Articles | Volume 20, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2455-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2455-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Nov 2024
Research article |
| 08 Nov 2024
| 08 Nov 2024
Processes, spatial patterns, and impacts of the 1743 extreme-heat event in northern China: from the perspective of historical documents
Le Tao
Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Yun Su
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Xudong Chen
Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Fangyu Tian
Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Related authors
Fangyu Tian, Yun Su, Xudong Chen, and Le Tao
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 591–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-591-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-591-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a model of extreme drought-induced famine processes and response mechanisms in ancient China. The spatial distribution of drought and famine during the Chenghua drought and the Wanli drought was constructed. By categorizing drought-affected counties into three types, a comparative analysis of the differences in famine severity and response effectiveness between the Chenghua and Wanli droughts was conducted.
Shuo Wang, Yun Su, Jingxue Pan, and Nianjie Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-187, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-187, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how Chinese governments used official rain-praying rituals to respond to droughts over the past two thousand years. Using historical records and drought evidence, we find that these rituals reflected not only climate stress but also political stability and state capacity. Over time, rain-praying shifted from crisis response to routine governance, showing how social and political factors shaped long-term adaptation to climate change.
Fangyu Tian, Yun Su, Xudong Chen, and Le Tao
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 591–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-591-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-591-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a model of extreme drought-induced famine processes and response mechanisms in ancient China. The spatial distribution of drought and famine during the Chenghua drought and the Wanli drought was constructed. By categorizing drought-affected counties into three types, a comparative analysis of the differences in famine severity and response effectiveness between the Chenghua and Wanli droughts was conducted.
Siying Chen, Yun Su, Xudong Chen, and Liang Emlyn Yang
Clim. Past, 20, 2287–2307, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study used 1802 drought and 1977 famine records from historical documents to reconstruct the spatial–temporal progression of the Chongzhen drought (1627–1644) in China and its impacts. We advance this research by reconstructing the annual spatial patterns and regional series of drought; demonstrating drought as the primary factor triggering famine; and identifying the transmission pathway of the drought's impacts and how social factors, especially human responses, regulated these impacts.
Cited articles
Alain, L. T., Agnès, L., Daniel, E., Christophe, D., Sylvia, M., Myriam, B., BenŒt, C., Pascal, F., Filleul, L., Jusot, J.-F., Pascal, L., Prouvost, H., Cassadou, S., and Ledrans, M.: Impact of the 2003 Heatwave on All-Cause Mortality in 9 French Cities, Epidemiology, 17, 75–79, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000187650.36636.1f, 2006.
Aono, Y. and Kazui, K.: Phenological data series of cherry tree flowering in Kyoto, Japan, and its application to reconstruction of springtime temperatures since the 9th century, Int. J. Climatol., 28, 905–914, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1594, 2008.
Aono, Y. and Nishitani, A.: Reconstruction of April temperatures in Kyoto, Japan, since the fifteenth century using the floral phenology of herbaceous peony and rabbit-ear iris, Int. J. Biometeorol., 66, 883–893, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-022-02245-x, 2022.
Brázdil, R., Kiss, A., Luterbacher, J., Nash, D. J., and Řezníčková, L.: Documentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art, Clim. Past, 14, 1915–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018, 2018.
Brázdil, R., Demarée, G. R., Kiss, A., Dobrovolný, P., Chromá, K., Trnka, M., Dolák, L., Řezníčková, L., Zahradníček, P., Limanowka, D., and Jourdain, S.: The extreme drought of 1842 in Europe as described by both documentary data and instrumental measurements, Clim. Past, 15, 1861–1884, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1861-2019, 2019.
Brönnimann, S. and Brugnara, Y.: The weather diaries of the Kirch family: Leipzig, Guben, and Berlin (1677–1774), Clim. Past, 19, 1435–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1435-2023, 2023.
Cai, W., Zhang, C., Suen, H. P., Ai, S., Bai, Y., Bao, J., Chen, B., Cheng, L., Cui, X., Dai, H., Di, Q., Dong, W., Dou, D., Fan, W., Fan, X., Gao, T., Geng, Y., Guan, D., Guo, Y., Hu, Y., Hua, J., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huang, J., Jiang, T., Jiao, K., Kiesewetter, G., Klimont, Z., Lampard, P., Li, C., Li, Q., Li, R., Li, T., Lin, B., Lin, H., Liu, H., Liu, Q., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Lou, S., Lu, C., Luo, Y., Ma, W., McGushin, A., Niu, Y., Ren, C., Ren, Z., Ruan, Z., Schöpp, W., Su, J., Tu, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Watts, N., Xiao, C., Xie, Y., Xiong, H., Xu, M., Xu, B., Xu, L., Yang, J., Yang, L., Yu, L., Yue, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Zhao, L., Zhao, M., Zhao, Z., Zhou, J., and Gong, P.: The 2020 China report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change, Healthy Policy, 6, E64–E81, 2020.
Callahan, C. W. and Mankin, J. S.: Globally unequal effect of extreme heat on economic growth, Science, 8, eadd3726, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add3726, 2022.
Camenisch, C., Brázdil, R., Kiss, A., Pfister, C., Wetter, O., Rohr, C., Contino, A., and Retsö, D.: Extreme heat and drought in 1473 and their impacts in Europe in the context of the early 1470s, Reg. Environ. Change, 20, 19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01601-0, 2020.
Chen, S., Su, Y., Fang, X., and He, J.: Climate records in ancient Chinese diaries and their application in historical climate reconstruction – a case study of Yunshan Diary, Clim. Past, 16, 1873–1887, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1873-2020, 2020.
Chen, X. D., Su, Y., and Fang, X. Q.: Social impacts of extreme drought event in Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province, during 1928–1931, Climatic Change, 164, 19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-02978-5, 2021.
Cheng, J., Xu, Z., Bambrick, H., Prescott, V., Wang, N., Zhang, Y., Su, H., Tong, S., and Hu, W.: Cardiorespiratory effects of heatwaves: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global epidemiological evidence, Environ. Res., 177, 108610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108610, 2019.
Chuine, I., Yiou, P., Viovy, N., Seguin, B., Daux, V., and Ladurie, E. L. R.: Grape ripening as a past climate indicator, Nature, 432, 289–290, https://doi.org/10.1038/432289a, 2004.
Davi, N., D'Arrigo, R., Jacoby, G., Buckley, B., and Kobayashi, O.: Warm-Season Annual to Decadal Temperature Variability for Hokkaido, Japan, Inferred from Maximum Latewood Density and Ring Width Data, Climatic Change, 52, 201–217, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013085624162, 2002.
Davi, N. K., Rao, M. P., Wilson, R., Andreu-Hayles, L., Oelkers, R., D'Arrigo, R., Nachin, B., Buckley, B., Pederson, N., Leland, C., and Suran, B.: Accelerated Recent Warming and Temperature Variability Over the Past Eight Centuries in the Central Asian Altai From Blue Intensity in Tree Rings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL092933, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092933, 2021.
Deng, K., Yang, S., Ting, M., Lin, A., and Wang, Z.: An Intensified Mode of Variability Modulating the Summer Heat Waves in Eastern Europe and Northern China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 11361–11369, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079836, 2018.
Deng, Z. Y., Wen, X. H., Huang, T., Zhang, H., Xi, L. Z., Xu, J. F., and Dong, A. X.: Relationship and Difference between Drought and High Temperature Heat Waves, Plateau Meteorology, 28, 702–709, 2009 (in Chinese).
Dobrovolný, P., Moberg, A., Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Glaser, R., Wilson, R., van Engelen, A., Limanówka, D., Kiss, A., Halíčková, M., Macková, J., Riemann, D., Luterbacher, J., and Böhm, R.: Monthly, seasonal and annual temperature reconstructions for Central Europe derived from documentary evidence and instrumental records since AD 1500, Climatic Change, 101, 69–107, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9724-x, 2010.
Domínguez-Castro, F.: Early meteorological records from Latin-America and the Caribbean during the 18th and 19th centuries, Sci. Data, 4, 170169, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.169, 2017.
PAGES2k Consortium: a global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era, Sci. Data 4, 170088, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.88, 2017.
Fang, X., Su, Y., Yin, J., and Teng, J.: Transmission of climate change impacts from temperature change to grain harvests, famines and peasant uprisings in the historical China, Science China Earth Sciences, 58, 1427–1439, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5075-9, 2015.
Gasparrini, A., Guo, Y., Hashizume, M., Lavigne, E., Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J., Tobias, A., Tong, S., Rocklöv, J., Forsberg, B., Leone, M., De Sario, M., Bell, M. L., Guo, Y.-L. L., Wu, C.-f., Kan, H., Yi, S.-M., de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, M., Saldiva, P. H. N., Honda, Y., Kim, H., and Armstrong, B.: Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study, The Lancet, 386, 369–375, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0, 2015.
Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Hao, Z., and Liu, H.: General characteristics of climate changes during the past 2000 years in China, Science China Earth Sciences, 56, 321–329, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4370-y, 2013.
Ge, Q. S., Zheng, J. Y., Hao, Z. X., Zhang, P. Y., and Wang, W. C.: Reconstruction of Historical Climate in China: High-Resolution Precipitation Data from Qing Dynasty Archives, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 671–680, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-5-671, 2005.
Ge, Q. S., Hao, Z. X., Zheng, J. Y., and Liu, Y.: China: 2000 Years of Climate Reconstruction from Historical Documents, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, edited by: White, S., Pfister, C., and Mauelshagen, F., Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, 189–201, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_17, 2018.
Glaser, R. and Riemann, D.: A thousand-year record of temperature variations for Germany and Central Europe based on documentary data, J. Quaternary Sci., 24, 437–449, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1302, 2009.
Han, J. F. and Yang, Y. D.: The socioeconomic effects of extreme drought events in northern China on the Ming dynasty in the late fifteenth century, Climatic Change, 164, 26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-02972-x, 2021.
Han, Q. M., Sun, S., Liu, Z., Xu, W., and Shi, P. J.: Accelerated exacerbation of global extreme heatwaves under warming scenarios, Int. J. Climatol., 42, 5430–5441, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7541, 2022.
Hao, Z., Zheng, J. Y., Wu, G., Zhang, X. Z., and Ge, Q. S.: 1876–1878 severe drought in North China: Facts, impacts and climatic background, Chinese Sci. Bull., 55, 2321–2328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-3243-z, 2010 (in Chinese).
Hao, Z., Bai, M., Zheng, J., and Ge, Q.: Hydroclimate gridded dataset for eastern China during the last millennium (Version 1.0), World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/HydrocGDForEChina TheLastMillV10, 2022.
Heeter, K. J., Rochner, M. L., and Harley, G. L.: Summer Air Temperature for the Greater Yellowstone Ecoregion (770–2019 CE) Over 1,250 Years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL092269, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092269, 2021.
Heeter, K. J., Harley, G. L., Abatzoglou, J. T., Anchukaitis, K. J., Cook, E. R., Coulthard, B. L., Dye, L. A., and Homfeld, I. K.: Unprecedented 21st century heat across the Pacific Northwest of North America, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6, 5, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00340-3, 2023.
IGSNRR (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences): Compilation of Climate Impact Data from the Qing Dynasty Records, Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787502962760, 2016 (in Chinese).
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_all_final.pdf (last access: 2 November 2024), 2013.
IPCC: Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021.
Kornhuber, K., Osprey, S., Coumou, D., Petri, S., Petoukhov, V., Rahmstorf, S., and Gray, L.: Extreme weather events in early summer 2018 connected by a recurrent hemispheric wave-7 pattern, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 054002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab13bf, 2019.
Kornhuber, K., Coumou, D., Vogel, E., Lesk, C., Donges, J. F., Lehmann, J., and Horton, R. M.: Amplified Rossby waves enhance risk of concurrent heatwaves in major breadbasket regions, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 48–53, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0637-z, 2020.
Liu, Y. and Fang, X.: Reconstruction of spring phenology and temperature in Beijing, China, from A.D. 1741 to 1832, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 5080–5088, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5145, 2017.
Luterbacher, J., Werner, J. P., Smerdon, J. E., Fernández-Donado, L., González-Rouco, F. J., Barriopedro, D., Ljungqvist, F. C., Büntgen, U., Zorita, E., Wagner, S., Esper, J., McCarroll, D., Toreti, A., Frank, D., Jungclaus, J. H., Barriendos, M., Bertolin, C., Bothe, O., Brázdil, R., Camuffo, D., Dobrovolný, P., Gagen, M., García-Bustamante, E., Ge, Q., Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Guiot, J., Hao, Z., Hegerl, G. C., Holmgren, K., Klimenko, V. V., Martín-Chivelet, J., Pfister, C., Roberts, N., Schindler, A., Schurer, A., Solomina, O., von Gunten, L., Wahl, E., Wanner, H., Wetter, O., Xoplaki, E., Yuan, N., Zanchettin, D., Zhang, H., and Zerefos, C.: European summer temperatures since Roman times, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 024001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024001, 2016.
Martin, J. T., Pederson, G. T., Woodhouse, C. A., Cook, E. R., McCabe, G. J., Anchukaitis, K. J., Wise, E. K., Erger, P. J., Dolan, L., McGuire, M., Gangopadhyay, S., Chase, K. J., Littell, J. S., Gray, S. T., St. George, S., Friedman, J. M., Sauchyn, D. J., St-Jacques, J.-M., and King, J.: Increased drought severity tracks warming in the United States' largest river basin, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 11328–11336, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916208117, 2020.
Meehl, G. A. and Tebaldi, C.: More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century, Science, 305, 994–997, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1098704, 2004.
Meier, N., Rutishauser, T., Pfister, C., Wanner, H., and Luterbacher, J.: Grape harvest dates as a proxy for Swiss April to August temperature reconstructions back to AD 1480, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20705, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031381, 2007.
Orth, R., Vogel, M. M., Luterbacher, J., Pfister, C., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Did European temperatures in 1540 exceed present-day records?, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 114021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/114021, 2016.
PAGES 2k Consortium: Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era, Nat. Geosci. 12, 643–649, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0, 2019.
Ren, Y., Ren, G., Allan, R., Li, J., Yang, G., and Zhang, P.: The 1757–62 Temperature Observed in Beijing, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 103, E2470–E2483, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0245.1, 2022.
Rustemeyer, N. and Howells, M.: Excess Mortality in England during the 2019 Summer Heatwaves, Climate, 9, 14, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9010014, 2021.
Sun, X. M., Sun, Q., Zhou, X. F., Li, X. P., Yang, M. J., Yu, A. Q., and Geng, F. H.: Heat wave impact on mortality in Pudong New Area, China in 2013, Sci. Total Environ., 493, 789–794, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.042, 2014.
Tao, L., Su, Y., and Kang, Y.: Reconstruction and analysis of chronology of high temperature events in eastern China during Ming and Qing dynasties, Journal of Palageography (Chinese Edition), 23, 449–460, https://doi.org/10.7605/gdlxb.2021.02.027, 2021.
Trancoso, R., Syktus, J., Toombs, N., Ahrens, D., Wong, K. K.-H., and Pozza, R. D.: Heatwaves intensification in Australia: A consistent trajectory across past, present and future, Sci. Total Environ., 742, 140521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140521, 2020.
Udías, A.: Jesuit astronomers in Beijing, 1601–1805, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 35, 463–478, 1994.
Wang, F., Arseneault, D., Boucher, É., Gennaretti, F., Yu, S., and Zhang, T.: Tropical volcanoes synchronize eastern Canada with Northern Hemisphere millennial temperature variability, Nat. Commun., 13, 5042, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32682-6, 2022.
Wang, J. L., Yang, B., and Ljungqvist, F. C.: A Millennial Summer Temperature Reconstruction for the Eastern Tibetan Plateau from Tree-Ring Width, J. Climate, 28, 5289–5304, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00738.1, 2015.
Wang, P., Lin, K., Lin, Y., Lin, H., Pai, P., Tseng, W., Huang, H., and Lee, C.: Reconstruction of the Temperature Index Series of China in 1368–1911 based on REACHES database, Sci. Data, 11, 1117, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03937-2, 2024.
Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Boykoff, M., Byass, P., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Capstick, S., Chambers, J., Dalin, C., Daly, M., Dasandi, N., Davies, M., Drummond, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K. L., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Escobar, L. E., Fernandez Montoya, L., Georgeson, L., Graham, H., Haggar, P., Hamilton, I., Hartinger, S., Hess, J., Kelman, I., Kiesewetter, G., Kjellstrom, T., Kniveton, D., Lemke, B., Liu, Y., Lott, M., Lowe, R., Sewe, M. O., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M., McAllister, L., McGushin, A., Jankin Mikhaylov, S., Milner, J., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Murray, K., Munzert, S., Nilsson, M., Neville, T., Oreszczyn, T., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Pencheon, D., Phung, D., Pye, S., Quinn, R., Rabbaniha, M., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Semenza, J. C., Sherman, J., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J., Trinanes, J., Wilkinson, P., Costello, A., Gong, P., and Montgomery, H.: The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate, The Lancet, 394, 1836–1878, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6, 2019.
WCWG (Wannianli Calendar Writing Group): Chinese Calendar for Two Thousand Years (1–2060), Meteorological Publishing House, Beijing, China, 1994 (in Chinese).
Wetter, O. and Pfister, C.: An underestimated record breaking event – why summer 1540 was likely warmer than 2003, Clim. Past, 9, 41–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-41-2013, 2013.
Wetter, O., Pfister, C., Werner, J. P., Zorita, E., Wagner, S., Seneviratne, S. I., Herget, J., Grünewald, U., Luterbacher, J., Alcoforado, M.-J., Barriendos, M., Bieber, U., Brázdil, R., Burmeister, K. H., Camenisch, C., Contino, A., Dobrovolný, P., Glaser, R., Himmelsbach, I., Kiss, A., Kotyza, O., Labbé, T., Limanówka, D., Litzenburger, L., Nordl, Ø., Pribyl, K., Retsö, D., Riemann, D., Rohr, C., Siegfried, W., Söderberg, J., and Spring, J.-L.: The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case, Climatic Change, 125, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2, 2014.
Wiles, G. C., Solomina, O., D'Arrigo, R., Anchukaitis, K. J., Gensiarovsky, Y. V., and Wiesenberg, N.: Reconstructed summer temperatures over the last 400 years based on larch ring widths: Sakhalin Island, Russian Far East, Clim. Dynam., 45, 397–405, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2209-2, 2015.
Wilson, R., Rao, R., Rydval, M., Wood, C., Larsson, L.-Å., and Luckman, B. H.: Blue Intensity for dendroclimatology: The BC blues: A case study from British Columbia, Canada, The Holocene, 24, 1428–1438, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614544051, 2014.
Wilson, R., Anchukaitis, K., Andreu-Hayles, L., Cook, E., D'Arrigo, R., Davi, N., Haberbauer, L., Krusic, P., Luckman, B., Morimoto, D., Oelkers, R., Wiles, G., and Wood, C.: Improved dendroclimatic calibration using blue intensity in the southern Yukon, The Holocene, 29, 1817–1830, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619862037, 2019.
Xiao, L., Huang, H., and Wei Z.: Comparison of Governmental Relief Food Scheduling and Social Consequences during Droughts of 1743–1744 AD and 1876–1878 AD in North China, Journal of Catastrophology, 27, 101–106, 2012 (in Chinese).
Xu, Z. R., Yang, Y. D., and Sun, T.: Feng Shui and Imperial Examinations: a case study on the 1849 severe flood in Nanjing and debates on flood discharge, Climatic Change, 166, 5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03084-2, 2021.
Yang, X., Zeng, G., Zhang, S., Hao, Z., and Iyakaremye, V.: Relationship between two types of heat waves in northern East Asia and temperature anomalies in Eastern Europe, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 024048, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abdc8a, 2021.
Zhang, D. E.: A Compendium of Chinese Meteorological Records of the Last 3000 Years, Phoenix Publishing House, Nanjing, China, ISBN 7806434682, 2004 (in Chinese).
Zhang, D. E. and Demaree, G.: Extreme Summer Heat in North China in 1743: A study of historical hot summer events in a relatively warm climate, Chinese Sci. Bull., 49, 2204–2210, 2004 (in Chinese).
Zheng, J. Y., Hao, Z. X., Fang, X. Q., and Ge, Q. S.: Changing characteristics of extreme climate events during past 2000 years in China, Progress in Geography, 33, 3–12, 2014a (in Chinese).
Zheng, J. Y., Ge, Q. S., Hao, Z. X., Liu, H. L., Man, Z. M., Hou, Y. J., and Fang, X. Q.: Paleoclimatology proxy recorded in historical documents and method for reconstruction on climate change, Quaternary Sciences, 34, 1186–1196, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2014.06.07, 2014b (in Chinese).
Short summary
Our study collected 63 historical documents on the extreme heat of 1743 from three kinds of historical materials. Using text analysis methods, such as keyword extraction, grading, and classification, we reconstructed the 1743 extreme heat event. This heat event developed cumulatively, and the key areas affected are consistent with those impacted in modern times. Timely cooling and reducing exposure have been limited but necessary means of addressing extreme heat in both ancient and modern times.
Our study collected 63 historical documents on the extreme heat of 1743 from three kinds of...
