Articles | Volume 22, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-1255-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-1255-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Jul 2026
Research article |
| 06 Jul 2026
| 06 Jul 2026
Climate variability in Poland (Central Europe) in the 16th century based on multiproxy data
Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Piotr Oliński
Department of Medieval History, Institute of History and Archival Sciences, Faculty of History, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Marcin Koprowski
Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Waldemar Chorążyczewski
Department of Archival Science and Records Management, Institute of History and Archival Sciences, Faculty of History, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Elżbieta Szychowska-Krąpiec
Department of Environmental Analysis, Geological Mapping and Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Kraków, Kraków, Poland
Marek Krąpiec
Department of General Geology and Geotourism, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Kraków, Kraków, Poland
Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Christian Pfister, Katrin Kleemann, Kateřina Chromá, Péter Szabó, and Piotr Olinski
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Duncan Pappert, Mariano Barriendos, Yuri Brugnara, Noemi Imfeld, Sylvie Jourdain, Rajmund Przybylak, Christian Rohr, and Stefan Brönnimann
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Short summary
The paper provides an updated analysis of Poland's climate, focusing on the 16th century using a multiproxy approach (documentary evidence and dendrochronological data). Newly gathered historical sources and dendrochronological data helped reconstruct five updated mean air temperature series: decadal winter and summer means from documentary evidence, and annual means for winter and late winter–early spring derived from dendrochronological data.
The paper provides an updated analysis of Poland's climate, focusing on the 16th century using a...
