Articles | Volume 16, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2275-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2275-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Nov 2020
Research article |
| 20 Nov 2020
| 20 Nov 2020
Contribution of the coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice–vegetation model COSMOS to the PlioMIP2
Christian Stepanek
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Eric Samakinwa
Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Gregor Knorr
Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Gerrit Lohmann
Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz-Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Institute for Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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- Mid-Pliocene El Niño/Southern Oscillation suppressed by Pacific intertropical convergence zone shift G. Pontes et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00999-y
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- Impacts of Mid‐Pliocene Ice Sheets and Vegetation on Afro‐Asian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Revealed by EC‐Earth Simulations Z. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106145
- Effects of CO2 and Ocean Mixing on Miocene and Pliocene Temperature Gradients G. Lohmann et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA003953
- Ice sheet decline and rising atmospheric CO2 control AMOC sensitivity to deglacial meltwater discharge Y. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103755
- Revisiting the physical processes controlling the tropical atmospheric circulation changes during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period K. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2024.01.001
- The Late Pliocene jet stream: Changes and drivers of the mean state and variability A. Buchan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-861-2026
- The warm winter paradox in the Pliocene northern high latitudes J. Tindall et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1385-2022
- An assessment of the correlations and causations of palaeo-hydroclimatic variability in India’s monsoon-dominated Central Himalaya P. Arora et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836241254480
- The changes in south Asian summer monsoon circulation during the mid-Piacenzian warm period Z. Han & G. Li https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07179-1
- Mid-Pliocene West African Monsoon rainfall as simulated in the PlioMIP2 ensemble E. Berntell et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1777-2021
- Modeling the mid-piacenzian warm climate using the water isotope-enabled Community Earth System Model (iCESM1.2-ITPCAS) Y. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07304-0
- Highly stratified mid-Pliocene Southern Ocean in PlioMIP2 J. Weiffenbach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1067-2024
- Ice-proximal sea ice reconstruction in the Powell Basin, Antarctica, since the Last Interglacial W. Khoo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-299-2025
- Strengthening Atlantic Inflow Across the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition S. Barker et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004200
- Shaping the mid-Miocene warmth: a sensitivity study on paleogeography, CO2 and model physics M. Renoult et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-1203-2026
- On the climatic influence of CO2 forcing in the Pliocene L. Burton et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-747-2023
- Simulation of the climate and ocean circulations in the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum by a coupled model FGOALS-g3 J. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111509
- The Yorktown Formation: Improved Stratigraphy, Chronology, and Paleoclimate Interpretations from the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain H. Dowsett et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11120486
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- Similar North Pacific variability despite suppressed El Niño variability in the warm mid-Pliocene climate A. Oldeman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1037-2024
- Mid-Pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation simulated in PlioMIP2 Z. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-529-2021
- Asymmetric Pacific variability in the Pliocene: An unchanged PDO relative to a suppressed ENSO K. Canal-Solis et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.104932
- Changes in deep Pacific circulation and carbon storage during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition Z. Jian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118020
- Unraveling the mechanisms and implications of a stronger mid-Pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in PlioMIP2 J. Weiffenbach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-61-2023
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- Modeling the Late Pliocene with AWI-CM3 as a contribution to PlioMIP3 core experiments F. Matos et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105196
- Mid-Pleistocene climate transition triggered by Antarctic Ice Sheet growth Z. An et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn4861
- Reduced El Niño variability in the mid-Pliocene according to the PlioMIP2 ensemble A. Oldeman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2427-2021
- Mid-Holocene West African monsoon rainfall enhanced in EC-Earth simulation with dynamic vegetation feedback E. Berntell & Q. Zhang https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07262-7
- The hydrological cycle and ocean circulation of the Maritime Continent in the Pliocene: results from PlioMIP2 X. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2053-2023
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 06 Aug 2026
Short summary
Future climate is expected to be warmer than today. We study climate based on simulations of the mid-Pliocene (about 3 million years ago), which was a time of elevated temperatures, and discuss implications for the future. Our results are provided towards a comparison to both proxy evidence and output of other climate models. We simulate a mid-Pliocene climate that is both warmer and wetter than today. Some climate characteristics can be more directly transferred to the near future than others.
Future climate is expected to be warmer than today. We study climate based on simulations of the...
