On the implementation of external forcings in a regional climate model – a sensitivity study around the Samalas volcanic eruption in the Eastern Mediterranean/Middle East

Hartmann, Eva; Zhang, Mingyue; Wagner, Sebastian; Adakudlu, Muralidhar; Luterbacher, Jürg; Xoplaki, Elena

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1699-2025

Articles | Volume 21, issue 10

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1699-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1699-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 21, issue 10

Research article

|

02 Oct 2025

Research article |

| 02 Oct 2025

On the implementation of external forcings in a regional climate model – a sensitivity study around the Samalas volcanic eruption in the Eastern Mediterranean/Middle East

Eva Hartmann, Mingyue Zhang, Sebastian Wagner, Muralidhar Adakudlu, Jürg Luterbacher, and Elena Xoplaki

Supplement

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1699-2025-supplement

Data sets

Monthly mean 2m-temperature and total monthly precipitation from 1255 to 1265 CE in a MENA-similar region simulated with COSMO-CLM Eva Hartmann https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14397610

Model code and software

COSMO-CLM-v5.0_clm16 with implemented external forcings from 500 BCE to 1850 CE (1.0.0) Eva Hartmann https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14288622

Short summary

For the first time, we provide a regional climate model with past climate forcings. The model's sensitivity to each forcing is tested in a case study around the large Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257. The orbital forcing shows the largest effect with an amplification of the seasons in the past compared with the standard model. The volcanic forcing has a strong short-term cooling effect after the volcanic eruption. This model is later used for a transient simulation of the last 2500 years.