Distinct winter North Atlantic climate responses to tropical and extratropical eruptions over the last millennium in PMIP simulations and reconstructions

Tao, Qin; Shen, Cheng; Muscheler, Raimund; Sjolte, Jesper

doi:10.5194/cp-21-2561-2025

Articles | Volume 21, issue 12

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2561-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2561-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 21, issue 12

Research article

|

08 Dec 2025

Research article |

| 08 Dec 2025

Distinct winter North Atlantic climate responses to tropical and extratropical eruptions over the last millennium in PMIP simulations and reconstructions

Qin Tao, Cheng Shen, Raimund Muscheler, and Jesper Sjolte

Supplement

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2561-2025-supplement

Data sets

Updated gridded reconstruction of sea level pressure, temperature, and precipitation during winter in the North Atlantic region covering 1241-1970 CE Jesper Sjolte et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8328301

ModE-RA - A global monthly paleo-reanalysis of the modern era (1421 to 2008): Set 1420-3_1850-1 Veronika Valler et al. https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/ModE-RA_s14203-18501

Ensemble Kalman Fitting Paleo-Reanalysis Version 2 (EKF400_v2) Jörg Franke et al. https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/EKF400_v2.0

Short summary

Using model simulations and reconstructions over the last millennium, we identify distinct North Atlantic Oscillation-related winter climate responses following tropical versus extratropical eruptions, with improved model-data agreement in simulations that use the latest volcanic forcing. Our paleoclimate data–model comparison provides new evidence of volcanic climate impacts, which are strongly dependent on the choice of forcing dataset, model configuration, and eruption event selection.