Articles | Volume 20, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-449-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-449-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Mar 2024
Research article |
| 12 Mar 2024
| 12 Mar 2024
High-resolution LGM climate of Europe and the Alpine region using the regional climate model WRF
Emmanuele Russo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
now at: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Jonathan Buzan
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Sebastian Lienert
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Guillaume Jouvet
Department of Geography University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Geopolis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Patricio Velasquez Alvarez
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
now at: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC), ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Basil Davis
Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Geopolis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Patrick Ludwig
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Fortunat Joos
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Christoph C. Raible
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Cited
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Insights into the Australian mid-Holocene climate using downscaled climate models A. Lowry & H. McGowan https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2309-2024
- Retrieving climatic insights from the Last Glacial Maximum in the Alps using an inverted glacier model K. Lleshi et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10083
- The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier network of the Valsugana area (south-eastern European Alps and Prealps, NE Italy) L. Rettig et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-74-151-2025
- Topographic controls on asynchronous glacial maxima in the European Alps during the Late Pleistocene E. Serra et al. https://doi.org/10.1130/G53974.1
- The Last Glacial Maximum in Australia, finer scale reconstructions using downscaled climate simulations A. Lowry & H. McGowan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.110157
- On the implementation of external forcings in a regional climate model – a sensitivity study around the Samalas volcanic eruption in the Eastern Mediterranean/Middle East E. Hartmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1699-2025
- Chironomid-inferred summer temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Southern Black Forest, Central Europe P. Lapellegerie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109016
- An inventory of subglacial overdeepenings in southern Germany and Austria L. Gegg et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12693
- Alps-wide high-resolution 3D modelling reconstruction of glacier geometry and climatic conditions for the Little Ice Age A. Henz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5913-2025
- First Alps-wide reconstruction of LGM glacial sediment transport enabled by GPU-accelerated particle tracking T. Leger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-361-2026
- Impact of WRF Model Parameterization Settings on the Quality of Short-Term Weather Forecasts over Poland S. Kendzierski https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121425
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Insights into the Australian mid-Holocene climate using downscaled climate models A. Lowry & H. McGowan https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2309-2024
- Retrieving climatic insights from the Last Glacial Maximum in the Alps using an inverted glacier model K. Lleshi et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.10083
- The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier network of the Valsugana area (south-eastern European Alps and Prealps, NE Italy) L. Rettig et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-74-151-2025
- Topographic controls on asynchronous glacial maxima in the European Alps during the Late Pleistocene E. Serra et al. https://doi.org/10.1130/G53974.1
- The Last Glacial Maximum in Australia, finer scale reconstructions using downscaled climate simulations A. Lowry & H. McGowan https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.110157
- On the implementation of external forcings in a regional climate model – a sensitivity study around the Samalas volcanic eruption in the Eastern Mediterranean/Middle East E. Hartmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1699-2025
- Chironomid-inferred summer temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Southern Black Forest, Central Europe P. Lapellegerie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.109016
- An inventory of subglacial overdeepenings in southern Germany and Austria L. Gegg et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12693
- Alps-wide high-resolution 3D modelling reconstruction of glacier geometry and climatic conditions for the Little Ice Age A. Henz et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5913-2025
- First Alps-wide reconstruction of LGM glacial sediment transport enabled by GPU-accelerated particle tracking T. Leger et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-361-2026
- Impact of WRF Model Parameterization Settings on the Quality of Short-Term Weather Forecasts over Poland S. Kendzierski https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121425
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 31 Jul 2026
Short summary
We present a series of experiments conducted for the Last Glacial Maximum (~21 ka) over Europe using the regional climate Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) at convection-permitting resolutions. The model, with new developments better suited to paleo-studies, agrees well with pollen-based climate reconstructions. This agreement is improved when considering different sources of uncertainty. The effect of convection-permitting resolutions is also assessed.
We present a series of experiments conducted for the Last Glacial Maximum (~21 ka) over Europe...
