Articles | Volume 18, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2063-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2063-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 06 Sep 2022
| 06 Sep 2022
Millennial variations in atmospheric CO2 during the early Holocene (11.7–7.4 ka)
Jinhwa Shin
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
current address: Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
Jai Chowdhry Beeman
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Hun-Gyu Lee
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
Jaemyeong Mango Seo
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
Edward J. Brook
College of Earth, Oceanic, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5506, USA
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Liam R. Kirkpatrick, Jacob I. Chalif, Derek Brandis, Austin Carter, Alissa Choi, Lindsey Davidge, Michael J. Handley, Romilly Harris Stuart, Valens Hishamunda, Ursula A. Jongebloed, Michael Kalk, Elena V. Korotkikh, Haley Lowes-Bicay, Julia Marks-Peterson, Andrew J. Schauer, Nicolas Stoll, Lilly Tipton, Sarah Aarons, Edward Brook, Christo Buizert, Jihong Cole-Dai, John Higgins, Bess G. Koffman, Erich C. Osterberg, Eric J. Steig, Sarah Shackleton, and Tyler Jeffrey Fudge
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5607, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5607, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
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Ice cores from the Allan Hills, Antarctica preserve important information about the last six million years of Earth’s climate history. However, interpreting these cores is complex given the unique history of this ice. Here, we employ a new method that enables high-resolution sampling even across tilted layers to characterize 1.3–1.8-million-year-old ice samples. Our findings provide new constraints on abrupt age transitions and the incorporation of material from beneath the glacier in this ice.
Julia Marks-Peterson, Edward J. Brook, Jenna A. Epifanio, Emily Rice, Jeff Severinghaus, Murat Aydin, Samantha Gass, Jon S. Edwards, Austin Carter, Christo Buizert, John A. Higgins, Sarah A. Shackleton, Jacob D. Morgan, Michael Kalk, Ross Beaudette, Andrei Kurbatov, and Eric Saltzman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5793, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5793, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
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A new ice core from the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area, Antarctica provides a continuous record from ~149 to 116 thousand years ago, spanning a glacial-interglacial transition. We create a gas-age scale for the core and present new records of greenhouse gases that show very good agreement with other Antarctic cores. Additionally, site-specific measurements suggest the core has a similar source region to discontinuous old ice nearby, making it a valuable analogue for interpreting complex archives.
Alissa Choi, Austin J. Carter, Julia Marks-Peterson, Sarah Shackleton, John A. Higgins, Edward J. Brook, Liam Kirkpatrick, Jacob I. Chalif, and Sarah M. Aarons
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2434, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2434, 2026
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We investigated the particle mass concentration, size distribution, and mineralogy of an ice core drilled from the Allan Hills, Antarctica to assess the preservation of dust records in Blue Ice Areas (BIAs) with complex flow histories. We find potential evidence of alteration including entrainment of basal sediment in the deepest ice, biasing towards interglacial dust concentrations, and chemical weathering. Thus, accurate reconstruction of climate signals in BIAs requires a multiproxy approach.
Lison Soussaintjean, Jochen Schmitt, Joël Savarino, J. Andy Menking, Edward J. Brook, Barbara Seth, Vladimir Lipenkov, Thomas Röckmann, and Hubertus Fischer
Biogeosciences, 23, 3939–3963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3939-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3939-2026, 2026
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) produced in dust-rich Antarctic ice complicates the reconstruction of past atmospheric levels from ice core records. Using isotope analysis, we show that N2O forms from two nitrogen precursors, one being nitrate. For the first time, we demonstrate that the site preference (SP) of N2O reflects the isotopic difference between these precursors, not the production pathway, which challenges the common interpretation of SP.
Abigail Hudak, Asmita Banerjee, Christo Buizert, Edward Brook, Michael Kalk, Lindsey Davidge, Andrew J. Schauer, Eric J. Steig, Noah Brown, Liam Kirkpatrick, John-Morgan Manos, Jacob I. Chalif, Erich Osterberg, Miranda Helena Miranda, Eric Saltzman, Yuzhen Yan, Valens Hishamunda, and John Higgins
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2045, 2026
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The Allan Hills contains the oldest known ice, extending records millions of years, however, this area along the Transantarctic Mountains margin results in stratigraphically discontinuous ice core records. Here, we investigate high-resolution geochemical records to better constrain biases and stratigraphic complexities, and find these records exhibit reduced variance, some degree of interglacial bias, with varying behaviours across ice cores at the Allan Hills.
JaeYoung Park, Jinho Ahn, Jeongeun Kim, and Nasrin Salehnia
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 2163–2173, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2163-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2163-2026, 2026
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This study shows that low-cost CO2 sensors, when individually corrected using multi-point linear regression, can achieve 1–2 % accuracy. Deployed in Seoul, they revealed local pollution patterns like idling emissions at intersections and the "piston effect" in tunnels. With proper correction, these sensors enable affordable, detailed urban CO2 monitoring.
Giyoon Lee, Jinho Ahn, Hyeontae Ju, Ikumi Oyabu, Florian Ritterbusch, Songyi Kim, Jangil Moon, Joohan Lee, Yeongcheol Han, Soon Do Hur, Kenji Kawamura, Zheng-Tian Lu, Wei Jiang, and Guo-Min Yang
The Cryosphere, 19, 3295–3308, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3295-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3295-2025, 2025
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This study investigated ancient ice in the Elephant Moraine, East Antarctica. Using geophysical surveys and chemical analyses, we found surface ice of around 320 000 years old and ice thickness ranging from 200 to 800 m. These findings suggest that the Elephant Moraine region may preserve ice over 1 million years old at depths of several hundred meters. Recovering such ice is a key goal in paleoclimate research to better understand the climate history of Earth.
Xavier Faïn, David M. Etheridge, Kévin Fourteau, Patricia Martinerie, Cathy M. Trudinger, Rachael H. Rhodes, Nathan J. Chellman, Ray L. Langenfelds, Joseph R. McConnell, Mark A. J. Curran, Edward J. Brook, Thomas Blunier, Grégory Teste, Roberto Grilli, Anthony Lemoine, William T. Sturges, Boris Vannière, Johannes Freitag, and Jérôme Chappellaz
Clim. Past, 19, 2287–2311, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2287-2023, 2023
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We report on a 3000-year record of carbon monoxide (CO) levels in the Southern Hemisphere's high latitudes by combining ice core and firn air measurements with modern direct atmospheric samples. Antarctica [CO] remained stable (–835 to 1500 CE), decreased during the Little Ice Age, and peaked around 1985 CE. Such evolution reflects stable biomass burning CO emissions before industrialization, followed by growth from CO anthropogenic sources, which decline after 1985 due to improved combustion.
Jenna A. Epifanio, Edward J. Brook, Christo Buizert, Erin C. Pettit, Jon S. Edwards, John M. Fegyveresi, Todd A. Sowers, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, and Emma C. Kahle
The Cryosphere, 17, 4837–4851, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4837-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4837-2023, 2023
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The total air content (TAC) of polar ice cores has long been considered a potential proxy for past ice sheet elevation. This study presents a high-resolution record of TAC from the South Pole ice core. The record reveals orbital- and millennial-scale variability that cannot be explained by elevation changes. The orbital- and millennial-scale changes are likely a product of firn grain metamorphism near the surface of the ice sheet, due to summer insolation changes or local accumulation changes.
Michaela Mühl, Jochen Schmitt, Barbara Seth, James E. Lee, Jon S. Edwards, Edward J. Brook, Thomas Blunier, and Hubertus Fischer
Clim. Past, 19, 999–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-999-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-999-2023, 2023
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Our ice core measurements show that methane, ethane, and propane concentrations are significantly elevated above their past atmospheric background for Greenland ice samples containing mineral dust. The underlying co-production process happens during the classical discrete wet extraction of air from the ice sample and affects previous reconstructions of the inter-polar difference of methane as well as methane stable isotope records derived from dust-rich Greenland ice.
Christo Buizert, Sarah Shackleton, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, William H. G. Roberts, Alan Seltzer, Bernhard Bereiter, Kenji Kawamura, Daniel Baggenstos, Anaïs J. Orsi, Ikumi Oyabu, Benjamin Birner, Jacob D. Morgan, Edward J. Brook, David M. Etheridge, David Thornton, Nancy Bertler, Rebecca L. Pyne, Robert Mulvaney, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Peter D. Neff, and Vasilii V. Petrenko
Clim. Past, 19, 579–606, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-579-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-579-2023, 2023
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It is unclear how different components of the global atmospheric circulation, such as the El Niño effect, respond to large-scale climate change. We present a new ice core gas proxy, called krypton-86 excess, that reflects past storminess in Antarctica. We present data from 11 ice cores that suggest the new proxy works. We present a reconstruction of changes in West Antarctic storminess over the last 24 000 years and suggest these are caused by north–south movement of the tropical rain belt.
Michael N. Dyonisius, Vasilii V. Petrenko, Andrew M. Smith, Benjamin Hmiel, Peter D. Neff, Bin Yang, Quan Hua, Jochen Schmitt, Sarah A. Shackleton, Christo Buizert, Philip F. Place, James A. Menking, Ross Beaudette, Christina Harth, Michael Kalk, Heidi A. Roop, Bernhard Bereiter, Casey Armanetti, Isaac Vimont, Sylvia Englund Michel, Edward J. Brook, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Ray F. Weiss, and Joseph R. McConnell
The Cryosphere, 17, 843–863, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-843-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-843-2023, 2023
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Cosmic rays that enter the atmosphere produce secondary particles which react with surface minerals to produce radioactive nuclides. These nuclides are often used to constrain Earth's surface processes. However, the production rates from muons are not well constrained. We measured 14C in ice with a well-known exposure history to constrain the production rates from muons. 14C production in ice is analogous to quartz, but we obtain different production rates compared to commonly used estimates.
Giyoon Lee, Jinho Ahn, Hyeontae Ju, Florian Ritterbusch, Ikumi Oyabu, Christo Buizert, Songyi Kim, Jangil Moon, Sambit Ghosh, Kenji Kawamura, Zheng-Tian Lu, Sangbum Hong, Chang Hee Han, Soon Do Hur, Wei Jiang, and Guo-Min Yang
The Cryosphere, 16, 2301–2324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2301-2022, 2022
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Blue-ice areas (BIAs) have several advantages for reconstructing past climate. However, the complicated ice flow in the area hinders constraining the age. We applied state-of-the-art techniques and found that the ages cover the last deglaciation period. Our study demonstrates that the BIA in northern Victoria Land may help reconstruct the past climate during the termination of the last glacial period.
Xavier Faïn, Rachael H. Rhodes, Philip Place, Vasilii V. Petrenko, Kévin Fourteau, Nathan Chellman, Edward Crosier, Joseph R. McConnell, Edward J. Brook, Thomas Blunier, Michel Legrand, and Jérôme Chappellaz
Clim. Past, 18, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-631-2022, 2022
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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a regulated pollutant and one of the key components determining the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. In this study, we analyzed five ice cores from Greenland at high resolution for CO concentrations by coupling laser spectrometry with continuous melting. By combining these new datasets, we produced an upper-bound estimate of past atmospheric CO abundance since preindustrial times for the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes, covering the period from 1700 to 1957 CE.
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Short summary
We present a new and highly resolved atmospheric CO2 record from the Siple Dome ice core, Antarctica, over the early Holocene (11.7–7.4 ka). Atmospheric CO2 decreased by ~10 ppm from 10.9 to 7.3 ka, but the decrease was punctuated by local minima at 11.1, 10.1, 9.1, and 8.3 ka. We found millennial CO2 variability of 2–6 ppm, and the millennial CO2 variations correlate with proxies for solar forcing and local climate in the Southern Ocean, North Atlantic, and eastern equatorial Pacific.
We present a new and highly resolved atmospheric CO2 record from the Siple Dome ice core,...
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