Articles | Volume 18, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2063-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2063-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 06 Sep 2022
| 06 Sep 2022
Millennial variations in atmospheric CO2 during the early Holocene (11.7–7.4 ka)
Jinhwa Shin
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
current address: Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
Jai Chowdhry Beeman
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Hun-Gyu Lee
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
Jaemyeong Mango Seo
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
Edward J. Brook
College of Earth, Oceanic, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5506, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Alissa Choi, Austin J. Carter, Julia Marks-Peterson, Sarah Shackleton, John A. Higgins, Edward J. Brook, Liam Kirkpatrick, Jacob I. Chalif, and Sarah M. Aarons
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2434, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2434, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the particle mass concentration, size distribution, and mineralogy of an ice core drilled from the Allan Hills, Antarctica to assess the preservation of dust records in Blue Ice Areas (BIAs) with complex flow histories. We find potential evidence of alteration including entrainment of basal sediment in the deepest ice, biasing towards interglacial dust concentrations, and chemical weathering. Thus, accurate reconstruction of climate signals in BIAs requires a multiproxy approach.
Lison Soussaintjean, Jochen Schmitt, Joël Savarino, J. Andy Menking, Edward J. Brook, Barbara Seth, Vladimir Lipenkov, Thomas Röckmann, and Hubertus Fischer
Biogeosciences, 23, 3939–3963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3939-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3939-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) produced in dust-rich Antarctic ice complicates the reconstruction of past atmospheric levels from ice core records. Using isotope analysis, we show that N2O forms from two nitrogen precursors, one being nitrate. For the first time, we demonstrate that the site preference (SP) of N2O reflects the isotopic difference between these precursors, not the production pathway, which challenges the common interpretation of SP.
Abigail Hudak, Asmita Banerjee, Christo Buizert, Edward Brook, Michael Kalk, Lindsey Davidge, Andrew J. Schauer, Eric J. Steig, Noah Brown, Liam Kirkpatrick, John-Morgan Manos, Jacob I. Chalif, Erich Osterberg, Miranda Helena Miranda, Eric Saltzman, Yuzhen Yan, Valens Hishamunda, and John Higgins
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2045, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Allan Hills contains the oldest known ice, extending records millions of years, however, this area along the Transantarctic Mountains margin results in stratigraphically discontinuous ice core records. Here, we investigate high-resolution geochemical records to better constrain biases and stratigraphic complexities, and find these records exhibit reduced variance, some degree of interglacial bias, with varying behaviours across ice cores at the Allan Hills.
JaeYoung Park, Jinho Ahn, Jeongeun Kim, and Nasrin Salehnia
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 2163–2173, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2163-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-2163-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that low-cost CO2 sensors, when individually corrected using multi-point linear regression, can achieve 1–2 % accuracy. Deployed in Seoul, they revealed local pollution patterns like idling emissions at intersections and the "piston effect" in tunnels. With proper correction, these sensors enable affordable, detailed urban CO2 monitoring.
Giyoon Lee, Jinho Ahn, Hyeontae Ju, Ikumi Oyabu, Florian Ritterbusch, Songyi Kim, Jangil Moon, Joohan Lee, Yeongcheol Han, Soon Do Hur, Kenji Kawamura, Zheng-Tian Lu, Wei Jiang, and Guo-Min Yang
The Cryosphere, 19, 3295–3308, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3295-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3295-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated ancient ice in the Elephant Moraine, East Antarctica. Using geophysical surveys and chemical analyses, we found surface ice of around 320 000 years old and ice thickness ranging from 200 to 800 m. These findings suggest that the Elephant Moraine region may preserve ice over 1 million years old at depths of several hundred meters. Recovering such ice is a key goal in paleoclimate research to better understand the climate history of Earth.
Xavier Faïn, David M. Etheridge, Kévin Fourteau, Patricia Martinerie, Cathy M. Trudinger, Rachael H. Rhodes, Nathan J. Chellman, Ray L. Langenfelds, Joseph R. McConnell, Mark A. J. Curran, Edward J. Brook, Thomas Blunier, Grégory Teste, Roberto Grilli, Anthony Lemoine, William T. Sturges, Boris Vannière, Johannes Freitag, and Jérôme Chappellaz
Clim. Past, 19, 2287–2311, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2287-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We report on a 3000-year record of carbon monoxide (CO) levels in the Southern Hemisphere's high latitudes by combining ice core and firn air measurements with modern direct atmospheric samples. Antarctica [CO] remained stable (–835 to 1500 CE), decreased during the Little Ice Age, and peaked around 1985 CE. Such evolution reflects stable biomass burning CO emissions before industrialization, followed by growth from CO anthropogenic sources, which decline after 1985 due to improved combustion.
Jenna A. Epifanio, Edward J. Brook, Christo Buizert, Erin C. Pettit, Jon S. Edwards, John M. Fegyveresi, Todd A. Sowers, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, and Emma C. Kahle
The Cryosphere, 17, 4837–4851, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4837-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4837-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The total air content (TAC) of polar ice cores has long been considered a potential proxy for past ice sheet elevation. This study presents a high-resolution record of TAC from the South Pole ice core. The record reveals orbital- and millennial-scale variability that cannot be explained by elevation changes. The orbital- and millennial-scale changes are likely a product of firn grain metamorphism near the surface of the ice sheet, due to summer insolation changes or local accumulation changes.
Michaela Mühl, Jochen Schmitt, Barbara Seth, James E. Lee, Jon S. Edwards, Edward J. Brook, Thomas Blunier, and Hubertus Fischer
Clim. Past, 19, 999–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-999-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-999-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our ice core measurements show that methane, ethane, and propane concentrations are significantly elevated above their past atmospheric background for Greenland ice samples containing mineral dust. The underlying co-production process happens during the classical discrete wet extraction of air from the ice sample and affects previous reconstructions of the inter-polar difference of methane as well as methane stable isotope records derived from dust-rich Greenland ice.
Christo Buizert, Sarah Shackleton, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, William H. G. Roberts, Alan Seltzer, Bernhard Bereiter, Kenji Kawamura, Daniel Baggenstos, Anaïs J. Orsi, Ikumi Oyabu, Benjamin Birner, Jacob D. Morgan, Edward J. Brook, David M. Etheridge, David Thornton, Nancy Bertler, Rebecca L. Pyne, Robert Mulvaney, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Peter D. Neff, and Vasilii V. Petrenko
Clim. Past, 19, 579–606, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-579-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-579-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is unclear how different components of the global atmospheric circulation, such as the El Niño effect, respond to large-scale climate change. We present a new ice core gas proxy, called krypton-86 excess, that reflects past storminess in Antarctica. We present data from 11 ice cores that suggest the new proxy works. We present a reconstruction of changes in West Antarctic storminess over the last 24 000 years and suggest these are caused by north–south movement of the tropical rain belt.
Michael N. Dyonisius, Vasilii V. Petrenko, Andrew M. Smith, Benjamin Hmiel, Peter D. Neff, Bin Yang, Quan Hua, Jochen Schmitt, Sarah A. Shackleton, Christo Buizert, Philip F. Place, James A. Menking, Ross Beaudette, Christina Harth, Michael Kalk, Heidi A. Roop, Bernhard Bereiter, Casey Armanetti, Isaac Vimont, Sylvia Englund Michel, Edward J. Brook, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Ray F. Weiss, and Joseph R. McConnell
The Cryosphere, 17, 843–863, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-843-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-843-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic rays that enter the atmosphere produce secondary particles which react with surface minerals to produce radioactive nuclides. These nuclides are often used to constrain Earth's surface processes. However, the production rates from muons are not well constrained. We measured 14C in ice with a well-known exposure history to constrain the production rates from muons. 14C production in ice is analogous to quartz, but we obtain different production rates compared to commonly used estimates.
Giyoon Lee, Jinho Ahn, Hyeontae Ju, Florian Ritterbusch, Ikumi Oyabu, Christo Buizert, Songyi Kim, Jangil Moon, Sambit Ghosh, Kenji Kawamura, Zheng-Tian Lu, Sangbum Hong, Chang Hee Han, Soon Do Hur, Wei Jiang, and Guo-Min Yang
The Cryosphere, 16, 2301–2324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Blue-ice areas (BIAs) have several advantages for reconstructing past climate. However, the complicated ice flow in the area hinders constraining the age. We applied state-of-the-art techniques and found that the ages cover the last deglaciation period. Our study demonstrates that the BIA in northern Victoria Land may help reconstruct the past climate during the termination of the last glacial period.
Xavier Faïn, Rachael H. Rhodes, Philip Place, Vasilii V. Petrenko, Kévin Fourteau, Nathan Chellman, Edward Crosier, Joseph R. McConnell, Edward J. Brook, Thomas Blunier, Michel Legrand, and Jérôme Chappellaz
Clim. Past, 18, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a regulated pollutant and one of the key components determining the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. In this study, we analyzed five ice cores from Greenland at high resolution for CO concentrations by coupling laser spectrometry with continuous melting. By combining these new datasets, we produced an upper-bound estimate of past atmospheric CO abundance since preindustrial times for the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes, covering the period from 1700 to 1957 CE.
Sarah Shackleton, James A. Menking, Edward Brook, Christo Buizert, Michael N. Dyonisius, Vasilii V. Petrenko, Daniel Baggenstos, and Jeffrey P. Severinghaus
Clim. Past, 17, 2273–2289, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we measure atmospheric noble gases trapped in ice cores to reconstruct ocean temperature during the last glaciation. Comparing the new reconstruction to other climate records, we show that the ocean reached its coldest temperatures before ice sheets reached maximum volumes and atmospheric CO2 reached its lowest concentrations. Ocean cooling played a major role in lowering atmospheric CO2 early in the glaciation, but it only played a minor role later.
Yuzhen Yan, Nicole E. Spaulding, Michael L. Bender, Edward J. Brook, John A. Higgins, Andrei V. Kurbatov, and Paul A. Mayewski
Clim. Past, 17, 1841–1855, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1841-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1841-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we reconstruct the rate of snow accumulation during the Last Interglacial period in an East Antarctic ice core located near the present-day northern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf. We find an order-of-magnitude increase in the accumulation rate during the peak warming in the Last Interglacial. This large increase in mass accumulation is compatible with less ice cover in the Ross Sea, perhaps created by a partly collapsed West Antarctic Ice Sheet, whose stability in a warming world is uncertain.
Cited articles
Ahn, J. and Brook, E. J.: Atmospheric CO2 and climate on millennial time scales during the last glacial period, Science, 322, 83–85, 2008.
Ahn, J. and Brook, E. J.: Siple Dome ice reveals two modes of millennial CO2 change during the last ice age, Nat. Commun., 5, 3723, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4723, 2014.
Ahn, J., Wahlen, M., Deck, B. L., Brook, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., Taylor, K. C., and White, J. W. C.: A record of atmospheric CO2 during the last 40,000 years from the Siple Dome, Antarctica ice core, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004415, 2004.
Ahn, J., Brook, E. J., and Howell, K.: A high-precision method for measurement of paleoatmospheric CO2 in small polar ice samples, J. Glaciol., 55, 499–506, 2009.
Ahn, J., Brook, E. J., Mitchell, L., Rosen, J., McConnell, J. R., Taylor, K., Etheridge, D., and Rubino, M.: Atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years: A high-resolution record from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB2027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004247, 2012.
Ahn, J., Brook, E. J., and Buizert, C.: Response of atmospheric CO2 to the abrupt cooling event 8200 years ago, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 604–609, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058177, 2014.
Anklin, M., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Tschumi, J., Fuchs, A., Barnola, J.-M., and Raynaud, D.: CO2 record between 40 and 8 kyr B.P. from the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26539–26545, 1997.
Banta, J. R., McConnell, J. R., Frey, M. M., Bales, R. C., and Taylor, K.: Spatial and temporal variability in snow accumulation at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide over recent centuries, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010235, 2008.
Barnola, J.-M., Anklin, M., Porcheron, J., Raynaud, D., Schwander, J., and Stauffer, B.: CO2 evolution during the last millennium as recorded by Antarctic and Greenland ice, Tellus B, 47, 264–272, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v47i1-2.16046, 1995.
Baumgartner, M., Kindler, P., Eicher, O., Floch, G., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Spahni, R., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Leuenberger, M., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: NGRIP CH4 concentration from 120 to 10 kyr before present and its relation to a δ15N temperature reconstruction from the same ice core, Clim. Past, 10, 903–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-903-2014, 2014.
Bauska, T. K., Joos, F., Mix, A. C., Roth, R., Ahn, J., and Brook, E. J.: Links between atmospheric carbon dioxide, the land carbon reservoir and climate over the past millennium, Nat. Geosci., 8, 383–387, 2015.
Bereiter, B., Schwander, J., Lüthi, D., and Stocker, T. F.: Change in CO2 concentration and
Bereiter, B., Lüthi, D., Siegrist, M., Schüpbach, S., Stocker, T. F., and Fischer, H.: Mode change of millennial CO2 variability during the last glacial cycle associated with a bipolar marine carbon seesaw, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 9755–9760, 2012.
Bond, G., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W., Labeyrie, L., McManus, J., Andrews, J., Huon, S., Jantschik, R., Clasen, S., Simet, C., Tedesco, K., Klas, M., Bonani, G., and Ivy, S.: Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period, Nature, 360, 245–249, 1992.
Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., Muscheler, R., Evans, M. N., Showers, W., Hoffmann, S., Lotti-Bond, R., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G.: Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene, Science, 294, 2130–2136, 2001.
Broecker, W.: The Glacial World According to Wally, Eldigio Press, Palisades, New York. 346 pp., 2002.
Carvalhais, N., Forkel, M., Khomik, M., Bellarby, J., Jung, M., Migliavacca, M., Mu, M., Saatchi, S., Santoro, M., Thurner, M., Weber, U., Ahrens, B., Beer, C., Cescatti, A., Randerson, J. T., and Reichstein, M.: Global covariation of carbon turnover times with climate in terrestrial ecosystems, Nature, 514, 213–217, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13731, 2014.
Darby, D. A., Ortiz, J., Grosch, C., and Lund, S.: 1,500-year cycle in the Arctic Oscillation identified in Holocene Arctic sea-ice drift, Nat. Geosci., 5, 897–900, 2012.
Davidson, E. A., Verchot, L. V., Cattanio, J. H., Ackerman, I. L., and Carvalho, J.: Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia, Biogeochemistry, 48, 53–69, 2000.
Delmas, R. J.: A natural artefact in Greenland ice-core CO2 measurements, Tellus B, 45, 391–396, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v45i4.15737, 1993.
Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L., Langenfelds, R., Francey, R., Barnola, J. M., and Morgan, V.: Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4115–4128, 1996.
Finkel, R. C. and Nishiizumi, K.: Beryllium 10 concentrations in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core from 3–40 ka, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26699–26706, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC01282, 1997.
Flückiger, J., Monnin, E., Stauffer, B., Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., Chappellaz, J., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J. M.: High resolution Holocene N2O ice core record and its relationship with CH4 and CO2, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 10-1–10-8, 2002.
Friedlingstein, P., Bopp, L., Rayner, P., Betts, R., Jones, C., von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V., Cadule, P., Doney, S., Eby, M., Weaver, A. J., Fung, I., John, J., Joos, F., Strassmann, K., Kato, T., Kawamiya, M., and Yoshikawa, C.: Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: results from the C4MIP model intercomparison, J. Climate, 19, 3337–3353, 2006.
Goosse, H.: Degrees of climate feedback, Nature, 463, 438–439, https://doi.org/10.1038/463438a, 2010.
Hamilton, G. S.: Mass balance and accumulation rate across Siple Dome, West Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 102–106, 2002.
Higgins, J. A., Kurbatov, A. V., Spaulding, N. E., Brook, E., Introne, D. S., Chimiak, L. M., Yan, Y., Mayewski, P. A., and Bender, M. L.: Atmospheric composition 1 million years ago from blue ice in the Allan Hills, Antarctica, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 6887–6891, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420232112, 2015.
Indermühle, A., Stocker, T. F., Joos, F., Fischer, H., Smith, H. J., Wahlen, M., Deck, B., Mastroianni, D., Tschumi, J., Blunier, T., Meyer, R., and Stauffer, B.: Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica, Nature, 398, 121–126, 1999.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324, 2013.
Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gallet, J. C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, A., Selmo, E., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J. L., Werner, M., and Wolff, E. W.: Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years, Science 317, 793–796, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141038, 2007.
Keeling, C. D.: The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, Tellus, 12, 200–203, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v12i2.9366, 1960.
Kubota, K., Yokoyama, Y., Ishikawa, T., Obrochta, S., and Suzuki, A.: Larger CO2 source at the equatorial Pacific during the last deglaciation, Scientific Reports, 4, 5261, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05261, 2014.
Lüthi, D., Le Floch, M., Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.-M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K., and Stocker, T. F.: High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present, Nature, 453, 379–382, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06949, 2008.
Lüthi, D., Bereiter, B., Stauffer, B., Winkler, R., Schwander, J., Kindler, P., Leuenberger, M., Kipfstuhl, S., Capron, E., and Landais, A.: CO2 and
Marchitto, T. M., Muscheler, R., Ortiz, J. D., Carriquiry, J. D., and van Geen, A.: Dynamical response of the tropical Pacific Ocean to solar forcing during the early Holocene, Science, 330, 1378–1381, 2010.
Marcott, S. A., Bauska, T. K., Buizert, C., Steig, E. J., Rosen, J. L., Cuffey, K. M., Fudge, T. J., Severinghaus, J. P., Ahn, J., Kalk, M. L., McConnell, J. R., Sowers, T., Taylor, K. C., White, J. W. C., and Brook, E. J.: Centennial-scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last deglaciation, Nature, 514, 616–619, 2014.
McConnell, J. R.: Investigation of the atmosphere-snow transfer process for hydrogen peroxide, PhD dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson, 1997.
Meehl, G. A., Arblaster, J. M., Matthes, K., Sassi, F., and van Loon, H.: Amplifying the Pacific Climate System response to a small 11-year Solar Cycle forcing, Science, 325, 1114–1118, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172872, 2009.
Mekhaldi, F., Czymzik, M., Adolphi, F., Sjolte, J., Björck, S., Aldahan, A., Brauer, A., Martin-Puertas, C., Possnert, G., and Muscheler, R.: Radionuclide wiggle matching reveals a nonsynchronous early Holocene climate oscillation in Greenland and western Europe around a grand solar minimum, Clim. Past, 16, 1145–1157, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1145-2020, 2020.
Merz, N., Raible, C. C., and Woollings, T.: North Atlantic Eddy-Driven Jet in Interglacial and Glacial Winter Climates, J. Climate, 28, 3977–3997, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00525.1, 2015.
Mielnick, P. C. and Dugas, W. A.: Soil CO2 flux in a tallgrass prairie, Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 221–228, 2000.
Monnin, E., Indermuhle, A., Dallenbach, A., Fluckiger, J., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J.-M.: Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination, Science, 291, 112–114, 2001.
Monnin, E., Steig, E. J., Siegenthaler, U., Kawamura, K., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Morse, D. C., Barnola, J.-M., Bellier, B., Raynaud, D., and Fischer, H.: Evidence for substantial accumulation rate variability in Antarctica during the Holocene through synchronization of CO2 in the Taylor Dome, Dome C and DML ice cores, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 224, 45–54, 2004.
Morse, D., Blankenship, D., Waddington, E., and Neumann, T.: A site for deep ice coring in West Antarctica: Results from aerogeophysical surveys and thermal-kinematic modeling, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 36–44, 2002.
Mortyn, P. G., Charles, C. D., Ninnemann, U. S., Ludwig, K., and Hodell, D. A.: Deep sea sedimentary analogues for the Vostok ice core, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000475, 2003.
Neftel, A., Oeschger, H., Staffelbach, T., and Stauffer, B.: CO2 record in the Byrd ice core 50,000–5,000 years bp, Nature, 331, 609–611, https://doi.org/10.1038/331609a0, 1988.
Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Shin, J., Schmitt, J., Bereiter, B., Joos, F., Schilt, A., Schmidely, L., Silva, L., Teste, G., Grilli, R., Chappellaz, J., Hodell, D., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: Abrupt CO2 release to the atmosphere under both glacial and early interglacial conditions, Science, 369, 1000–1005, 2020.
Nielsen, S. H. H., Koc, N., and Crosta, X.: Holocene climate in the Atlantic sector of the southern ocean: Controlled by insolation or oceanic circulation?, Geology, 32, 317–320, 2004.
North Greenland Ice Core Project members: High-resolution record of northern hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period, Nature, 431, 147–151, 2004.
Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chapellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V. M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V. Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzmann, E., and Stievenard, M.: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, 399, 429–436, https://doi.org/10.1038/20859, 1999.
Rasmussen, S. O., Andersen, K. K., Svensson, A. M., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Johnsen, S. J., Larsen, L. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Bigler, M., Rothlisberger, R., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M. E., and Ruth, U.: A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006079, 2006.
Rasmussen, S. O., Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., and Andersen, K. K.: Early Holocene climate oscillations recorded in three Greenland ice cores, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1907–1914, 2007.
Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G, Bard, E., Beck, J. W., Buck, C. E., Blackwell, P. G., Burr, G. S., Cutler, K. B., Damon, P. E., Edwards, R. L., Fairbanks, R. G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T. P., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Ramsey, C. B., Reimer, R. W., Remmele, S., Southon, J. R., Stuvier, M., Taylor, F. W., van der Plicht, J., and Weyhenmeyer, C. E.: IntCal04: A New Consensus Radiocarbon Calibration Dataset from 0–26 ka BP, Radiocarbon, 46, 1029–1058, 2004.
Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C. E., Burr, G. S., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T. J., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., McCormac, F. G., Manning, S. W., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Southon, J. R., Talamo, S., Turney, C. S. M., van der Plicht, J., and Weyhenmeyer, C. E.: IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP, Radiocarbon, 51, 1111–1150, 2009.
Rosen, J. L., Brook, E. J., Severinghaus, J. P., Blunier, T., Mitchell, L. E., Lee, J. E., Edwards, J. S., and Gkinis, V.: An ice core record of near-synchronous global climate changes at the Bølling transition, Nat. Geosci., 7, 459–463, 2014.
Rubino, M., Etheridge, D. M., Trudinger, C. M., Allison, C. E., Battle, M. O., Langenfelds, R. L., Steele, L. P., Curran, M., Bender, M., White, J. W. C., Jenk, T. M., Blunier, T., and Francey, R. J.: A revised 1000 year atmospheric δ13C-CO2 record from Law Dome and South Pole, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 8382–8499, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50668, 2013.
Rubino, M., Etheridge, D. M., Thornton, D. P., Howden, R., Allison, C. E., Francey, R. J., Langenfelds, R. L., Steele, L. P., Trudinger, C. M., Spencer, D. A., Curran, M. A. J., van Ommen, T. D., and Smith, A. M.: Revised records of atmospheric trace gases CO2, CH4, N2O, and δ13C-CO2 over the last 2000 years from Law Dome, Antarctica, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 473–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-473-2019, 2019.
Ruddiman, W. F.: The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago, Climatic Change, 61, 261–293, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004577.17928.fa, 2003.
Ruddiman, W. F.: The early anthropogenic hypothesis: challenges and responses, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG4001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006RG000207, 2007.
Schwander, J., Jouzel, J., Hammer, C. U., Petit, J.-R., Udisti, R., and Wolff, E.: A tentative chronology for the EPICA Dome Concordia ice core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4243–4246, 2001.
Severinghaus, J. P., Grachev, A., and Battle, M.: Thermal fractionation of air in polar firn by seasonal temperature gradients, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 2, 1048–1024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000146, 2001.
Severinghaus, J. P., Beaudette, R., Headly, M. A., Taylor, K., and Brook, E. J.: Oxygen-18 of O2 records the impact of abrupt climate change on the terrestrial biosphere, Science, 324, 1431–1434, 2009.
Shackleton, S., Bereiter, B., Baggenstos, D., Bauska, T. K., Brook, E. J., Marcott, S. A., and Severinghaus, J. P.: Is the Noble Gas-Based Rate of Ocean Warming During the Younger Dryas Overestimated?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 5928–5936, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082971, 2019.
Siegenthaler, U., Monnin, E., Kawamura, K., Spahni, R., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Barnola, J.-M., and Fischer, H.: Supporting evidence from the EPICA Dronning Maud Land ice core for atmospheric CO2 changes during the past millennium, Tellus B, 57, 51–57, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v57i1.16774, 2005.
Sigman, D. M. and Boyle, E. A.: Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide, Nature, 407, 859–869, https://doi.org/10.1038/35038000, 2000.
Smith, H. J., Wahlen, M., Mastroianni, D., and Taylor, C. K.: The CO2 concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum-Holocene transition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL03700, 1997a.
Smith, H. J., Wahlen, M., Mastroianni, D., Taylor, K., and Mayewski, P.: The CO2 concentration of air trapped in Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice formed during periods of rapid climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26577–26582, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00163, 1997b.
Spahni, R., Schwander, J., Fluckinger, J., Stauffer, B., Chapellaz, J., and Raynaud, D.: The attenuation of fast atmospheric CH4 variations recorded in polar ice cores, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1571, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017093, 2003.
Stephens, B. B. and Keeling, R. F.: The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial–interglacial CO2 variations, Nature, 404, 171–174, https://doi.org/10.1038/35004556, 2000.
Tabacco, I. E., Passerini, A., Corbelli, F., and Gorman, M.: Determination of the surface and bed topography at Dome C, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 44, 185–191, 1998.
Takahashi, T., Olafsson, J., Goddard, J. G., Chipman, D. W., and Sutherland, S. C.: Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 843–878, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02263, 1993.
Taylor, K. C., White, J. W. C., Severinghaus, J. P., Brook, E. J., Mayewski, P. A., Alley, R. B., Steig, E. J., Spencer, M. K., Meyerson, E., Meese, D. A., Lamorey, G. W., Grachev, A., Gow, A. J., and Barnett, B. A.: Abrupt climate change around 22 ka on the Siple Coast of Antarctica, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 7–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.09.004, 2004.
The EPICA Dome C 2001-02 Science and Drilling Teams: Extending the ice core record beyond half a million years, Eos T. Am. Geophys. Un., 83, 509–517, 2002.
Tschumi, J. and Stauffer, B.: Reconstructing past atmospheric CO2 concentration based on ice-core analyses: open questions due to in situ production of CO2 in the ice, J. Glaciol., 46, 45–53, 2000.
Vonmoos, M., Beer, J., and Muscheler, R.: Large variations in Holocene solar activity: Constraints from 10Be in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 111, A10105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011500, 2006.
Waddington, E. and Morse, D. L.: Spatial variations of local climate at Taylor Dome, Antarctica: Implications for paleoclimate from ice cores, Ann. Glaciol., 20, 219–225, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587014, 1994.
Yang, J.-W., Ahn, J., Brook, E. J., and Ryu, Y.: Atmospheric methane control mechanisms during the early Holocene, Clim. Past, 13, 1227–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1227-2017, 2017.
Short summary
We present a new and highly resolved atmospheric CO2 record from the Siple Dome ice core, Antarctica, over the early Holocene (11.7–7.4 ka). Atmospheric CO2 decreased by ~10 ppm from 10.9 to 7.3 ka, but the decrease was punctuated by local minima at 11.1, 10.1, 9.1, and 8.3 ka. We found millennial CO2 variability of 2–6 ppm, and the millennial CO2 variations correlate with proxies for solar forcing and local climate in the Southern Ocean, North Atlantic, and eastern equatorial Pacific.
We present a new and highly resolved atmospheric CO2 record from the Siple Dome ice core,...
