Articles | Volume 22, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-747-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-747-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Apr 2026
Research article |
| 10 Apr 2026
| 10 Apr 2026
How unstable was the environment during the Penultimate Glacial in the South-Western Mediterranean? Vegetation, climate and human dynamics during MIS 6
UMR 7194 HNHP – “Histoire Naturelle des Humanités Préhistoriques”, MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Paris, France
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout
UMR 7194 HNHP – “Histoire Naturelle des Humanités Préhistoriques”, MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Paris, France
Adele Bertini
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
Odile Peyron
UMR 5554, ISEM-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Mary Robles
UMR 5554, ISEM-Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Vincent Lebreton
UMR 7194 HNHP – “Histoire Naturelle des Humanités Préhistoriques”, MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Paris, France
Marie-Hélène Moncel
UMR 7194 HNHP – “Histoire Naturelle des Humanités Préhistoriques”, MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Paris, France
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Gabriel Fénisse, Manuel Chevalier, Odile Peyron, David Vincent Bekaert, and Pierre-Henri Blard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1590, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1590, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
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Fossil pollen offers insights into past climates, yet results differ depending on reconstruction methods. By comparing multiple approaches across Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum, we highlight how method choice influences outcomes. Our work introduces a new methodological framework that reduces biases and improves the reliability of climate reconstructions.
Maé Catrain, Séverine Fauquette, Odile Peyron, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Vincent Lebreton, Morgane Fischer-Fries, Mary Robles, Viviane Bout-Roumazeilles, Patricia Richard, Marion Delattre, Lionel Dubost, Sébastien Joannin, Yul Altolaguirre, Jean-Pierre Suc, Jeanne Lepelletier, and Marie-Hélène Moncel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1342, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
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This multiproxy study investigates changes in climate cyclicity at Early-Middle Pleistocene Transition. Clay mineralogy analysis highlights a sudden change in oceanic and atmospheric circulation in the Alboran Basin around 1140 ka. Pollen, foraminifera and faunal data suggest that the climate and vegetation of this region are more likely to be influenced by variations in precipitation, hinting at major differences between the Iberian Peninsula and southern Italy.
Lucas Dugerdil, Sébastien Joannin, Odile Peyron, Shafag Bayramova, Xiaozhong Huang, Fahu Chen, Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Jakhongir Alimov, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Amy Cromartie, Juzhi Hou, Lilit Sahakyan, Khachatur Meliksetian, Salomé Ansanay-Alex, Rafig Safarov, Imran Muradi, Shabnam Isayeva, Shehla Mirzayeva, Elshan Abdullayev, Sayyara Ibadullayeva, Parvana Garakhani, and Guillemette Ménot
Biogeosciences, 23, 1013–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1013-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1013-2026, 2026
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Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are bacterial lipids preserved in soils and sediments, used as climate proxies. This study presents the Arid Central Asian brGDGT surface database to assess their reliability in drylands. Results show that salinity, sample type, pH, and aridity strongly influence brGDGT signals, limiting temperature reconstructions. Refined calibrations improve reconstruction accuracy, and methylation index differences may indicate aridity variations.
Amy Cromartie, Cindy De Jonge, Guillemette Ménot, Mary Robles, Lucas Dugerdil, Odile Peyron, Marta Rodrigo-Gámiz, Jon Camuera, Maria Jose Ramos-Roman, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Claude Colombié, Lilit Sahakyan, and Sébastien Joannin
Biogeosciences, 22, 7687–7708, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7687-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7687-2025, 2025
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BrGDGT (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers) are a molecular biomarker utilized for paleotemperature reconstructions. One issue, however, with utilizing brGDGTs is that the distribution differs in relation to sediment environments (i.e., peat, lake, soil). We utilize the probability estimate outputs from five machine learning algorithms and a new modern brGDGT database to track provenance change and apply these models to two downcore records utilizing pollen, non-pollen polymorphs, and XRF (X-ray fluorescence) to confirm the models’ accuracy.
Mary Robles, Valérie Andrieu, Pierre Rochette, Séverine Fauquette, François Demory, Oktay Parlak, Eliane Charrat, Belinda Gambin, and Mehmet Cihat Alçiçek
Clim. Past, 21, 2299–2329, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2299-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2299-2025, 2025
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This study aims to characterize the vegetation and lake dynamics based on pollen and Non-Pollen Palynomorph (NPP) proxies, to quantitatively reconstruct climate changes using a multimethod approach and to morphologically characterize the large pollen grains of Poaceae (Cerealia-type).
Léa d'Oliveira, Sébastien Joannin, Guillemette Ménot, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Lucas Dugerdil, Marion Blache, Mary Robles, Assunta Florenzano, Alessia Masi, Anna Maria Mercuri, Laura Sadori, Marie Balasse, and Odile Peyron
Clim. Past, 21, 2331–2359, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2331-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2331-2025, 2025
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We studied climate change in the central Mediterranean during the Holocene by analysing 38 pollen records. Several methods were used to obtain reliable results on seasonal temperatures and precipitation. Our results show that, during the Holocene, summer temperatures were colder in the south and warmer in the north, with wetter winters and drier summers, especially in the south. Unlike winter conditions, summer ones did not follow variations in insolation, suggesting other factors.
Dael Sassoon, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Odile Peyron, Adele Bertini, Francesco Toti, Vincent Lebreton, and Marie-Hélène Moncel
Clim. Past, 21, 489–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-489-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-489-2025, 2025
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Climatic reconstructions of Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 19, 11, and 5 and the current interglacial (MIS 1) based on pollen data from a marine core (Alboran Sea) show that, compared with MIS 1, MIS 19 was colder and highly variable, MIS 11 was longer and more stable, and MIS 5 was warmer. There is no real equivalent to the current interglacial, but past interglacials give insights into the sensitivity of the southwestern Mediterranean to global climatic changes in conditions similar to MIS 1.
Biagio Giaccio, Bernd Wagner, Giovanni Zanchetta, Adele Bertini, Gian Paolo Cavinato, Roberto de Franco, Fabio Florindo, David A. Hodell, Thomas A. Neubauer, Sebastien Nomade, Alison Pereira, Laura Sadori, Sara Satolli, Polychronis C. Tzedakis, Paul Albert, Paolo Boncio, Cindy De Jonge, Alexander Francke, Christine Heim, Alessia Masi, Marta Marchegiano, Helen M. Roberts, Anders Noren, and the MEME team
Sci. Dril., 33, 249–266, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-249-2024, 2024
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A total of 42 Earth scientists from 14 countries met in Gioia dei Marsi, central Italy, on 23 to 27 October 2023 to explore the potential for deep drilling of the thick lake sediment sequence of the Fucino Basin. The aim was to reconstruct the history of climate, ecosystem, and biodiversity changes and of the explosive volcanism and tectonics in central Italy over the last 3.5 million years, constrained by a detailed radiometric chronology.
Léa d'Oliveira, Lucas Dugerdil, Guillemette Ménot, Allowen Evin, Serge D. Muller, Salomé Ansanay-Alex, Julien Azuara, Colline Bonnet, Laurent Bremond, Mehmet Shah, and Odile Peyron
Clim. Past, 19, 2127–2156, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2127-2023, 2023
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In southern Europe, Holocene climate variability is characterized by a strong heterogeneity whose patterns are still poorly understood. Here, a multi-proxy approach (pollen and biomarkers) is applied to the Canroute sequence to reconstruct the climatic variation over the last 15 000 years in southern Massif Central, France. Results reveal that reconstructions of regional climate trends notably differ depending on proxies and sites, notably concerning the presence of a Holocene thermal maximum.
Ulrike Herzschuh, Thomas Böhmer, Manuel Chevalier, Raphaël Hébert, Anne Dallmeyer, Chenzhi Li, Xianyong Cao, Odile Peyron, Larisa Nazarova, Elena Y. Novenko, Jungjae Park, Natalia A. Rudaya, Frank Schlütz, Lyudmila S. Shumilovskikh, Pavel E. Tarasov, Yongbo Wang, Ruilin Wen, Qinghai Xu, and Zhuo Zheng
Clim. Past, 19, 1481–1506, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1481-2023, 2023
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A mismatch between model- and proxy-based Holocene climate change may partially originate from the poor spatial coverage of climate reconstructions. Here we investigate quantitative reconstructions of mean annual temperature and annual precipitation from 1908 pollen records in the Northern Hemisphere. Trends show strong latitudinal patterns and differ between (sub-)continents. Our work contributes to a better understanding of the global mean.
Ulrike Herzschuh, Thomas Böhmer, Chenzhi Li, Manuel Chevalier, Raphaël Hébert, Anne Dallmeyer, Xianyong Cao, Nancy H. Bigelow, Larisa Nazarova, Elena Y. Novenko, Jungjae Park, Odile Peyron, Natalia A. Rudaya, Frank Schlütz, Lyudmila S. Shumilovskikh, Pavel E. Tarasov, Yongbo Wang, Ruilin Wen, Qinghai Xu, and Zhuo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2235–2258, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2235-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2235-2023, 2023
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Climate reconstruction from proxy data can help evaluate climate models. We present pollen-based reconstructions of mean July temperature, mean annual temperature, and annual precipitation from 2594 pollen records from the Northern Hemisphere, using three reconstruction methods (WA-PLS, WA-PLS_tailored, and MAT). Since no global or hemispheric synthesis of quantitative precipitation changes are available for the Holocene so far, this dataset will be of great value to the geoscientific community.
Mary Robles, Odile Peyron, Guillemette Ménot, Elisabetta Brugiapaglia, Sabine Wulf, Oona Appelt, Marion Blache, Boris Vannière, Lucas Dugerdil, Bruno Paura, Salomé Ansanay-Alex, Amy Cromartie, Laurent Charlet, Stephane Guédron, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, and Sébastien Joannin
Clim. Past, 19, 493–515, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-493-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-493-2023, 2023
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Quantitative climate reconstructions based on pollen and brGDGTs reveal, for the Late Glacial, a warm Bølling–Allerød and a marked cold Younger Dryas in Italy, showing no latitudinal differences in terms of temperatures across Italy. In terms of precipitation, no latitudinal differences are recorded during the Bølling–Allerød, whereas 40–42° N appears as a key junction point between wetter conditions in southern Italy and drier conditions in northern Italy during the Younger Dryas.
Esther Githumbi, Ralph Fyfe, Marie-Jose Gaillard, Anna-Kari Trondman, Florence Mazier, Anne-Birgitte Nielsen, Anneli Poska, Shinya Sugita, Jessie Woodbridge, Julien Azuara, Angelica Feurdean, Roxana Grindean, Vincent Lebreton, Laurent Marquer, Nathalie Nebout-Combourieu, Miglė Stančikaitė, Ioan Tanţău, Spassimir Tonkov, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, and LandClimII data contributors
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1581–1619, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1581-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1581-2022, 2022
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Reconstruction of past land cover is necessary for the study of past climate–land cover interactions and the evaluation of climate models and land-use scenarios. We used 1128 available pollen records from across Europe covering the last 11 700 years in the REVEALS model to calculate percentage cover and associated standard errors for 31 taxa, 12 plant functional types and 3 land-cover types. REVEALS results are reliant on the quality of the input datasets.
Lucas Dugerdil, Sébastien Joannin, Odile Peyron, Isabelle Jouffroy-Bapicot, Boris Vannière, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Julia Unkelbach, Hermann Behling, and Guillemette Ménot
Clim. Past, 17, 1199–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1199-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1199-2021, 2021
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Since the understanding of Holocene climate change appears to be a relevant issue for future climate change, the paleoclimate calibrations have to be improved. Here, surface samples from Mongolia and Siberia were analyzed to provide new calibrations for pollen and biomarker climate models. These calibrations appear to be more powerful than global calibrations, especially in an arid central Asian context. These calibrations will improve the understanding of monsoon Holocene oscillations.
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Short summary
New high-resolution pollen data and pollen-inferred climatic reconstructions from the Alboran Sea reveal rapid climate oscillations during Marine Isotope Stage 6 (187–130 ka BP) in the southwestern Mediterranean. Three main phases show shifts from cool-humid to cold-arid and then wetter conditions, with Heinrich Stadial 11 marking severe cooling and steppe expansion. Neanderthals persisted regionally, though HS11 may have contributed to population decline and the end of the Lower Palaeolithic.
New high-resolution pollen data and pollen-inferred climatic reconstructions from the Alboran...
