Articles | Volume 12, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-943-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-943-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Apr 2016
Research article |
| 15 Apr 2016
The Last Glacial Maximum in the central North Island, New Zealand: palaeoclimate inferences from glacier modelling
Shaun R. Eaves
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Science, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
Andrew N. Mackintosh
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Science, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
Brian M. Anderson
Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
Alice M. Doughty
Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
Dougal B. Townsend
GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
Chris E. Conway
School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Science, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
Gisela Winckler
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University of New York, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
Joerg M. Schaefer
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University of New York, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
Graham S. Leonard
GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, P.O. Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
Andrew T. Calvert
Volcano Science Center, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
Related authors
Pedro Doll, Shaun Robert Eaves, Ben Matthew Kennedy, Pierre-Henri Blard, Alexander Robert Lee Nichols, Graham Sloan Leonard, Dougal Bruce Townsend, Jim William Cole, Chris Edward Conway, Sacha Baldwin, Gabriel Fénisse, Laurent Zimmermann, and Bouchaïb Tibari
Geochronology, 6, 365–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use cosmogenic-sourced 3He to determine the eruption ages of 23 lava flows at Mt Ruapehu, Aotearoa New Zealand, and we show how this method can help overcome challenges associated with traditional dating methods in young lavas. Comparison with other methods demonstrates the accuracy of our data and the method's reliability. The new eruption ages allowed us to identify periods of quasi-simultaneous activity from different volcanic vents during the last 20 000 years.
Caleb K. Walcott-George, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Jason P. Briner, Joerg M. Schaefer, and Nicolás E. Young
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2983, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the history and drivers of Greenland Ice Sheet change is important to forecast future ice sheet retreat. We combined geologic mapping and cosmogenic nuclide measurements to investigate how the Greenland Ice Sheet formed the landscape of Inglefield Land, northwest Greenland. We found that Inglefield Land was covered by warm- and cold-based ice during multiple glacial cycles and that much of Inglefield Land is an ancient landscape.
Allie Balter-Kennedy, Joerg M. Schaefer, Greg Balco, Meredith A. Kelly, Michael R. Kaplan, Roseanne Schwartz, Bryan Oakley, Nicolás E. Young, Jean Hanley, and Arianna M. Varuolo-Clarke
Clim. Past, 20, 2167–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We date sedimentary deposits showing that the southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet was at or near its southernmost extent from ~ 26 000 to 21 000 years ago, when sea levels were at their lowest, with climate records indicating glacial conditions. Slow deglaciation began ~ 22 000 years ago, shown by a rise in modeled local summer temperatures, but significant deglaciation in the region did not begin until ~ 18 000 years ago, when atmospheric CO2 began to rise, marking the end of the last ice age.
Benjamin A. Keisling, Joerg M. Schaefer, Robert M. DeConto, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, Caleb K. Walcott, Gisela Winckler, Allie Balter-Kennedy, and Sridhar Anandakrishnan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2427, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how much the Greenland ice sheet melted in response to past warmth helps better predicting future sea-level change. Here we present a framework for using numerical ice-sheet model simulations to provide constraints on how much mass the ice sheet loses before different areas become ice-free. As observations from subglacial archives become more abundant, this framework can guide subglacial sampling efforts to gain the most robust information about past ice-sheet geometries.
Pedro Doll, Shaun Robert Eaves, Ben Matthew Kennedy, Pierre-Henri Blard, Alexander Robert Lee Nichols, Graham Sloan Leonard, Dougal Bruce Townsend, Jim William Cole, Chris Edward Conway, Sacha Baldwin, Gabriel Fénisse, Laurent Zimmermann, and Bouchaïb Tibari
Geochronology, 6, 365–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we use cosmogenic-sourced 3He to determine the eruption ages of 23 lava flows at Mt Ruapehu, Aotearoa New Zealand, and we show how this method can help overcome challenges associated with traditional dating methods in young lavas. Comparison with other methods demonstrates the accuracy of our data and the method's reliability. The new eruption ages allowed us to identify periods of quasi-simultaneous activity from different volcanic vents during the last 20 000 years.
Joseph P. Tulenko, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Clim. Past, 20, 625–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We take advantage of a site in Alaska – where climate records are limited and a former alpine glacier deposited a dense sequence of moraines spanning the full deglaciation – to construct a proxy summer temperature record. Building on age constraints for moraines in the valley, we reconstruct paleo-glacier surfaces and estimate the summer temperatures (relative to the Little Ice Age) for each moraine. The record suggests that the influence of North Atlantic climate forcing extended to Alaska.
Brandon L. Graham, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Michele Koppes, Joerg M. Schaefer, Kristin Poinar, and Elizabeth K. Thomas
The Cryosphere, 17, 4535–4547, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4535-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4535-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial erosion is a fundamental process operating on Earth's surface. Two processes of glacial erosion, abrasion and plucking, are poorly understood. We reconstructed rates of abrasion and quarrying in Greenland. We derive a total glacial erosion rate of 0.26 ± 0.16 mm per year. We also learned that erosion via these two processes is about equal. Because the site is similar to many other areas covered by continental ice sheets, these results may be applied to many places on Earth.
Adam C. Hawkins, Brian Menounos, Brent M. Goehring, Gerald Osborn, Ben M. Pelto, Christopher M. Darvill, and Joerg M. Schaefer
The Cryosphere, 17, 4381–4397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4381-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4381-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study developed a record of glacier and climate change in the Mackenzie and Selwyn mountains of northwestern Canada over the past several hundred years. We estimate temperature change in this region using several methods and incorporate our glacier record with models of climate change to estimate how glacier volume in our study area has changed over time. Models of future glacier change show that our study area will become largely ice-free by the end of the 21st century.
Allie Balter-Kennedy, Joerg M. Schaefer, Roseanne Schwartz, Jennifer L. Lamp, Laura Penrose, Jennifer Middleton, Jean Hanley, Bouchaïb Tibari, Pierre-Henri Blard, Gisela Winckler, Alan J. Hidy, and Greg Balco
Geochronology, 5, 301–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic nuclides like 10Be are rare isotopes created in rocks exposed at the Earth’s surface and can be used to understand glacier histories and landscape evolution. 10Be is usually measured in the mineral quartz. Here, we show that 10Be can be reliably measured in the mineral pyroxene. We use the measurements to determine exposure ages and understand landscape processes in rocks from Antarctica that do not have quartz, expanding the use of this method to new rock types.
Matthew W. Hayward, Emily M. Lane, Colin N. Whittaker, Graham S. Leonard, and William L. Power
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 955–971, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-955-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-955-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, 20 explosive volcanic eruption scenarios of differing location and magnitude are simulated to investigate tsunami generation in Lake Taupō, New Zealand. A non-hydrostatic multilayer numerical scheme resolves the highly dispersive generated wavefield. Inundation, hydrographic and related hazard outputs are produced, indicating that significant inundation around the lake shore begins above 5 on the volcanic explosivity index.
Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Joerg M. Schaefer, Nicolás E. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, Kristin Poinar, Benjamin A. Keisling, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Mary R. Albert, Tanner Kuhl, and Grant Boeckmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The 7.4 m of sea level equivalent stored as Greenland ice is getting smaller every year. The uncertain trajectory of ice loss could be better understood with knowledge of the ice sheet's response to past climate change. Within the bedrock below the present-day ice sheet is an archive of past ice-sheet history. We analyze all available data from Greenland to create maps showing where on the ice sheet scientists can drill, using currently available drills, to obtain sub-ice materials.
Irene Schimmelpfennig, Joerg M. Schaefer, Jennifer Lamp, Vincent Godard, Roseanne Schwartz, Edouard Bard, Thibaut Tuna, Naki Akçar, Christian Schlüchter, Susan Zimmerman, and ASTER Team
Clim. Past, 18, 23–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-23-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Small mountain glaciers advance and recede as a response to summer temperature changes. Dating of glacial landforms with cosmogenic nuclides allowed us to reconstruct the advance and retreat history of an Alpine glacier throughout the past ~ 11 000 years, the Holocene. The results contribute knowledge to the debate of Holocene climate evolution, indicating that during most of this warm period, summer temperatures were similar to or warmer than in modern times.
Sandra M. Braumann, Joerg M. Schaefer, Stephanie M. Neuhuber, Christopher Lüthgens, Alan J. Hidy, and Markus Fiebig
Clim. Past, 17, 2451–2479, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2451-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2451-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier reconstructions provide insights into past climatic conditions and elucidate processes and feedbacks that modulate the climate system both in the past and present. We investigate the transition from the last glacial to the current interglacial and generate beryllium-10 moraine chronologies in glaciated catchments of the eastern European Alps. We find that rapid warming was superimposed by centennial-scale cold phases that appear to have influenced large parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Andrew J. Christ, Paul R. Bierman, Jennifer L. Lamp, Joerg M. Schaefer, and Gisela Winckler
Geochronology, 3, 505–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-505-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-505-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating is commonly used to constrain the timing of past glacier extents. However, Antarctic exposure age datasets are often scattered and difficult to interpret. We compile new and existing exposure ages of a glacial deposit with independently known age constraints and identify surface processes that increase or reduce the likelihood of exposure age scatter. Then we present new data for a previously unmapped and undated older deposit from the same region.
Nicolás E. Young, Alia J. Lesnek, Josh K. Cuzzone, Jason P. Briner, Jessica A. Badgeley, Alexandra Balter-Kennedy, Brandon L. Graham, Allison Cluett, Jennifer L. Lamp, Roseanne Schwartz, Thibaut Tuna, Edouard Bard, Marc W. Caffee, Susan R. H. Zimmerman, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Clim. Past, 17, 419–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) margin is exposing a bedrock landscape that holds clues regarding the timing and extent of past ice-sheet minima. We present cosmogenic nuclide measurements from recently deglaciated bedrock surfaces (the last few decades), combined with a refined chronology of southwestern Greenland deglaciation and model simulations of GrIS change. Results suggest that inland retreat of the southwestern GrIS margin was likely minimal in the middle to late Holocene.
Ian Allison, Charles Fierz, Regine Hock, Andrew Mackintosh, Georg Kaser, and Samuel U. Nussbaumer
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 97–107, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-97-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-97-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became the eighth and most recent association of IUGG in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of the importance of the cryosphere, particularly at a time of significant global change. The forbears of IACS, however, start with the 1894 Commission Internationale des Glaciers (CIG). This paper traces the transition from CIG to IACS; scientific objectives that drove activities and changes, and key events and individuals involved.
Maxwell T. Cunningham, Colin P. Stark, Michael R. Kaplan, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 147–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-147-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial erosion is known to limit the height of midlatitude mountain ranges affected by substantial glaciation during cold periods. Our study examines this phenomenon in the tropics. A new form of hypsometric analysis, along with other evidence, of 10 tropical ranges reveals widespread signs of a perched glacial base level at the ELA. Although glacial influence is moderate to weak in these environments, the evidence suggests that glacial erosion acts to limit the height of tropical ranges.
Daniel Farinotti, Douglas J. Brinkerhoff, Garry K. C. Clarke, Johannes J. Fürst, Holger Frey, Prateek Gantayat, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Claire Girard, Matthias Huss, Paul W. Leclercq, Andreas Linsbauer, Horst Machguth, Carlos Martin, Fabien Maussion, Mathieu Morlighem, Cyrille Mosbeux, Ankur Pandit, Andrea Portmann, Antoine Rabatel, RAAJ Ramsankaran, Thomas J. Reerink, Olivier Sanchez, Peter A. Stentoft, Sangita Singh Kumari, Ward J. J. van Pelt, Brian Anderson, Toby Benham, Daniel Binder, Julian A. Dowdeswell, Andrea Fischer, Kay Helfricht, Stanislav Kutuzov, Ivan Lavrentiev, Robert McNabb, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, Huilin Li, and Liss M. Andreassen
The Cryosphere, 11, 949–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-949-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-949-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
ITMIX – the Ice Thickness Models Intercomparison eXperiment – was the first coordinated performance assessment for models inferring glacier ice thickness from surface characteristics. Considering 17 different models and 21 different test cases, we show that although solutions of individual models can differ considerably, an ensemble average can yield uncertainties in the order of 10 ± 24 % the mean ice thickness. Ways forward for improving such estimates are sketched.
Joshua M. Maurer, Summer B. Rupper, and Joerg M. Schaefer
The Cryosphere, 10, 2203–2215, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2203-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2203-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Here we utilize declassified spy satellite imagery to quantify ice volume loss of glaciers in the eastern Himalayas over approximately the last three decades. Clean-ice and debris-covered glaciers show similar magnitudes of ice loss, while calving glaciers are contributing a disproportionately large amount to total ice loss. Results highlight important physical processes affecting the ice mass budget and associated water resources in the Himalayas.
C. Bravo, M. Rojas, B. M. Anderson, A. N. Mackintosh, E. Sagredo, and P. I. Moreno
Clim. Past, 11, 1575–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1575-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1575-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the climatic forcing of glacier expansion in the mid-Holocene (MH) by evaluating modelled glacier equilibrium line altitude (ELA) and climate conditions during the MH compared with pre-industrial (PI) time in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Glaciers in both analysed regions have an ELA that is 15-33m lower than the PI during the MH. We postulate that the modelled ELA changes may help to explain larger glacier extents observed in the mid-Holocene in both regions.
U. Morgenstern, C. J. Daughney, G. Leonard, D. Gordon, F. M. Donath, and R. Reeves
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 803–822, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-803-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-803-2015, 2015
P. Iribarren Anacona, K.P. Norton, and A. Mackintosh
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 3243–3259, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-3243-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-3243-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
In Patagonia at least 16 moraine-dammed lakes have failed in historical time. Commonly failed lakes were in contact with glaciers at the time of failure and had moderate (≥ 8°) to steep (≥15°) outlet slopes. Seven failed lakes are located in the Baker Basin, Chilean Patagonia, were hydro-electric generation plants are planned. We assessed the outburst susceptibility of moraine-dammed lakes in the Baker Basin and identified 28 lakes with high or very high outburst susceptibility.
S. A. Fraser, N. J. Wood, D. M. Johnston, G. S. Leonard, P. D. Greening, and T. Rossetto
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2975–2991, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2975-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2975-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Proxy Use-Development-Validation | Archive: Terrestrial Archives | Timescale: Pleistocene
The Indo–Pacific Pollen Database – a Neotoma constituent database
Can machine-learning algorithms improve upon classical palaeoenvironmental reconstruction models?
Distinguishing the combined vegetation and soil component of δ13C variation in speleothem records from subsequent degassing and prior calcite precipitation effects
Multi-proxy speleothem-based reconstruction of mid-MIS 3 climate in South Africa
Biomarker proxy records of Arctic climate change during the Mid-Pleistocene transition from Lake El'gygytgyn (Far East Russia)
Hydroclimatic variability of opposing Late Pleistocene climates in the Levant revealed by deep Dead Sea sediments
Different facets of dry–wet patterns in south-western China over the past 27 000 years
The triple oxygen isotope composition of phytoliths, a new proxy of atmospheric relative humidity: controls of soil water isotope composition, temperature, CO2 concentration and relative humidity
The speleothem oxygen record as a proxy for thermal or moisture changes: a case study of multiproxy records from MIS 5–MIS 6 speleothems from the Demänová Cave system
A new multivariable benchmark for Last Glacial Maximum climate simulations
Late-glacial to late-Holocene shifts in global precipitation δ18O
Climate history of the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies belt during the last glacial–interglacial transition revealed from lake water oxygen isotope reconstruction of Laguna Potrok Aike (52° S, Argentina)
New online method for water isotope analysis of speleothem fluid inclusions using laser absorption spectroscopy (WS-CRDS)
Inorganic geochemistry data from Lake El'gygytgyn sediments: marine isotope stages 6–11
A 350 ka record of climate change from Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic: refining the pattern of climate modes by means of cluster analysis
Dynamic diatom response to changing climate 0–1.2 Ma at Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic
Amplified bioproductivity during Transition IV (332 000–342 000 yr ago): evidence from the geochemical record of Lake El'gygytgyn
Potential and limits of OSL, TT-OSL, IRSL and pIRIR290 dating methods applied on a Middle Pleistocene sediment record of Lake El'gygytgyn, Russia
Rock magnetic properties, magnetic susceptibility, and organic geochemistry comparison in core LZ1029-7 Lake El'gygytgyn, Russia Far East
High-temperature thermomagnetic properties of vivianite nodules, Lake El'gygytgyn, Northeast Russia
Reconstruction of drip-water δ18O based on calcite oxygen and clumped isotopes of speleothems from Bunker Cave (Germany)
A biomarker record of Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic: investigating sources of organic matter and carbon cycling during marine isotope stages 1–3
Climate warming and vegetation response after Heinrich event 1 (16 700–16 000 cal yr BP) in Europe south of the Alps
A 250 ka oxygen isotope record from diatoms at Lake El'gygytgyn, far east Russian Arctic
The oxygen isotopic composition of phytolith assemblages from tropical rainforest soil tops (Queensland, Australia): validation of a new paleoenvironmental tool
Terrestrial mollusc records from Xifeng and Luochuan L9 loess strata and their implications for paleoclimatic evolution in the Chinese Loess Plateau during marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 24-22
Annika V. Herbert, Simon G. Haberle, Suzette G. A. Flantua, Ondrej Mottl, Jessica L. Blois, John W. Williams, Adrian George, and Geoff S. Hope
Clim. Past, 20, 2473–2485, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Indo-Pacific Pollen Database is a large collection of pollen samples from across the Indo-Pacific region, with most samples coming from Australia. This is a valuable collection that can be used to analyse vegetation dynamics going back thousands of years. It is now being fully shared via Neotoma for the first time, opening up many exciting new avenues of research. This paper presents key aspects of this database, including geographical distribution, age control and deposition times.
Peng Sun, Philip B. Holden, and H. John B. Birks
Clim. Past, 20, 2373–2398, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2373-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2373-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We develop the Multi Ensemble Machine Learning Model (MEMLM) for reconstructing palaeoenvironments from microfossil assemblages. The machine-learning approaches, which include random tree and natural language processing techniques, substantially outperform classical approaches under cross-validation, but they can fail when applied to reconstruct past environments. Statistical significance testing is found sufficient to identify these unreliable reconstructions.
Heather M. Stoll, Chris Day, Franziska Lechleitner, Oliver Kost, Laura Endres, Jakub Sliwinski, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Hai Cheng, and Denis Scholz
Clim. Past, 19, 2423–2444, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stalagmites formed in caves provide valuable information about past changes in climate and vegetation conditions. In this contribution, we present a new method to better estimate past changes in soil and vegetation productivity using carbon isotopes and trace elements measured in stalagmites. Applying this method to other stalagmites should provide a better indication of past vegetation feedbacks to climate change.
Jenny Maccali, Anna Nele Meckler, Stein-Erik Lauritzen, Torill Brekken, Helen Aase Rokkan, Alvaro Fernandez, Yves Krüger, Jane Adigun, Stéphane Affolter, and Markus Leuenberger
Clim. Past, 19, 1847–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The southern coast of South Africa hosts some key archeological sites for the study of early human evolution. Here we present a short but high-resolution record of past changes in the hydroclimate and temperature on the southern coast of South Africa based on the study of a speleothem collected from Bloukrantz Cave. Overall, the paleoclimate indicators suggest stable temperature from 48.3 to 45.2 ka, whereas precipitation was variable, with marked short drier episodes.
Kurt R. Lindberg, William C. Daniels, Isla S. Castañeda, and Julie Brigham-Grette
Clim. Past, 18, 559–577, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earth experiences regular ice ages resulting in shifts between cooler and warmer climates. Around 1 million years ago, the ice age cycles grew longer and stronger. We used bacterial and plant lipids preserved in an Arctic lake to reconstruct temperature and vegetation during this climate transition. We find that Arctic land temperatures did not cool much compared to ocean records from this period, and that vegetation shifts correspond with a long-term drying previously reported in the region.
Yoav Ben Dor, Francesco Marra, Moshe Armon, Yehouda Enzel, Achim Brauer, Markus Julius Schwab, and Efrat Morin
Clim. Past, 17, 2653–2677, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2653-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2653-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Laminated sediments from the deepest part of the Dead Sea unravel the hydrological response of the eastern Mediterranean to past climate changes. This study demonstrates the importance of geological archives in complementing modern hydrological measurements that do not fully capture natural hydroclimatic variability, which is crucial to configure for understanding the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle in subtropical regions.
Mengna Liao, Kai Li, Weiwei Sun, and Jian Ni
Clim. Past, 17, 2291–2303, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2291-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2291-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The long-term trajectories of precipitation, hydrological balance and soil moisture are not completely consistent in southwest China. Hydrological balance was more sensitive to temperature change on a millennial scale. For soil moisture, plant processes also played a big role in addition to precipitation and temperature. Under future climate warming, surface water shortage in southwest China can be even more serious and efforts at reforestation may bring some relief to the soil moisture deficit.
Clément Outrequin, Anne Alexandre, Christine Vallet-Coulomb, Clément Piel, Sébastien Devidal, Amaelle Landais, Martine Couapel, Jean-Charles Mazur, Christophe Peugeot, Monique Pierre, Frédéric Prié, Jacques Roy, Corinne Sonzogni, and Claudia Voigt
Clim. Past, 17, 1881–1902, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1881-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1881-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Continental atmospheric humidity is a key climate parameter poorly captured by global climate models. Model–data comparison approaches that are applicable beyond the instrumental period are essential to progress on this issue but face a lack of quantitative relative humidity proxies. Here, we calibrate the triple oxygen isotope composition of phytoliths as a new quantitative proxy of continental relative humidity suitable for past climate reconstructions.
Jacek Pawlak
Clim. Past, 17, 1051–1064, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Presently, central Europe is under the influence of two types of climate, transitional and continental. The 60 ka long multiproxy speleothem dataset from Slovakia records the climate of the Last Interglacial cycle and its transition to the Last Glacial. The interpretation of stable isotopic composition and trace element content proxies helps to distinguish which factor had the strongest influence on the δ18O record shape: the local temperature, the humidity or the source effect.
Sean F. Cleator, Sandy P. Harrison, Nancy K. Nichols, I. Colin Prentice, and Ian Roulstone
Clim. Past, 16, 699–712, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-699-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-699-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present geographically explicit reconstructions of seasonal temperature and annual moisture variables at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 21 000 years ago. The reconstructions use existing site-based estimates of climate, interpolated in space and time in a physically consistent way using climate model simulations. The reconstructions give a much better picture of the LGM climate and will provide a robust evaluation of how well state-of-the-art climate models simulate large climate changes.
S. Jasechko, A. Lechler, F. S. R. Pausata, P. J. Fawcett, T. Gleeson, D. I. Cendón, J. Galewsky, A. N. LeGrande, C. Risi, Z. D. Sharp, J. M. Welker, M. Werner, and K. Yoshimura
Clim. Past, 11, 1375–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1375-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1375-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we compile global isotope proxy records of climate changes from the last ice age to the late-Holocene preserved in cave calcite, glacial ice and groundwater aquifers. We show that global patterns of late-Pleistocene to late-Holocene precipitation isotope shifts are consistent with stronger-than-modern isotopic distillation of air masses during the last ice age, likely impacted by larger global temperature differences between the tropics and the poles.
J. Zhu, A. Lücke, H. Wissel, C. Mayr, D. Enters, K. Ja Kim, C. Ohlendorf, F. Schäbitz, and B. Zolitschka
Clim. Past, 10, 2153–2169, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-2153-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-2153-2014, 2014
S. Affolter, D. Fleitmann, and M. Leuenberger
Clim. Past, 10, 1291–1304, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1291-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1291-2014, 2014
P. S. Minyuk, V. Y. Borkhodoev, and V. Wennrich
Clim. Past, 10, 467–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-467-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-467-2014, 2014
U. Frank, N. R. Nowaczyk, P. Minyuk, H. Vogel, P. Rosén, and M. Melles
Clim. Past, 9, 1559–1569, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1559-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1559-2013, 2013
J. A. Snyder, M. V. Cherepanova, and A. Bryan
Clim. Past, 9, 1309–1319, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1309-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1309-2013, 2013
L. Cunningham, H. Vogel, V. Wennrich, O. Juschus, N. Nowaczyk, and P. Rosén
Clim. Past, 9, 679–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-679-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-679-2013, 2013
A. Zander and A. Hilgers
Clim. Past, 9, 719–733, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-719-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-719-2013, 2013
K. J. Murdock, K. Wilkie, and L. L. Brown
Clim. Past, 9, 467–479, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-467-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-467-2013, 2013
P. S. Minyuk, T. V. Subbotnikova, L. L. Brown, and K. J. Murdock
Clim. Past, 9, 433–446, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-433-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-433-2013, 2013
T. Kluge, H. P. Affek, T. Marx, W. Aeschbach-Hertig, D. F. C. Riechelmann, D. Scholz, S. Riechelmann, A. Immenhauser, D. K. Richter, J. Fohlmeister, A. Wackerbarth, A. Mangini, and C. Spötl
Clim. Past, 9, 377–391, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-377-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-377-2013, 2013
A. R. Holland, S. T. Petsch, I. S. Castañeda, K. M. Wilkie, S. J. Burns, and J. Brigham-Grette
Clim. Past, 9, 243–260, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-243-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-243-2013, 2013
S. Samartin, O. Heiri, A. F. Lotter, and W. Tinner
Clim. Past, 8, 1913–1927, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1913-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1913-2012, 2012
B. Chapligin, H. Meyer, G. E. A. Swann, C. Meyer-Jacob, and H.-W. Hubberten
Clim. Past, 8, 1621–1636, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1621-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1621-2012, 2012
A. Alexandre, J. Crespin, F. Sylvestre, C. Sonzogni, and D. W. Hilbert
Clim. Past, 8, 307–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-307-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-307-2012, 2012
B. Wu and N. Q. Wu
Clim. Past, 7, 349–359, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-349-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-349-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Alloway, B. V., Lowe, D. J., Barrell, D. J. A., Newnham, R. M., Almond, P. C., Augustinus, P. C., Bertler, N. A. N., Carter, L., Litchfield, N. J., McGlone, M. S., Shulmeister, J., Vandergoes, M. J., Williams, P. W., and NZ-INTIMATE members: Towards a climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand over the past 30 000 years (NZ-INTIMATE project), J. Quaternary Sci., 22, 9–35, 2007.
Anderson, B. and Mackintosh, A.: Temperature change is the major driver of late-glacial and Holocene glacier fluctuations in New Zealand, Geology, 34, 121–124, 2006.
Anderson, B. and Mackintosh, A.: Controls on mass balance sensitivity of maritime glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand: The role of debris cover, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, F01003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002064, 2012.
Anderson, B., Mackintosh, A., Stumm, D., George, L., Kerr, T., Winter Billington, A., and Fitzsimons, S.: Climate sensitivity of a high-precipitation glacier in New Zealand, J. Glaciol., 56, 114–128, 2010.
Anderson, B. A., Mackintosh, A. N., Oerlemans, J., Mullan, B., Zammit, C., and Sood, A.: Modeled response of debris-covered and lake-calving glaciers to warming, Southern Alps, New Zealand, in preparation, 2016.
Barrell, D. J. A.: Quaternary glaciers of New Zealand, in: Developments in Quaternary Science, edited by: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P., and Hughes, P., Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, vol. 15, 1047–1064, 2011.
Barrell, D. J. A., Almond, P. C., Vandergoes, M. J., Lowe, D. J., and Newnham, R. M.: A composite pollen-based stratotype for inter-regional evaluation of climatic events in New Zealand over the past 30 000 years (NZ-INTIMATE project), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 74, 4–20, 2013.
Blard, P.-H., Lavé, J., Pik, R., Wagnon, P., and Bourlès, D.: Persistence of full glacial conditions in the central Pacific until 15 000 years ago, Nature, 449, 591–594, 2007.
Brook, M. S., Purdie, H. L., and Crow, T. V.: Valley cross-profile morphology and glaciation in Park Valley, Tararua Range, New Zealand, J. Roy. Soc. New Zealand, 35, 399–407, 2005.
Brook, M. S., Shulmeister, J., Crow, T. V. H., and Zondervan, A.: First cosmogenic 10Be constraints on LGM glaciation on New Zealand's North Island: Park Valley, Tararua Range, J. Quaternary Sci., 23, 707–712, 2008.
Christenson, B., Reyes, A., Young, R., Moebis, A., Sherburn, S., Cole-Baker, J., and Britten, K.: Cyclic processes and factors leading to phreatic eruption events: Insights from the 25 September 2007 eruption through Ruapehu Crater Lake, New Zealand, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 191, 15–32, 2010.
Clark, P. U., Dyke, A. S., Shakun, J. D., Carlson, A. E., Clark, J., Wohlfarth, B., Mitrovica, J. X., Hostetler, S. W., and McCabe, A. M.: The Last Glacial Maximum, Science, 325, 710–714, 2009.
Clarke, G. K., Cross, G. M., and Benson, C. S.: Radar imaging of glaciovolcanic stratigraphy, Mount Wrangell caldera, Alaska: interpretation model and results, J. Geophys. Res.-Ea., 94, 7237–7249, 1989.
Cole, J. W.: Andesites of the Tongariro Volcanic Centre, North Island, New Zealand, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 3, 121–153, 1978.
Columbus, J., Sirguey, P., and Tenzer, R.: A free, fully accessible 15-m DEM for New Zealand, Survey Quarterly, 66, 16–19, 2011.
Conway, C., Townsend, D., Leonard, G., Wilson, C., Calvert, A., and Gamble, J.: Lava-ice interaction on a large composite volcano: a case study from Ruapehu, New Zealand, B. Volcanol., 77, 1–18, 2015.
Conway, C. E., Leonard, G. S., Townsend, D. B., Calvert, A., Wilson, C. J. N., Gamble, J., and Eaves, S. R.: A high-resolution 40Ar/39Ar lava chronology and edifice construction history for Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand., Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, in review, 2016.
Corripio, J. G.: Vectorial algebra algorithms for calculating terrain parameters from DEMs and solar radiation modelling in mountainous terrain, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 17, 1–23, 2003.
Cronin, S. J. and Neall, V. E.: A late quaternary stratigraphic framework for the northeastern Ruapehu and eastern Tongariro ring plains, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 40, 185–197, 1997.
Cuffey, K. and Paterson, W.: The physics of glaciers, Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier, Burlington, USA, 2010.
Donoghue, S., Neall, V., Palmer, A., and Stewart, R.: The volcanic history of Ruapehu during the past 2 millennia based on the record of Tufa Trig tephras, B. Volcanol., 59, 136–146, 1997.
Doughty, A. M., Anderson, B. M., Mackintosh, A. N., Kaplan, M. R., Vandergoes, M. J., Barrell, D. J. A., Denton, G. H., Schaefer, J. M., Chinn, T. J. H., and Putnam, A. E.: Evaluation of Lateglacial temperatures in the Southern Alps of New Zealand based on glacier modelling at Irishman Stream, Ben Ohau Range, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 74, 160–169, 2013.
Drost, F., Renwick, J., Bhaskaran, B., Oliver, H., and McGregor, J.: A simulation of New Zealand's climate during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 2505–2525, 2007.
Eaves, S. R.: The glacial history of Tongariro and Ruapehu volcanoes, New Zealand, PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 2015.
Eaves, S. R., Winckler, G., Schaefer, J. M., Vandergoes, M. J., Alloway, B. V., Mackintosh, A. N., Townsend, D. B., Ryan, M. T., and Li, X.: A test of the cosmogenic 3He production rate in the south west Pacific (39° S), J. Quaternary Sci., 30, 87–97, 2015.
Eaves, S. R., Mackintosh, A. N., Winckler, G., Schaefer, J. M., Alloway, B. V., and Townsend, D. B.: A cosmogenic 3He chronology of glacier fluctuations in North Island, New Zealand (39°§) during the last glacial cycle, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 132, 40–56, 2016.
Gamble, J. A., Price, R. C., Smith, I. E., McIntosh, W. C., and Dunbar, N. W.: 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of magmatic activity, magma flux and hazards at Ruapehu volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 120, 271–287, 2003.
Golledge, N. R., Mackintosh, A. N., Anderson, B. M., Buckley, K. M., Doughty, A. M., Barrell, D. J. A., Denton, G. H., Vandergoes, M. J., Andersen, B. G., and Schaefer, J. M.: Last Glacial Maximum climate in New Zealand inferred from a modelled Southern Alps icefield, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 46, 30–45, 2012.
Gudmundsson, M. T., Sigmundsson, F., and Björnsson, H.: Ice–volcano interaction of the 1996 Gjálp subglacial eruption, Vatnajökull, Iceland, Nature, 389, 954–957, 1997.
Hackett, W. R. and Houghton, B. F.: A facies model for a quaternary andesitic composite volcano: Ruapehu, New Zealand, B. Volcanol., 51, 51–68, 1989.
Hargreaves, J. C., Annan, J. D., Yoshimori, M., and Abe Ouchi, A.: Can the Last Glacial Maximum constrain climate sensitivity?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L24702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053872, 2012.
Hendrikx, J. and Hreinsson, E.: The potential impact of climate change on seasonal snow in New Zealand: part II – industry vulnerability and future snowmaking potential, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 110, 619–630, 2012.
Hirst, T., Christenson, B., and Cole-Baker, J.: Use of a weather buoy to derive improved heat and mass balance parameters forRuapehu Crater Lake, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 235, 23–28, 2012.
Hobden, B. J., Houghton, B. F., Lanphere, M. A., and Nairn, I. A.: Growth of the Tongariro volcanic complex: New evidence from K-Ar age determinations, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 39, 151–154, 1996.
Houghton, B., Latter, J., and Hackett, W.: Volcanic hazard assessment for Ruapehu composite volcano, Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand, B. Volcanol., 49, 737–751, 1987.
Hutter, K.: Theoretical glaciology: material science of ice and the mechanics of glaciers and ice sheets, Reidel, Hingham, Massachusetts, 1983.
Huybers, P. and Eisenman, A.: Integrated summer insolation calculations, NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Data Contribution Series no.2006-079, 2006.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471, 1996.
Kaplan, M. R., Schaefer, J. M., Denton, G. H., Barrell, D. J. A., Chinn, T. J. H., Putnam, A. E., Andersen, B. G., Finkel, R. C., Schwartz, R., and Doughty, A. M.: Glacier retreat in New Zealand during the Younger Dryas stadial, Nature, 467, 194–197, 2010.
Kessler, M. A., Anderson, R. S., and Stock, G. M.: Modeling topographic and climatic control of east-west asymmetry in Sierra Nevada glacier length during the Last Glacial Maximum, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 111, F02002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000365, 2006.
Keys, H.: 1988 Survey of the glaciers on Mt. Ruapehu, Tongariro National Park - A baseline for detecting effects of climate change, Tech. Rep. Science and Research Internal Report No.24, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand, 1988.
Kirkbride, M. P. and Dugmore, A. J.: Timing and significance of mid-Holocene glacier advances in Northern and Central Iceland, J. Quaternary Sci., 16, 145–153, 2001.
Kirkbride, M. P. and Dugmore, A. J.: Glaciological response to distal tephra fallout from the 1947 eruption of Hekla, south Iceland, J. Glaciol., 49, 420–428, 2003.
Klok, E. and Oerlemans, J.: Model study of the spatial distribution of the energy and mass balance of Morteratschgletscher, Switzerland, J. Glaciol., 48, 505–518, 2002.
Konzelmann, T., van de Wal, R. S., Greuell, W., Bintanja, R., Henneken, E. A., and Abe Ouchi, A.: Parameterization of global and longwave incoming radiation for the Greenland Ice Sheet, Global Planet. change, 9, 143–164, 1994.
Krenek, L.: Changes in the glaciers of Mt Ruapehu in 1955, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 2, 643–653, 1959.
Kuhn, M.: The mass balance of very small glaciers, Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 31, 171–179, 1995.
Le Meur, E., Gagliardini, O., Zwinger, T., and Ruokolainen, J.: Glacier flow modelling: a comparison of the Shallow Ice Approximation and the full-Stokes solution, C. R. Phys., 5, 709–722, 2004.
Leysinger Vieli, G. and Gudmundsson, G.: On estimating length fluctuations of glaciers caused by changes in climatic forcing, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 109, F01007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000027, 2004.
Licciardi, J. M., Kurz, M. D., and Curtice, J. M.: Glacial and volcanic history of Icelandic table mountains from cosmogenic 3He exposure ages, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1529–1546, 2007.
Liston, G. E. and Sturm, M.: A snow-transport model for complex terrain, J. Glaciol., 44, 498–516, 1998.
Lorrey, A. M., Vandergoes, M., Almond, P., Renwick, J., Stephens, T., Bostock, H., Mackintosh, A., Newnham, R. M., Williams, P. W., Ackerley, D., Neil, H., and Fowler, A. M.: Palaeocirculation across New Zealand during the last glacial maximum at 21 ka, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 36, 189–213, 2012.
Mackintosh, A. N., Dugmore, A. J., and Hubbard, A. L.: Holocene climatic changes in Iceland: evidence from modelling glacier length fluctuations at Sólheimajökull, Quatern. Int., 91, 39–52, 2002.
Mathews, W. H.: A contribution to the geology of the Mount Tongariro massif, North Island, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 10, 1027–1038, 1967.
McArthur, J. L. and Shepherd, M. J.: Late Quaternary glaciation of Mt Ruapehu, North Island, New Zealand, J. Roy. Soc. New Zeal., 20, 287–296, 1990.
McCarthy, A., Mackintosh, A., Rieser, U., and Fink, D.: Mountain glacier chronology from Boulder Lake, New Zealand, indicates MIS 4 and MIS 2 ice advances of similar extent, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 40, 695–708, 2008.
McClelland, E. and Erwin, P. S.: Was a dacite dome implicated in the 9 500 BP collapse of Mt Ruapehu? A palaeomagnetic investigation, B. Volcanol., 65, 294–305, 2003.
McGlone, M. and Topping, W. .: Aranuian (post-glacial) pollen diagrams from the Tongariro region, North Island, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Bot., 15, 749–760, 1977.
McKinnon, K. A., Mackintosh, A. N., Anderson, B. M., and Barrell, D. J. A.: The influence of sub-glacial bed evolution on ice extent: A model-based evaluation of the Last Glacial Maximum Pukaki glacier, New Zealand, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 57, 46–57, 2012.
Mitchell, W. A.: Significance of snowblow in the generation of Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) glaciers in the western Pennines, northern England, J. Quaternary Sci., 11, 233–248, 1996.
Moebis, A., Cronin, S. J., Neall, V. E., and Smith, I. E.: Unravelling a complex volcanic history from fine-grained, intricate Holocene ash sequences at the Tongariro Volcanic Centre, New Zealand, Quatern. Int., 246, 352–363, 2011.
Monnin, E., Indermühle, A., Dällenbach, A., Flückiger, J., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J. .: Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination, Science, 291, 112–114, 2001.
Newnham, R. M., Lowe, D. J., Giles, T., and Alloway, B. V.: Vegetation and climate of Auckland, New Zealand, since ca. 32 000 cal. yr ago: Support for an extended LGM, J. Quaternary Sci., 22, 517–534, 2007.
Newnham, R. M., McGlone, M., Moar, N., Wilmshurst, J., and Vandergoes, M.: The vegetation cover of New Zealand at the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 74, 202–214, 2013.
NIWA: CliFlo: NIWA's National Climate Database on the Web, available at: http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/, 2014.
Norton, D. A.: A multivariate technique for estimating New Zealand temperature normals, Weather and Climate, 5, 64–74, 1985.
Oerlemans, J.: Climate sensitivity of glaciers in southern Norway: application of an energy-balance model to Nigardsbreen, Hellstugubreen and Alfotbreen, J. Glaciol., 38, 223–232, 1992.
Oerlemans, J.: Climate sensitivity of Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, as revealed by numerical modeling, Arctic Alpine Res., 29, 233–239, 1997.
Osborn, G., Menounos, B., Ryane, C., Riedel, J., Clague, J. J., Koch, J., Clark, D., Scott, K., and Davis, P. T.: Latest pleistocene and holocene glacier fluctuations on Mount Baker, Washington, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 49, 33–51, 2012.
Östrem, G.: Ice melting under a thin layer of moraine, and the existence of ice cores in moraine ridges, Geogr. Ann., 41, 228–230, 1959.
Palmer, B. and Neall, V.: The Murimotu Formation - 9500 year old deposits of a debris avalanche and associated lahars, Mount Ruapehu, North Island, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 32, 477–486, 1989.
Paterson, W. S. B.: The Physics of Glaciers, Elsevier, Oxford, New York, USA and Tokyo, Japan, 1994.
Paulin, T.: Glaciers and Climate Change, Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand, Master's thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, 2008.
Plummer, M. A. and Phillips, F. M.: A 2-D numerical model of snow/ice energy balance and ice flow for paleoclimatic interpretation of glacial geomorphic features, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 1389–1406, 2003.
Porter, S. C.: Equilibrium-line altitudes of late Quaternary glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Quaternary Res., 5, 27–47, 1975.
Price, R. C., Gamble, J. A., Smith, I. E., Maas, R., Waight, T., Stewart, R. B., and Woodhead, J.: The anatomy of an Andesite volcano: a time–stratigraphic study of andesite petrogenesis and crustal evolution at Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand, J. Petrol., 53, 2139–2189, 2012.
Putnam, A. E., Schaefer, J. M., Denton, G. H., Barrell, D. J. A., Andersen, B. G., Koffman, T. N. B., Rowan, A. V., Finkel, R. C., Rood, D. H., Schwartz, R., Vandergoes, M. J., Plummer, M. A., Brocklehurst, S. H., Kelley, S. E., and Ladig, K. L.: Warming and glacier recession in the Rakaia valley, Southern Alps of New Zealand, during Heinrich Stadial 1, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 382, 98–110, 2013a.
Putnam, A. E., Schaefer, J. M., Denton, G. H., Barrell, D. J. A., Birkel, S. D., Andersen, B. G., Kaplan, M. R., Finkel, R. C., Schwartz, R., and Doughty, A. M.: The Last Glacial Maximum at 44° S documented by a 10Be moraine chronology at Lake Ohau, Southern Alps of New Zealand, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 62, 114–141, 2013b.
Rea, B. R., Whalley, W. B., Dixon, T. S., and Gordon, J. E.: Plateau icefields as contributing areas to valley glaciers and the potential impact on reconstructed ELAs: a case study from the Lyngen Alps, North Norway, Ann. Glaciol., 28, 97–102, 1999.
Richardson, J. M. and Brook, M. S.: Ablation of debris-covered ice: some effects of the 25 September 2007 Mt Ruapehu eruption, J. Roy. Soc. of New Zeal., 40, 45–55, 2010.
Rivera, A. and Bown, F.: Recent glacier variations on active ice capped volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone (37–46° S), Chilean Andes, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 45, 345–356, 2013.
Rivera, A., Bown, F., Carrión, D., and Zenteno, P.: Glacier responses to recent volcanic activity in Southern Chile, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 014036, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014036, 2012.
Rojas, M., Moreno, P., Kageyama, M., Crucifix, M., Hewitt, C., Abe Ouchi, A., Ohgaito, R., Brady, E. C., and Hope, P.: The Southern Westerlies during the last glacial maximum in PMIP2 simulations, Clim. Dynam., 32, 525–548, 2009.
Rowan, A. V., Plummer, M. A., Brocklehurst, S. H., Jones, M. A., and Schultz, D. M.: Drainage capture and discharge variations driven by glaciation in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Geology, 41, 199–202, 2013.
Rowan, A. V., Brocklehurst, S. H., Schultz, D. M., Plummer, M. A., Anderson, L. S., and Glasser, N. F.: Late Quaternary glacier sensitivity to temperature and precipitation distribution in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 24, 1064–1081, 2014.
Sandiford, A., Newnham, R. M., Alloway, B. V., and Ogden, J.: A 28 000–7600 cal yr BP pollen record of vegetation and climate change from Pukaki Crater, northern New Zealand, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoecol., 201, 235–247, 2003.
Schaefer, J. M., Denton, G. H., Barrell, D. J. A., Ivy Ochs, S., Kubik, P. W., Andersen, B. G., Phillips, F. M., Lowell, T. V., and Schlüchter, C.: Near-synchronous interhemispheric termination of the Last Glacial Maximum in mid-latitudes, Science, 312, 1510–1513, 2006.
Schaefer, J. M., Putnam, A. E., Denton, G. H., Kaplan, M. R., Birkel, S., Doughty, A. M., Kelley, S., Barrell, D. J., Finkel, R. C., Winckler, G., et al.: The Southern Glacial Maximum 65 000 years ago and its unfinished termination, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 114, 52–60, 2015.
Schmittner, A., Urban, N. M., Shakun, J. D., Mahowald, N. M., Clark, P. U., Bartlein, P. J., Mix, A. C., and Rosell Melé, A.: Climate sensitivity estimated from temperature reconstructions of the Last Glacial Maximum, Science, 334, 1385–1388, 2011.
Seltzer, A. M., Stute, M., Morgernstern, U., Stewart, M. K., and Schaefer, J. M.: Mean annual temperature in New Zealand during the last glacial maximum derived from dissolved noble gases in groundwater, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 431, 206–216, 2015.
Stephens, T., Atkin, D., Cochran, U., Augustinus, P., Reid, M., Lorrey, A., Shane, P., and Street Perrott, A.: A diatom-inferred record of reduced effective precipitation during the Last Glacial Coldest Phase (28.8–18.0 cal kyr BP) and increasing Holocene seasonality at Lake Pupuke, Auckland, New Zealand, J. Paleolimnol., 48, 801–817, 2012.
Stipp, J. J.: The geochronology and petrogenesis of the Cenovoic volcanics of the North Island, New Zealand, PhD Thesis, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, 1968.
Tait, A. and Macara, G.: Evaluation of interpolated daily temperature data for high elevation areas in New Zealand, Weather and Climate, 34, 36–49, 2014.
Tait, A., Henderson, R., Turner, R., and Zheng, X.: Thin plate smoothing spline interpolation of daily rainfall for New Zealand using a climatological rainfall surface, International J. Climatol., 26, 2097–2115, 2006.
Taylor, G.: Notes on the glaciation of Ruapehu, Transactions of the N.Z. Institute, 57, 235–236, 1926.
Topping, W.: Tephrostratigraphy and chronology of late Quaternary eruptives from the Tongariro Volcanic Centre, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 16, 397–423, 1973.
Topping, W. W.: Some aspects of Quaternary history of Tongariro Volcanic Centre, PhD Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellingtion, New Zealand, 1974.
Topping, W. W. and Kohn, B. P.: Rhyolitic tephra marker beds in the Tongariro area, North Island, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 16, 375–395, 1973.
Townsend, D., Vonk, A., and Kamp, P.: Geology map of the Taranaki area: scale 1 : 250 000. Three maps and notes, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences 1 : 250 000 geological map 7. p. 77, + 1 folded map, 2008.
Townsend, D. B., Leonard, G. S., Conway, C. E., Eaves, S. R., and Wilson, C. J. N.: Geology of the Tongariro National Park area 1 : 60 000. GNS Science Geological Map 4. 1 Sheet + monograph. Lower Hutt, New Zealand. GNS Science., in preparation, 2016.
Vandergoes, M. J., Newnham, R. M., Preusser, F., Hendy, C. H., Lowell, T. V., Fitzsimons, S. J., Hogg, A. G., Kasper, H. U., and Schlüchter, C.: Regional insolation forcing of Late Quaternary climate change in the Southern Hemisphere, Nature, 436, 242–245, 2005.
Whittaker, T. E., Hendy, C. H., and Hellstrom, J. C.: Abrupt millennial-scale changes in intensity of Southern Hemisphere westerly winds during marine isotope stages 2-4, Geology, 39, 455–458, 2011.
Wilmshurst, J. M., McGlone, M. S., Leathwick, J. R., and Newnham, R. M.: A pre-deforestation pollen-climate calibration model for New Zealand and quantitative temperature reconstructions for the past 18 000 years BP, J. Quaternary Sci., 22, 535–547, 2007.
Short summary
Geological evidence for past changes in glacier length provides a useful source of information about pre-historic climate change. We have used glacier modelling to show that air temperature reductions of −5 to −7 °C, relative to present, are required to simulate the glacial extent in the North Island, New Zealand, during the last ice age (approx. 20000 years ago). Our results provide data to assess climate model simulations, with the aim of determining the drivers of past natural climate change.
Geological evidence for past changes in glacier length provides a useful source of information...
