Articles | Volume 21, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1501-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1501-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Sep 2025
Research article |
| 04 Sep 2025
| 04 Sep 2025
Strong wind occurrence in Poland from the 13th to 16th centuries based on documentary evidence
Rajmund Przybylak
Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Andrzej Araźny
Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Janusz Filipiak
Department of Physical Oceanography and Climate Research, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
Piotr Oliński
Department of Medieval History and Auxiliary Sciences of History, Faculty of History, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Przemysław Wyszyński
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Meteorological Observatory, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Artur Szwaba
Płużnica Commune Office, Płużnica, Poland
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The paper provides an updated analysis of Poland's climate, focusing on the 16th century using a multiproxy approach (documentary evidence and dendrochronological data). Newly gathered historical sources and dendrochronological data helped reconstruct five updated mean air temperature series: decadal winter and summer means from documentary evidence, and annual means for winter and late winter–early spring derived from dendrochronological data.
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The Thirty Years' War (from 1618 to 1648 CE), an armed military conflict in Europe, brought extensive devastation to Europe. The paper analyses annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation, and drought patterns, as well as severe weather extremes, based particularly on documentary data, during this event in central Europe to demonstrate their broad impacts on human society and human responses in coincidence with weather and climate during this period of hardship.
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Duncan Pappert, Yuri Brugnara, Sylvie Jourdain, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska, Rajmund Przybylak, Christian Rohr, and Stefan Brönnimann
Clim. Past, 17, 2361–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2361-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2361-2021, 2021
Short summary
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This paper presents temperature and pressure measurements from the 37 stations of the late 18th century network of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina, in addition to providing an inventory of the available observations, most of which have been digitised. The quality of the recovered series is relatively good, as demonstrated by two case studies. Early instrumental data such as these will help to explore past climate and weather extremes in Europe in greater detail.
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Short summary
A comprehensive database of strong winds up until AD 1600 was created based on documentary evidence for the area within the modern-day borders of Poland. Three types of documentary sources were used: handwritten and unpublished, published, and “secondary” literature. The database contains detailed information about occurrences of strong wind (the location, time, duration and indexation for intensity, extent and character of damage) and the exact textual content of the original weather note.
A comprehensive database of strong winds up until AD 1600 was created based on documentary...
