon at depth during the Last Glacial Maximum. An efficient biological pump likely prevented outgassing of CO2 from intermediate depth to the atmosphere.
Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Paul J. Mann, Dirk J. Jong, Sergio Bulte Garcia, Anna Davydova, Sergei Davydov, Nikita Zimov, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 21, 357–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw releases organic carbon into waterways. Decomposition of this carbon pool emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, enhancing climate warming. We show that Arctic river carbon and water chemistry are different between the spring ice breakup and summer and that primary production is initiated in small Arctic rivers right after ice breakup, in contrast to in large rivers. This may have implications for fluvial carbon dynamics and greenhouse gas uptake and emission balance.
Katrin Hättig, Devika Varma, Stefan Schouten, and Marcel T. J. van der Meer
Clim. Past, 19, 1919–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes, both hydrogen and oxygen, correlate with the salinity of the sea. Here we reconstruct the surface seawater isotopic composition during the last deglaciation based on the measured hydrogen isotopic composition of alkenones, organic compounds derived from haptophyte algae, and compared it to oxygen isotopes of calcite shells produced in the bottom water. Our results suggest that surface seawater experienced more freshening during the last 20 000 years than the bottom seawater.
Sarah Paradis, Kai Nakajima, Tessa S. Van der Voort, Hannah Gies, Aline Wildberger, Thomas M. Blattmann, Lisa Bröder, and Timothy I. Eglinton
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4105–4125, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4105-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4105-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
MOSAIC is a database of global organic carbon in marine sediments. This new version holds more than 21 000 sediment cores and includes new variables to interpret organic carbon distribution, such as sedimentological parameters and biomarker signatures. MOSAIC also stores data from specific sediment and molecular fractions to better understand organic carbon degradation and ageing. This database is continuously expanding, and version control will allow reproducible research outputs.
Thibauld M. Béjard, Andrés S. Rigual-Hernández, José A. Flores, Javier P. Tarruella, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Isabel Cacho, Neghar Haghipour, Aidan Hunter, and Francisco J. Sierro
Biogeosciences, 20, 1505–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is undergoing a rapid and unprecedented environmental change. Planktic foraminifera calcification is affected on different timescales. On seasonal and interannual scales, calcification trends differ according to the species and are linked mainly to sea surface temperatures and carbonate system parameters, while comparison with pre/post-industrial assemblages shows that all three species have reduced their calcification between 10 % to 35 % according to the species.
Dirk Jong, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Nikita Zimov, Anna Davydova, Philip Pika, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 20, 271–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With this study, we want to highlight the importance of studying both land and ocean together, and water and sediment together, as these systems function as a continuum, and determine how organic carbon derived from permafrost is broken down and its effect on global warming. Although on the one hand it appears that organic carbon is removed from sediments along the pathway of transport from river to ocean, it also appears to remain relatively ‘fresh’, despite this removal and its very old age.
Melissa Sophia Schwab, Hannah Gies, Chantal Valérie Freymond, Maarten Lupker, Negar Haghipour, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 19, 5591–5616, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5591-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5591-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of river studies focus on headwater or floodplain systems, while often neglecting intermediate river segments. Our study on the subalpine Sihl River bridges the gap between streams and lowlands and demonstrates that moderately steep river segments are areas of significant instream alterations, modulating the export of organic carbon over short distances.
Frédérique M. S. A. Kirkels, Hugo J. de Boer, Paulina Concha Hernández, Chris R. T. Martes, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Sayak Basu, Muhammed O. Usman, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 19, 4107–4127, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The distinct carbon isotopic values of C3 and C4 plants are widely used to reconstruct past hydroclimate, where more C3 plants reflect wetter and C4 plants drier conditions. Here we examine the impact of regional hydroclimatic conditions on plant isotopic values in the Godavari River basin, India. We find that it is crucial to identify regional plant isotopic values and consider drought stress, which introduces a bias in C3 / C4 plant estimates and associated hydroclimate reconstructions.
Frédérique M. S. A. Kirkels, Huub M. Zwart, Muhammed O. Usman, Suning Hou, Camilo Ponton, Liviu Giosan, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 19, 3979–4010, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3979-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3979-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon (SOC) that is transferred to the ocean by rivers forms a long-term sink of atmospheric CO2 upon burial on the ocean floor. We here test if certain bacterial membrane lipids can be used to trace SOC through the monsoon-fed Godavari River basin in India. We find that these lipids trace the mobilisation and transport of SOC in the wet season but that these lipids are not transferred far into the sea. This suggests that the burial of SOC on the sea floor is limited here.
Blanca Ausín, Negar Haghipour, Elena Bruni, and Timothy Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 19, 613–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The preservation and distribution of alkenones – organic molecules produced by marine algae – in marine sediments allows us to reconstruct past variations in sea surface temperature, primary productivity and CO2. Here, we explore the impact of remobilization and lateral transport of sedimentary alkenones on their fate in marine sediments. We demonstrate the pervasive influence of these processes on alkenone-derived environmental signals, compromising the reliability of related paleorecords.
Caroline Welte, Jens Fohlmeister, Melina Wertnik, Lukas Wacker, Bodo Hattendorf, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Christoph Spötl
Clim. Past, 17, 2165–2177, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Stalagmites are valuable climate archives, but unlike other proxies the use of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) is still difficult. A stalagmite from the Austrian Alps was analyzed using a new laser ablation method for fast radiocarbon (14C) analysis. This allowed 14C and δ13C to be combined, showing that besides soil and bedrock a third source is contributing during periods of warm, wet climate: old organic matter.
Cited articles
Aichner, B., Herzschuh, U., and Wilkes, H.: Influence of aquatic macrophytes on the stable carbon isotopic signatures of sedimentary organic matter in lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, Org. Geochem., 41, 706–718, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.02.002, 2010.
Aichner, B., Hilt, S., Périllon, C., Gillefalk, M., and Sachse, D.: Biosynthetic hydrogen isotopic fractionation factors during lipid synthesis in submerged aquatic macrophytes : Effect of groundwater discharge and salinity, Org. Geochem., 113, 10–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.07.021, 2017.
Alhonen, P.: The stages of the Baltic Sea as indicated by the diatom
stratigraphy, Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, Helsinki – Helsingfors, available at: https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/36720/299944_092_1971.pdf?sequence=1 (last access: 29 January 2022), 1971.
Andrén, E., Andrén, T., and Sohlenius, G.: The Holocene history of the southwestern Baltic Sea as reflected in a sediment core from the Bornholm Basin, Boreas, 29, 233–250, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2000.tb00981.x, 2000.
Andrén, T., Björck, S., Andrén, E., Conley, D., Zillén, L., and Anjar, J.: The development of the Baltic Sea Basin during the last 130 ka, in: The Baltic Sea Basin, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 75–97, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17220-5_4, 2011.
Andrén, T., Barker Jørgensen, B., Cotterill, C., Green, S., and the IODP expedition 347 scientific party: IODP expedition 347: Baltic Sea basin paleoenvironment and biosphere, Sci. Dril., 20, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-20-1-2015, 2015.
Antonsson, K. and Seppä, H.: Holocene temperatures in Bohuslän, southwest Sweden: A quantitative reconstruction from fossil pollen data, Boreas, 36, 400–410, https://doi.org/10.1080/03009480701317421, 2007.
Antonssson, K., Brooks, S. J., Seppä, H., Telford, R. J., and Birks, H. J. B.: Quantitative palaeotemperature records inferred from fossil pollen and chironomid assemblages from Lake Gilltjärnen, northern central Sweden, J. Quaternary Sci., 21, 831–841, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1004, 2006.
Baas, M., Pancost, R., Van Geel, B., and Damste, J. S. S.: A comparative study
of lipids in Sphagnum species, Org. Geochem., 31, 535–541, 2000.
Balzano, S., Lattaud, J., Villanueva, L., Rampen, S. W., Brussaard, C. P. D., van Bleijswijk, J., Bale, N., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: A quest for the biological sources of long chain alkyl diols in the western tropical North Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 15, 5951–5968, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5951-2018, 2018.
de Bar, M. W., Dorhout, D. J. C., Hopmans, E. C., Rampen, S. W., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Constraints on the application of long chain diol proxies in the Iberian Atlantic margin, Org. Geochem., 101, 184–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.09.005, 2016.
de Bar, M. W., Weiss, G., Yildiz, C., Rampen, S. W., Lattaud, J., Bale, N. J., Mienis, F., Brummer, G. J. A., Schulz, H., Rush, D., Kim, J. H., Donner, B., Knies, J., Lückge, A., Stuut, J. B. W., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Global temperature calibration of the Long chain Diol Index in marine surface sediments, Org. Geochem., 142, 103983, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.103983, 2020.
Berglund, B. E., Gaillard, M. J., Björkman, L., and Persson, T.: Long-term
changes in floristic diversity in southern Sweden: palynological richness,
vegetation dynamics and land-use, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 17, 573–583,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-007-0094-x, 2008a.
Berglund, B. E., Persson, T., and Björkman, L.: Late Quaternary landscape and vegetation diversity in a North European perspective, Quatern. Int., 184, 187–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.018, 2008b.
Bianchi, T. S., Engelhaupt, E., Westman, P., Andrén, T., Rolff, C., and Elmgren, R.: Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea: Natural or human-induced?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 716–726, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0716, 2000.
Björck, S.: A review of the history of the Baltic Sea, 13.0–8.0 ka BP, Quatern. Int., 27, 19–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)00057-C, 1995.
De Boer, B., Lourens, L. J., and Van De Wal, R. S. W.: Persistent 400,000-year variability of antarctic ice volume and the carbon cycle is revealed throughout the plio-pleistocene, Nat. Commun., 5, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3999, 2014.
Blaauw, M., and Christen, J. A.: Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process, Bayseian Anal., 6, 457–474, https://doi.org/10.1214/ba/1339616472, 2011.
Borzenkova, I, Zorita, E., Borisova, B., Kalniņa, L., Kisielienė, D., Koff, T., Kuznetsov, D., Lemdahl, G., Sapelko, T., Stančikaitė, M., and Subetto, D.: Climate
change during the Holocene (Past 12,000 years), in: Second Assessment of
Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin, Regional Climate Studies, edited by: The BACC II Author Team, Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16006-1_2, 2015.
Bowen, G. J. and Revenaugh, J.: Interpolating the isotopic composition of modern meteoric precipitation, Water Resour. Res., 39, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002086, 2003.
Brassell, S. C., Eglinton, G., Marlowe, I. T., Pflaumann, U., and Sarnthein, M.: Molecular stratigraphy: a new tool for climatic assessment, Nature, 320, 129–133, https://doi.org/10.1038/320129a0, 1986.
Craig, H. and Gordon, L. I.: Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and marine atmosphere, in: Stable isotopes in oceanographic studies and paleotemperatures, edited by: Tongiorgi, E., Spoleto, 337 pp., 1965.
Cuzzone, J. K., Clark, P. U., Carlson, A. E., Ullman, D. J., Rinterknecht, V. R., Milne, G. A., Lunkka, J. P., Wohlfarth, B., Marcott, S. A., and Caffee, M.: Final deglaciation of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and implications for the Holocene global sea-level budget, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 448, 34–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.019, 2016.
Dahl, S. O. and Nesje, A.: A new approach to calculating Holocene winter precipitation by combining glacier equilibrium-line altitudes and pine-tree limits: A case study from Hardangerjøkulen, central southern Norway, Holocene, 6, 381–398, https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369600600401, 1996.
De Jonge, C., Stadnitskaia, A., Hopmans, E. C., Cherkashov, G., Fedotov, A., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: In situ produced branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in suspended particulate matter from the Yenisei River, Eastern Siberia, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 125, 476–491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.10.031, 2014.
De Jonge, C., Stadnitskaia, A., Fedotov, A., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Impact of riverine suspended particulate matter on the branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether composition of lakes: The outflow of the Selenga River in Lake Baikal (Russia), Org. Geochem., 83–84, 241–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.04.004, 2015.
Diefendorf, A. F. and Freimuth, E. J.: Extracting the most from terrestrial plant-derived n-alkyl lipids and their carbon isotopes from the sedimentary record : A review, Org. Geochem., 103, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.10.016, 2017.
Diefendorf, A. F., Freeman, K. H., Wing, S. L., and Graham, H. V.: Production of n-alkyl lipids in living plants and implications for the geologic past, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 7472–7485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.09.028, 2011.
Eglinton, G. and Hamilton, R. J.: Leaf epicuticular waxes, Science, 156, 1322–1335, 1967.
Ficken, K. J., Li, B., Swain, D. L., and Eglinton, G.: An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes, Org. Geochem., 31, 745–749, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00081-4, 2000.
Freeman, K. H. and Hayes, J. M.: Fractionation of carbon isotopes by phytoplankton and estimates of ancient CO2 levels, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 6, 185–198, 1992.
Freimuth, E. J., Diefendorf, A. F., and Lowell, T. V.: Hydrogen isotopes of n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids as tracers of precipitation in a temperate forest and implications for paleorecords, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 206, 166–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.02.027, 2017.
Gelpi, E., Schneider, H., Mann, J., and Oró, J.: Hydrocarbons of geochemical significance in microscopic algae, Phytochemistry, 9, 613–617, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85701-5, 1970.
Gordadze, G. N., Kerimov, V. Y., Gaiduk, A. V., Giruts, M. V., Lobusev, M. A., Serov, S. G., Kuznetsov, N. B., and Romanyuk, T. V.: Hydrocarbon biomarkers and diamondoid hydrocarbons from late Precambrian and lower Cambrian rocks of the Katanga saddle (Siberian Platform), Geochem. Int., 55, 360–366, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702917040024, 2017.
Golubkov, M., Nikulina, V., and Golubkov, S.: Species-level associations of phytoplankton with environmental variability in the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea), Oceanologia, 63, 149–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2020.11.002, 2021.
Gustafsson, B. G. and Westman, P.: On the causes for salinity variations in
the Baltic Sea during the last 8500 years, Paleoceanography, 17, 12-1–12-14,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000572, 2002.
Häggi, C., Schefuß, E., Sawakuchi, A. O., Chiessi, C. M., Mulitza, S., Bertassoli, D. J., Hefter, J., Zabel, M., Baker, P. A., and Schouten, S.: Modern and late Pleistocene particulate organic carbon transport by the Amazon River: Insights from long-chain alkyl diols, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 262, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.07.018, 2019.
Hammarlund, D., Björck, S., Buchardt, B., Israelson, C., and Thomsen, C. T.: Rapid hydrological changes during the Holocene revealed by stable isotope records of lacustrine carbonates from Lake Igelsjön, southern Sweden, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 353–370, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00091-4, 2003.
Hemingway, J. D., Schefuß, E., Jean, B., Pryer, H., and Galy, V. V: Multiple plant-wax compounds record differential sources and ecosystem structure in large river catchments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 184, 20–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.003, 2016.
Hopmans, E. C., Weijers, J. W. H., Schefuß, E., Herfort, L., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: A novel proxy for terrestrial organic matter in sediments based on branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 224, 107–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.012, 2004.
Hopmans, E. C., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: The effect of improved chromatography on GDGT-based palaeoproxies, Org. Geochem., 93, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.12.006, 2016.
Huguet, C., Schimmelmann, A., Thunell, R., Lourens, L. J., Damsté, J. S. S., and Schouten, S.: A study of the TEX86 paleothermometer in the water column and sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin, California, Paleoceanography, 22, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001310, 2006.
Kotthoff, U., Groeneveld, J., Ash, J. L., Fanget, A.-S., Krupinski, N. Q., Peyron, O., Stepanova, A., Warnock, J., Van Helmond, N. A. G. M., Passey, B. H., Clausen, O. R., Bennike, O., Andrén, E., Granoszewski, W., Andrén, T., Filipsson, H. L., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Slomp, C. P., and Bauersachs, T.: Reconstructing Holocene temperature and salinity variations in the western Baltic Sea region: a multi-proxy comparison from the Little Belt (IODP Expedition 347, Site M0059), Biogeosciences, 14, 5607–5632, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5607-2017, 2017.
Kusch, S., Winterfeld, M., Mollenhauer, G., Höfle, S. T., Schirrmeister, L., Schwamborn, G., and Rethemeyer, J.: Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in high latitude Siberian permafrost: Diversity, environmental controls, and implications for proxy applications, Org. Geochem., 136, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2019.06.009, 2019.
Lane, C. S.: Modern n-alkane abundances and isotopic composition
of vegetation in a gymnosperm-dominated ecosystem of the southeastern U.S. coastal plain, Org. Geochem., 105, 33–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.12.003, 2017.
Lattaud, J., Kim, J., De Jonge, C., and Zell, C.: The C32 alkane-1,15-diol as a tracer for riverine input in coastal seas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 202, 146–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.12.030, 2017.
Lattaud, J., Kirkels, F., Peterse, F., Freymond, C. V., Eglinton, T. I., Hefter, J., Mollenhauer, G., Balzano, S., Villanueva, L., van der Meer, M. T. J., Hopmans, E. C., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Long-chain diols in rivers: distribution and potential biological sources, Biogeosciences, 15, 4147–4161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4147-2018, 2018.
Leng, M. J. and Lewis, J. P.:
Lougheed, B. C., Filipsson, H. L., and Snowball, I.: Large spatial variations in coastal 14C reservoir age – a case study from the Baltic Sea, Clim. Past, 9, 1015–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1015-2013, 2013.
Magill, C. R., Eglinton, G., and Eglinton, T. I.: Isotopic variance among plant lipid homologues correlates with biodiversity patterns of their source communities, PLoS One, 14, e0212211, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212211, 2019.
Martin, C., Ménot, G., Thouveny, N., Peyron, O., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Montade, V., Davtian, N., Reille, M., and Bard, E.: Early Holocene Thermal Maximum recorded by branched tetraethers and pollen in Western Europe (Massif Central, France), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 228, 106109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106109, 2020.
McFarlin, J. M., Axford, Y., Masterson, A. L., and Osburn, M. R.: Calibration of modern sedimentary δ2H plant wax-water relationships in Greenland lakes, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 225, 105978, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105978, 2019.
McKirdy, D. M. and Hahn, J. H.: Composition of Kerogen and Hydrocarbons in Precambrian Rocks, in: Mineral Deposits and the Evolution of the Biosphere, edited by: Holland, H. D. and Schidlowski, M., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1982.
Meyers, P. A.: Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter, Chem. Geol., 114, 289–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90059-0, 1994.
Meyers, P. A. and Ishiwatari, R.: The early diagenesis of organic matter in lacustrine sediments, in: Organic Geochemistry: Principles and Applications, edited by: Engel, M. H. and Macko, S. A., Plenum Press, New York, 185–209, 1993.
Moros, M., Lemke, W., Kuijpers, A., Endler, R., Jensen, J. B., Bennike, O., and Gingele, F.: Regressions and transgressions of the Baltic basin reflected by a new high-resolution deglacial and postglacial lithostratigraphy for Arkona Basin sediments (western Baltic Sea), Boreas, 31, 151–162, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01063.x, 2002.
M
uschitiello, F., Pausata, F. S. R., Watson, J. E., Smittenberg, R. H.,
Salih, A. A. M., Brooks, S. J., Whitehouse, N. J.,
Karlatou-charalampopoulou, A., and Wohlfarth, B.: Fennoscandian freshwater
control on Greenland hydroclimate shifts at the onset of the Younger, Nat. Commun., 6, 8939,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9939, 2015.
Nelson, D. B., Ladd, S. N., Schubert, C. J., and Kahmen, A.: Rapid atmospheric transport and large-scale deposition of recently synthesized plant waxes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 222, 599–617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.018, 2018.
Ni, S., Quintana Krupinski, N. B., Groeneveld, J., Fanget, A. S., Böttcher, M. E., Liu, B., Lipka, M., Knudsen, K. L., Naeraa, T., Seidenkranz, M.-S., and Filipsson, H. L.: Holocene hydrographic variation from the Baltic-North Sea transitional area (IODP site M0059), Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 35, e2019PA003722, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003722, 2020.
Ning, W., Andersson, P. S., Ghosh, A., Khan, M., and Filipsson, H. L.: Quantitative salinity reconstructions of the Baltic Sea during the mid-Holocene, Boreas, 46, 100–110, 2017.
Rampen, S. W., Schouten, S., Wakeham, S. G., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Seasonal and spatial variation in the sources and fluxes of long chain diols and mid-chain hydroxy methyl alkanoates in the Arabian Sea, Org. Geochem., 38, 165–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.10.008, 2007.
Rampen, S. W., Willmott, V., Kim, J. H., Uliana, E., Mollenhauer, G., Schefuß, E., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Long chain 1,13- and 1,15-diols as a potential proxy for palaeotemperature reconstruction, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 84, 204–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.024, 2012.
Rampen, S. W., Datema, M., Rodrigo-Gámiz, M., Schouten, S., Reichart, G. J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Sources and proxy potential of long chain alkyl diols in lacustrine environments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 144, 59–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.08.033, 2014.
Russell, J. M., Hopmans, E. C., Loomis, S. E., Liang, J., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Distributions of 5- and 6-methyl branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) in East African lake sediment: Effects of temperature, pH, and new lacustrine paleotemperature calibrations, Org. Geochem., 117, 56–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.12.003, 2018.
Sachse, D., Radke, J., and Gleixner, G.: Hydrogen isotope ratios of recent lacustrine sedimentary n-alkanes record modern climate variability, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 68, 4877–4889, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.06.004, 2004.
Sachse, D., Billault, I., Bowen, G. J., Chikaraishi, Y., Dawson, T. E., Feakins, S. J., Freeman, K. H., Magill, C. R., McInerney, F. A., van der Meer, M. T. J., Polissar, P., Robins, R. J., Sachs, J. P., Schmidt, H.-L., Sessions, A. L., White, J. W. C., West, J. B., and Kahmen, A.: Molecular Paleohydrology: Interpreting the Hydrogen-Isotopic Composition of Lipid Biomarkers from Photosynthesizing Organisms, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 40, 221–249, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105535, 2012.
Schefuss, E., Schouten, S., and Schneider, R. R.: Climatic controls on central African hydrology during the past 20,000 years, Nature, 437, 1003–1006, 2005.
Schefuß, E., Kulhman, H., Mollenhauer, G., Prange, M., and Pätzold, J.: Forcing of wet phases in southeast Africa over the past 17,000 years, Nature, 480, 509–512, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10685, 2011.
Schlitzer, R.: Ocean Data View, available at: https://odv.awi.de, last access: 9 September 2021.
Seppä, H. and Weckström, J.: Holocene vegetational and limnological changes in the Fennoscandian tree-line area as documented by pollen and diatom records from Lake Tsuolbmajavari, Finland, Ecoscience, 6, 621–635, 1999.
Seppä, H. and Birks, H. J. B.: July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: Pollen-based climate reconstructions, Holocene, 11, 527–539, https://doi.org/10.1191/095968301680223486, 2001.
Seppä, H., Hammarlund, D., and Antonsson, K.: Low-frequency and high-frequency changes in temperature and effective humidity during the Holocene in south-central Sweden: Implications for atmospheric and oceanic forcings of climate, Clim. Dynam., 25, 285–297, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0024-5, 2005.
Sessions, A. L., Burgoyne, T. W., and Hayes, J. M.: Determination of the H3 factor in hydrogen isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 73, 200–207, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac000488m, 2001.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Verschuren, D., Ossebaar, J., Blokker, J., van Houten, R., van der Meer, M. T. J., Plessen, B., and Schouten, S.: A 25,000-year record of climate-induced changes in lowland vegetation of eastern equatorial Africa revealed by the stable carbon-isotopic composition of fossil plant leaf waxes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 302, 236–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.025, 2011.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Spatial heterogeneity of sources of branched tetraethers in shelf systems: The geochemistry of tetraethers in the Berau River delta (Kalimantan, Indonesia), Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 186, 13–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.033, 2016.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Foesel, B. U., Huber, K. J., Overmann, J., Nakagawa, S., Kim, J. J., Dunfield, P. F., Dedysh, S. N., and Villanueva, L.: An overview of the occurrence of ether- and ester-linked iso-diabolic acid membrane lipids in microbial cultures of the Acidobacteria: Implications for brGDGT paleoproxies for temperature and pH, Org. Geochem., 124, 63–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.07.006, 2018.
Sohlenius, G., Sternbeck, J., Andrén, E., and Westman, P.: Holocene history of the Baltic Sea as recorded in a sediment core from the Gotland Deep, Mar. Geol., 134, 183–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(96)00047-3, 1996.
Sohlenius, G., Emeis, K. C., Andrén, E., Andrén, T., and Kohly, A.: Development of anoxia during the Holocene fresh-brackish water transition in the Baltic Sea, Mar. Geol., 177, 221–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00174-8, 2001.
Sternberg, L.: D
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J., Reimer, R. W.: CALIB 8.2 [WWW program], available
at: http://calib.org, last access: 31 August 2021.
Thornton, S. F. and McManusJ.: Application of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stable isotope and C
Tipple, B. J. and Pagani, M.: A 35 Myr North American leaf-wax compound-specific carbon and hydrogen isotope record: Implications for C4 grasslands and hydrologic cycle dynamics, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 299, 250–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.006, 2010.
Versteegh, G. J. M., Bosch, H.-J., and Leeuw, J. W. D. E.: Potential palaeoenvironmental information of C24 to C36 mid-chain diols, keto-ols and mid-chain hydroxy fatty acids: a critical review, Science, 27, 1–13, 1997.
Volkman, J. K., Barrett, S. M., Dunstan, G. A., and Jeffrey, S. W.: C30-C32 alkyl diols and unsaturated alcohols in microalgae of the class Eustigmatophyceae, Org. Geochem., 18, 131–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(92)90150-v, 1992.
Vonk, J. E. and Gustafsson, Ö.: Calibrating n-alkane Sphagnum proxies in sub-Arctic Scandinavia, Org. Geochem., 40, 1085–1090, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.07.002, 2009.
Warden, L., van der Meer, M. T. J., Moros, M., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Sedimentary alkenone distributions reflect salinity changes in the Baltic Sea over the Holocene, Org. Geochem., 102, 30–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.09.007, 2016.
Warden, L., Moros, M., Weber, Y., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Change in provenance of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers over the Holocene in the Baltic Sea and its impact on continental climate reconstruction, Org. Geochem., 121, 138–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.03.007, 2018.
Wasmund, N. and Uhlig, S.: Phytoplankton trends in the Baltic Sea, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 60, 177–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-3139(02)00280-1, 2003.
Weijers, J. W. H., Schouten, S., van den Donker, J. C., Hopmans, E. C., and Damsté, J. S. S.: Environmental controls on bacterial tetraether membrane lipid distribution in soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 71, 703–713, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.10.003, 2007.
Weijers, J. W. H., Panoto, E., van bleijswijk, J., Schouten, S., Rijpstra, W. I. C., Balk, M., Stams, A. J. M., and Damsté, J. S. S.: Constraints on the biological source(s) of the orphan branched tetraether membrane lipids, Geomicrobiol. J., 26, 402–414, https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450902937293, 2009.
Weiss, G. M., Schouten, S., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and van der Meer, M. T. J.: Constraining the application of hydrogen isotopic composition of alkenones as a salinity proxy using marine surface sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 250, 34–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.01.038, 2019.
Weiss, G. M., Massalska, B., Hennekam, R., Reichart, G. J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Schouten, S., and van der Meer, M. T. J.: Alkenone Distributions and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios Show Changes in Haptophyte Species and Source Water in the Holocene Baltic Sea, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 21, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008751, 2020.
Weiss, G. M., Lattaud, J., van der Meer, M. T. J., and Eglinton, T. I.: Co-evolution of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem in the Holocene Baltic Sea, V2, NIOZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.25850/nioz/7b.b.2c, 2021.
Xiao, W., Wang, Y., Zhou, S., Hu, L., Yang, H., and Xu, Y.: Ubiquitous production of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) in global marine environments: a new source indicator for brGDGTs, Biogeosciences, 13, 5883–5894, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5883-2016, 2016.
Zhang, Z. and Sachs, J. P.: Hydrogen isotope fractionation in freshwater algae: I. Variations among lipids and species, Org. Geochem., 38, 582–608, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.12.004, 2007.
Ziegler, M., Jilbert, T., de Lange, G. J., Lourens, L. J., and
Reichart, G. J.: Bromine counts from XRF scanning as an estimate of the marine
organic carbon content of sediment cores, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 9, Q05009,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001932, 2008.
Short summary
Here we study the elemental signatures of plant wax compounds as well as molecules from algae and bacteria to understand how water sources changed over the last 11 000 years in the northeastern part of Europe surrounding the Baltic Sea. Our results show diversity in plant and aquatic microorganisms following the melting of the large ice sheet that covered northern Europe as the regional climate continued to warm. A shift in water source from ice melt to rain also occurred around the same time.
Here we study the elemental signatures of plant wax compounds as well as molecules from algae...
