Articles | Volume 18, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1775-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1775-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Aug 2022
Research article |
| 03 Aug 2022
| 03 Aug 2022
Extreme historical droughts and floods in the Hanjiang River Basin, China, since 1426
Xiaodan Zhang
Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430070, China
Guoyu Ren
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430070, China
Laboratory for Climate Studies, National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
Yuda Yang
Center for Chinese Historical Geographical Studies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
He Bing
School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430070, China
Zhixin Hao
Laboratory for Climate Studies, National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
Panfeng Zhang
Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430070, China
School of Tourism and Geographical Sciences, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Zhixin Hao, Meirun Jiang, Haonan Yang, Danyang Xiong, and Jingyun Zheng
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-111, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-111, 2024
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
At ancient time, social system could successfully responded most extreme climate events, such as droughts. To explore society’s adaptability to extreme climate events, we chosen the 1759 drought as a typical case study, then reconstructed the meteorological distribution of drought spatially and temporally, analyzed the impacts of the drought on society, and summarized the adaptive measures employed at the time.
Zhixin Hao, Haonan Yang, Meirun Jiang, Danyang Xiong, and Jingyun Zheng
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2023-40, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2023-40, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
At ancient time, social systems could successfully responded most extreme climate events, such as droughts. To explore society’s adaptability to extreme climate events, we chosen the 1759 drought as a typical case study. We collected historical records on climate as well as on crop harvests and failures, then reconstructed the meteorological distribution of drought spatially and temporally, analyzed the impacts of the drought on society, and summarized the adaptive measures employed at the time.
Yang Liu, Jingyun Zheng, Zhixin Hao, and Quansheng Ge
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5717–5735, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5717-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5717-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Proxy-based precipitation reconstruction is essential to study the inter-annual to decadal variability and underlying mechanisms beyond the instrumental period that is critical for climate modeling, prediction and attribution. We present a set of standard precipitation index reconstructions for the whole year and wet seasons over the whole of Asia since 1700, with the spatial resolution of 2.5°, based on 2912 annually resolved proxy series mainly derived from tree rings and historical documents.
Zhixin Hao, Maowei Wu, Jingyun Zheng, Jiewei Chen, Xuezhen Zhang, and Shiwei Luo
Clim. Past, 16, 101–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-101-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using reconstructed extreme drought/flood chronologies and grain harvest series derived from historical documents, it is found that the frequency of reporting of extreme droughts in any subregion of eastern China was significantly associated with lower reconstructed harvests during 801–1910. The association was weak during the warm epoch of 920–1300 but strong during the cold epoch of 1310–1880, which indicates that a warm climate might weaken the impact of extreme drought on poor harvests.
Jingyun Zheng, Yingzhuo Yu, Xuezhen Zhang, and Zhixin Hao
Clim. Past, 14, 1135–1145, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods in North China using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive. Then, the link of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO episodes and large volcanic eruptions was discussed. This study helps us understand whether the recent extreme events observed by instruments exceed the natural variability at a regional scale, which may be useful for adaptation to extremes and disasters in the future.
Yulian Liu, Guoyu Ren, Xiubao Sun, and Xiufen Li
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-307, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-307, 2018
Manuscript not accepted for further review
J. Zheng, Z. Hua, Y. Liu, and Z. Hao
Clim. Past, 11, 1553–1561, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1553-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1553-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we reconstruct the annual temperature anomalies in South Central China from 1850 to 2008, using phenodates of plants, snowfall days, and five tree-ring width chronologies. It is found that rapid warming has occurred since the 1990s, with an abrupt change around 1997, leading to unprecedented variability in warming; a cold interval dominated the 1860s, 1890s, and 1950s; warm decades occurred around 1850, 1870, and 1960; and the warmest decades were the 1990s–2000s.
Q. Ge, Z. Hao, J. Zheng, and X. Shao
Clim. Past, 9, 1153–1160, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1153-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1153-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Atmospheric Dynamics | Archive: Historical Records | Timescale: Centennial-Decadal
Technical note: An improved methodology for calculating the Southern Annular Mode index to aid consistency between climate studies
Could old tide gauges help estimate past atmospheric variability?
Reassessing long-standing meteorological records: an example using the national hottest day in Ireland
Influence of warming and atmospheric circulation changes on multidecadal European flood variability
Assimilating monthly precipitation data in a paleoclimate data assimilation framework
Historical droughts in the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) of China
Impact of different estimations of the background-error covariance matrix on climate reconstructions based on data assimilation
Causes of increased flood frequency in central Europe in the 19th century
A 305-year continuous monthly rainfall series for the island of Ireland (1711–2016)
Changes in the strength and width of the Hadley Circulation since 1871
Ecosystem effects of CO2 concentration: evidence from past climates
Laura Velasquez-Jimenez and Nerilie J. Abram
Clim. Past, 20, 1125–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1125-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1125-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) influences climate in the Southern Hemisphere. We investigate the effects of calculation method and data used to calculate the SAM index and how it influences the relationship between the SAM and climate. We propose a method to calculate a natural SAM index that facilitates consistency between studies, including when using different data resolutions, avoiding distortion of SAM impacts and allowing for more reliable results of past and future SAM trends.
Paul Platzer, Pierre Tandeo, Pierre Ailliot, and Bertrand Chapron
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2997, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2997, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Old observations are necessary to understand the atmosphere. When direct observations are not available, one can use indirect observations such as tide gauges, which measure the sea-level in portal cities. The sea level rises when local air pressure decreases, and when wind pushes water towards the coast. Several centuries-long tide gauge records are available. We show that these can be complementary to direct pressure observations for studying storms and anticyclones in the 19th century.
Katherine Dooley, Ciaran Kelly, Natascha Seifert, Therese Myslinski, Sophie O'Kelly, Rushna Siraj, Ciara Crosby, Jack Kevin Dunne, Kate McCauley, James Donoghue, Eoin Gaddren, Daniel Conway, Jordan Cooney, Niamh McCarthy, Eoin Cullen, Simon Noone, Conor Murphy, and Peter Thorne
Clim. Past, 19, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The highest currently recognised air temperature (33.3 °C) ever recorded in the Republic of Ireland was logged at Kilkenny Castle in 1887. This paper reassesses the plausibility of the record using various methods such as inter-station reassessment and 20CRv3 reanalysis. As a result, Boora 1976 at 32.5 °C is presented as a more reliable high-temperature record for the Republic of Ireland. The final decision however rests with the national meteorological service, Met Éireann.
Stefan Brönnimann, Peter Stucki, Jörg Franke, Veronika Valler, Yuri Brugnara, Ralf Hand, Laura C. Slivinski, Gilbert P. Compo, Prashant D. Sardeshmukh, Michel Lang, and Bettina Schaefli
Clim. Past, 18, 919–933, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-919-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-919-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Floods in Europe vary on time scales of several decades. Flood-rich and flood-poor periods alternate. Recently floods have again become more frequent. Long time series of peak stream flow, precipitation, and atmospheric variables reveal that until around 1980, these changes were mostly due to changes in atmospheric circulation. However, in recent decades the role of increasing atmospheric moisture due to climate warming has become more important and is now the main driver of flood changes.
Veronika Valler, Yuri Brugnara, Jörg Franke, and Stefan Brönnimann
Clim. Past, 16, 1309–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1309-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1309-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Data assimilation is becoming more and more important for past climate reconstructions. The assimilation of monthly resolved precipitation information has not been explored much so far. In this study we analyze the impact of assimilating monthly precipitation amounts and the number of wet days within an existing paleoclimate data assimilation framework. We find increased skill in the reconstruction, suggesting that monthly precipitation can constitute valuable input for future reconstructions.
Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin, Pao K. Wang, Pi-Ling Pai, Yu-Shiuan Lin, and Chih-Wei Wang
Clim. Past, 16, 911–931, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-911-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-911-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study reconstructs drought chronologies of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) based on Chinese documentary records from the REACHES database. In addition to drought records, ecological and societal records are also retrieved. Tests are performed to cross-check data and time series. Six severe drought periods are identified, and spatial patterns are revealed through multivariable analysis. Drought consequence networks are built highlighting human intervention affecting famine and social turmoil.
Veronika Valler, Jörg Franke, and Stefan Brönnimann
Clim. Past, 15, 1427–1441, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1427-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1427-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, the data assimilation approach was adapted to the field of paleoclimatology to reconstruct past climate fields by combining model simulations and observations.
To improve the performance of our paleodata assimilation system, we tested various techniques that are well established in weather forecasting and evaluated their impact on assimilating instrumental data and proxy records (tree rings).
Stefan Brönnimann, Luca Frigerio, Mikhaël Schwander, Marco Rohrer, Peter Stucki, and Jörg Franke
Clim. Past, 15, 1395–1409, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1395-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1395-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
During the 19th century flood frequency was high in central Europe, but it was low in the mid-20th century. This paper tracks these decadal changes in flood frequency for the case of Switzerland from peak discharge data back to precipitation data and daily weather reconstructions. We find an increased frequency in flood-prone weather types during large parts of the 19th century and decreased frequency in the mid-20th century. Sea-surface temperature anomalies can only explain a small part of it.
Conor Murphy, Ciaran Broderick, Timothy P. Burt, Mary Curley, Catriona Duffy, Julia Hall, Shaun Harrigan, Tom K. R. Matthews, Neil Macdonald, Gerard McCarthy, Mark P. McCarthy, Donal Mullan, Simon Noone, Timothy J. Osborn, Ciara Ryan, John Sweeney, Peter W. Thorne, Seamus Walsh, and Robert L. Wilby
Clim. Past, 14, 413–440, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-413-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-413-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This work reconstructs a continuous 305-year rainfall record for Ireland. The series reveals remarkable variability in decadal rainfall – far in excess of the typical period of digitised data. Notably, the series sheds light on exceptionally wet winters in the 1730s and wet summers in the 1750s. The derived record, one of the longest continuous series in Europe, offers a firm basis for benchmarking other long-term records and reconstructions of past climate both locally and across Europe.
J. Liu, M. Song, Y. Hu, and X. Ren
Clim. Past, 8, 1169–1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1169-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1169-2012, 2012
I. C. Prentice and S. P. Harrison
Clim. Past, 5, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-297-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-297-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Aiken, E. K. and Rauscher, S. A.: Evaluation of the climate extremes index over the United States using 20th and mid-21st century North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program data, Int. J. Climatol., 40, 1542–1560, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6286, 2019.
Ankang City Local History Compilation Committee: Ankang Regional Journal, Shaanxi People's Press, Shaanxi, China, 7224070122, 2004 (in Chinese).
Central Meteorological Bureau: The Atlas of Drought and Flood Distribution in China in the Last 500 Years, Map publisher, Beijing, China, 120141086, 1981 (in Chinese).
Chen, H., Guo, S., Guo, H., Xu, G., and Xu, D.: Analysis of spatial and temporal trends of precipitation and temperature in the Hanjiang River basin from 1951 to 2003, Resour. Environ. Yangtze Basin, 3, 340–345, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-8227.2006.03.014, 2006 (in Chinese).
Chen, H., Guo, S., Xu, C., and Singh, V.: Historical temporal trends of hydro-climatic variables and runoff response to climate variability and their relevance in water resource management in the Hanjiang basin, J. Hydrol., 344, 171–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.034, 2007.
Chen, J.: Viewing historical climate information processing from historical data on droughts and floods in the Taihu Lake Basin, Acta Geogr. Sin., 3, 231–242, https://doi.org/10.11821/xb198703005, 1987 (in Chinese).
Chen, Y.: A Review of the quantitative classification of flood and drought disaster data in historical period: Taking the Atlas of drought and dlood distribution in China in the last 500 years as an example, Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 28, 107–115, https://doi.org/10.13806/j.cnki.issn1008-7095.2020.01.014, 2020 (in Chinese).
Chen, Y., Yin, Y. X., Chen, X. W., and Xu, W. C.: Change and future pattern of provincial flood affected areas in China: possible relationship with climate change, Disaster Adv., 5, 321–326, 2012.
Cook, E. R., Seager, R., Heim, R. R., Vose, R. S., Herweijer, C., and Woodhouse, C.: Megadroughts in North America: Placing IPCC projections of hydroclimatic change in a long-term palaeoclimate context, J. Quaternary Sci., 25, 48–61, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1303, 2010.
Dai, A.: Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 52–58, https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1633, 2013.
Deng, Y.: The History of Chinese Salvation, The Commercial Press, Beijing, China, 9787100084468, 2011 (in Chinese).
Department of Geography, Shaanxi Normal University: Geography of the Ankang Region, Beijing, People's Education Press, 12094.44, 1986 (in Chinese).
Ding, L. and Zheng, J.: Reconstruction and characteristic analysis of seasonal drought and flood grade series in hanjiang river Basin from 1735 to 1911, Geogr. Res., 3, 721–734, 2020 (in Chinese).
Ding, Y., Ren, G., Shi, G., Gong, P., Zheng, X., Zhai,
P., Zhang, D., Zhao, Z., Wang, S., Wang, H., Luo, Y., Chen, D., Gao,
X., and Dai, X.: China's National Assessment Report on Climate
Change (I): climate change in China and the future trend, Climate Change Research, 3, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(76)90008-3, 2007.
Ding, Y., Liu, Y., and Song, Y.: The East Asian summer monsoon water vapor conveyor belt and its impact on China's heavy rainstorms and waterlogging disasters, Adv. Water Sci., 5, 629–643, https://doi.org/10.14042/j.cnki.32.1309.2020.05.001, 2020 (in Chinese).
Dong, A., Li, Y., and Zhang, Y.: The Causes of the Drought in Eight Provinces and Cities in North China in 1942, Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2, 205–210, https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2014.01.004, 2014 (in Chinese).
Fang, X., Su, Y., Yi, J., Wei, Z., and Zheng, J.: Exploring the method of reconstructing socio-economic hierarchical series in historical climate change impact studies, Quat. Sci., 34, 1204–1214, http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DSJJ201406009.htm (last access: 2 August 2022), 2014 (in Chinese).
Fenby, C. and Gergis, J.: Rainfall variations in south-eastern Australia part 1: consolidating evidence from pre-instrumental documentary sources, Int. J. Climatol., 33, 2956–2972, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3640, 2013.
Gao, T., Wang, H. J., and Zhou, T: Changes of extreme precipitation and nonlinear influence of climate variables over monsoon region in China, Atmos. Res., 197, 379–389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.07.017, 2017.
Ge, Q.: Compilation of the Memorials to the Throne in Qing Dynasty: Agriculture ⋅ Environment, Commercial Press, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787100036627, 2005 (in Chinese).
Ge, Q.: Climate Change in China through the Dynasties, Science Press, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787030297532 , 2011 (in Chinese).
Ge, Q. and Zhang, P.: Evaluation of Climate Information in Historical Documents, Acta Geogr. Sin., 1, 22–30, CNKI:SUN:DLXB.0.1990-01-002, 1990 (in Chinese).
Gergis, J. L. and Fowler, A. M.: A history of ENSO events since AD 1525: implications for future climate change, Climatic Change, 92, 343–387, 2009a.
Gergis, J. and Fowler, A. M.: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Gergis and Fowler 2009 Multiproxy ENSO Event Reconstructions, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/ebpz-a913, 2009b.
Goswami, B. N., Venugopal, V., and Sengupta, D.: Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment, Science, 314, 1442–1445, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132027, 2006.
Gu, W., Shao, D., and Jiang, Y.: Risk Evaluation of Water Shortage in Source Area of Middle Route Project for South-to-North Water Transfer in China, Int. Ser. Prog. Waters, 26, 3479–3493, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0086-1, 2012.
Guo, S., Tian, J., Yang, G., Duan, W., and Deng, L.: Hydrological simulation and forecasting in the Hanjiang River basin and optimal scheduling and allocation of reservoir water resources, China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Publishing House, Beijing, China,ISBN 9787517089575, 2020 (in Chinese).
Hao, Z., Zheng, J., and Ge, Q.: Precipitation cycles in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River (1736–2000), J. Geogr. Sci., 18, 17–25, 2008.
Hao, Z., Ge, Q., and Zheng, J.: Changes in extreme drought and flood events in eastern China in the past 2000 years, Climatic and Environmental Research, 4, 388–394, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2010.04.06, 2010 (in Chinese).
Hsu, H. H., Zhou, T., and Matsumoto, J.: East Asian, Indochina and Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon – An update, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 45–68, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-014-0027-4, 2014.
Huang, C., Pang, J., Zha, X., Zhou, Y., Yin, S., Su, H., Zhou, L., and Yang, J.: Extraordinary hydro-climatic events during the period AD 200–300 recorded by slackwater deposits in the upper Hanjiang River valley, China, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 374, 274–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.02.001, 2013.
Huang, R., Xu, Y., and Zhou, L.: The interdecadal variation of summer precipitation in China and the trend of aridification in North China, Plateau Meteorology, 4, 465–476, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.1999.04.001, 1999 (in Chinese).
Institute of Geography of Chinese Academy of Sciences:
Geographical Survey Report on Hanjiang River Basin, Science
Publishing House, Beijing, China, 12031.6, 1957 (in Chinese).
IPCC: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters
to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, A Special Report of Working
Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
edited by: Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken,
D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G.-K.,
Allen, S. K., Tignor, M., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 582 pp., ISBN 9781107025066, 2012.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 1535 pp., ISBN 9781107057999, 2014.
IPCC: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E. S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., and Rama, B., Cambridge University Press, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/about/how-to-cite-this-report (last access: 27 February 2022), In Press, 2022.
Krysanova, V., Buiteveld, H., Haase, D., Hattermann, F., van Niekerk, K., Roest, K., Martinez-Santos, P., and Schluter, M.: Practices and Lessons Learned in Coping with Climatic Hazards at the River-Basin Scale: Floods and Droughts, Ecol. Soc., 13, 32–58, https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02345-130232, 2008.
Li, W.: The Disaster Annals in Modern China, Hunan Education Press, Hunan, China, ISBN 7535510833, 1990 (in Chinese).
Li, W.: The Continuation of Disaster Annals in Modern China (1919–1949), Hunan Education Press, Hunan, China, ISBN 9787535516756, 1993 (in Chinese).
Li, W.: Ten Famines in Modern China, People's Publishing House, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787010217208, 2019 (in Chinese).
Li, W. and Zhou, Y.: Disaster and famine: 1840–1919, People's Publishing House, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787010216973, 2020 (in Chinese).
Liang, E., Shao, X., Kong, Z., and Lin, J.: The extreme drought in the 1920s and its effect on tree growth deduced from tree ring analysis: a case study in North China, Ann. Forest Sci., 60, 145–152, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2003007, 2003.
Liu, D., Guo, S., Shao, Q., Liu, P., Xiong, L., Wang, L., Hong, X., Xu, Y., and Wang, Z.: Assessing the effects of adaptation measures on optimal water resources allocation under varied water availability conditions, J. Hydrol., 556, 759–774, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.12.002, 2018.
Liu, J., Zhang, P., Meng, C., Zhang, D., and Yang, X.: Characteristics of Precipitation Changes at the Edge of Monsoon Region in the Past 500 Year, Scientia Geographica Sinica, 4, 401–407, https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2011.04.014, 2011 (in Chinese).
Liu, Y., Sun, J., Song, H., Cai, Q., Bao, G., and Li, X.: Tree-ring hydrologic reconstructions for the Heihe River watershed, western China since AD 1430, Water Res., 44, 2781–2792, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.013, 2010.
Lu, F., Ma, C., Zhu, C., Lu, H., Zhang, X., Huang, K., Guo, T., Li, K., Li, L., Li, B., and Zhang, W.: Variability of East Asian summer monsoon precipitation during the Holocene and possible forcing mechanisms, Clim. Dynam., 52, 1–2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4175-6, 2019.
Lu, R.: Separation of Interdecadal and Interannual Scales in Rainfall Changes in North China during the Rainy Season, Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 5, 611–624, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2002.05.03, 2002 (in Chinese).
Luo, C.: Great Flood of Chinese History, Chinese Bookstore, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787806633847, 2006 (in Chinese).
Lu, X.: Regional historical geography research: objects and methods, A case study of the Hanjiang River Basin (revised version), Social Science Literature Press, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787520126786, 2019 (in Chinese).
Machado, M. J., Benito, G., Barriendos, M., and Rodrigo, F. S.: 500 Years of rainfall variability and extreme hydrological events in southeastern Spain drylands, J. Arid Environ., 75, 1244–1253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.02.002, 2011.
Mao, P., Pang, J., Huang, C., Zha, X., Zhou, Y., Guo, Y., and Zhou, L.: A multi-index analysis of the extraordinary paleoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits in the Yunxi Reach of the upper Hanjiang River, China, Catena, 145, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.05.016, 2016.
Mei, R., Song, H., Liu, Y., Payomrat, P., Cai, Q., Sun, C., and Fang, C.: Tree-ring width-based precipitation reconstruction in Zhaogaoguan, China since 1805 AD, Quatern. Int., 510, 44–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.12.015, 2019.
Miao, Q., Ding, Y., and Wang, Y.: The impact of climate warming on the northern boundary of China's subtropical zone, Geogr. Res., 3, 634–642, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2009.03.008, 2009 (in Chinese).
Mikami, T.: Climatic variations in Japan reconstructed from historical documents, Weather, 63, 190–103, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.281, 2008.
Niu, T., Chen, L., and Zhou, Z.: The characteristics of climate change over the Tibetan Plateau in the last 40 years and the detection of climatic jumps, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 21, 193–203, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02915705, 2004.
Peng, W., Yin, S., Zhu, Y., Bao, X., and Ren, L.: Study of floods in the upper Hanjiang River since the historical period, Bull. Soil Water Conserv., 33, 289–294, https://doi.org/10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2013.04.011, 2013 (in Chinese).
Qin, D., Ding, Y., Zhai, P., Song, L., and Jiang, K.: Climate and Ecological Evolution in China: 2021, Science Publishing House, Beijing, ISBN 9787030697820, 2021 (in Chinese).
Qin, J., Shi, A., Ren, G., Chen, Z., Yang, Y., Zou, X., and Zhang, P.: Severe Historical Droughts Carved on Rock in the Yangtze, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, 905–916, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0126.1, 2020.
Qu, Y., Lv, J., Zhang, W., Su, Z., and Li, Z.: Advances in the study of historical extreme droughts in China, Adv. Water Sci., 29, 283–292, https://doi.org/10.14042/j.cnki.32.1309.2018.02.016, 2018 (in Chinese).
Ren, G., Feng, G., and Yan, Z.: Retrospect and prospect of observational research on extreme climate change in China, Climatic and Environmental Research, 4, 337–353, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2010.04.01, 2010 (in Chinese).
Ren, G., Liu, H., Chu, Z., Zhang, L., Li, X., Li, W., Chen, Y., Gao, G., and Zhang, Y.: Climate change over eastern China and implications for South-North Water Diversion Project, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 600–617, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1321.1, 2011.
Ren, G., Ren, Y., Zhan, Y., Sun, X., Liu, Y., Chen, Y.,
and Wang, T.: Temporal and Spatial Variation of Precipitation in
Mainland China II. Modern Trends, Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources, 4, 451–465, https://doi.org/10.14042/j.cnki.32.1309.2015.04.001, 2015a (in Chinese).
Ren, G., Wang, T., Guo, J., Hao, Z., and Zhan, Y.: Several characteristics of precipitation changes in the Haihe River Basin in modern times, Adv. Sci. Tech. Water Resources, 35, 103–111, https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SLSD201505016.htm (last access: 2 August 2022), 2015b (in Chinese).
Shaanxi Province local history codification committee: Shaanxi Provincial Fangzhi – Geography Volume, Shaanxi People's Publishing House, Xi'an, China, ISBN 7224051152, 2000 (in Chinese).
Shi, F., Li, J., and Wilson R.: A tree-ring reconstruction of the South Asian summer monsoon index over the past millennium, Sci. Rep., 4, 6739, PMID 25338702, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06739, 2014a.
Shi, F., Li, J., and Wilson, R. J. S.: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - South Asian Summer Monsoon Index 1000 Year Reconstruction, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/7w9j-b030, 2014b.
Shi, H., Wang, B., Cook, E. R., Liu, J., and Liu, F.: Asian summer precipitation over the past 544 years reconstructed by merging tree rings and historical documentary records, J. Climate, 31, 7845–7861, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0003.1, 2018.
Shi, H., Wang, B., Liu, J., and Liu, F.: Decadal-multidecadal variations of Asian summer rainfall from the Little Ice Age to the present, J. Climate, 32, 7663–7674, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0743.1, 2019.
Shi, Y., Jiang, T., Su, B., Chen, J., and Qin, N.: A preliminary study on the relationship between the evolution of the Yangtze River floods and climate change since 1840, Journal of Lake Sciences, 4, 289–297, https://doi.org/10.18307/2004.0401, 2004 (in Chinese).
Shi, Z., Zhou, P., Li, X., Cheng, H., Sha, Y., Xie, X., Liu, H., Wu, J., and Liu, X.: Distinct Holocene precipitation trends over arid Central Asia and linkages to westerlies and Asian monsoon, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 266, 107055, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107055, 2021.
Su, L.: The Causes of Hanjiang Flood and Its Appearance Law, Yangze River, 4, 82–87, https://doi.org/10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.1981.04.013, 1981 (in Chinese).
Sun, L. and Chen X.: Chronological characteristics and forming conditions of flood in the south and drought in the north, Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 6, 641–647, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2003.06.001, 2003 (in Chinese).
Tan, L., Cai, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, L. R., Gao, Y., Xu, H., Zhang, H., An, Z., and Gao, Y.: Centennial- to decadal-scale monsoon precipitation variations in the upper Hanjiang River region, China over the past 6650 years, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 482, 580–590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.11.044, 2018.
Tan, X.: Research on the Catastrophic Drought in China in the Past 500 Years, Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 2, 77–83, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-2132.2003.02.011, 2003 (in Chinese).
Tao, S., Zhang, Q., and Zhang, S.: Climatic background and large-scale circulation conditions of the 1998 Yangtze River basin floods, Climatic and Environmental Research, 4, 290–299, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.1998.04.01, 1998 (in Chinese).
Vicente-Serrano, S., Saz-Sanchez, M., and Cuadrat, J.: Comparative analysis of interpolation methods in the middle Ebro Valley (Spain): application to annual precipitation and temperature, Clim. Res., 24, 161–180, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr024161, 2003.
Wan, H., Song, H., Zhu, C., Zhang, B., and Zhang, M.: Spatiotemporal evolution of drought and flood disaster chains in Baoji area from 1368 to 1911, J. Geogr. Sci., 28, 337–350, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1476-y, 2018.
Wang, H. and Fan, K.: Main features of the East Asian monsoon changes in recent decades, Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2, 313–318, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.12301, 2013 (in Chinese).
Wang, J. and Guo, S.: South-to-North Water Transfer Project Water Source Area: Research and Application of Key Technologies for Hydrological and Water Resources Analysis of Hanjiang River, China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Publishing House, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787508482729, 2010 (in Chinese).
Wang, L., Yang, Z., Gu, X., and Li, J.: Linkages Between Tropical Cyclones and Extreme Precipitation over China and the Role of ENSO, Int. J. Disast. Risk Sc., 11, 538–553, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00285-8, 2020.
Wang, L., Zhang, J., Elmahdi, A., Shu, Z., Wu, Y., and Wang, G.: Evolution characteristics and relationship of meteorological and hydrological droughts from 1961 to 2018 in Hanjiang River Basin, China, J. Water Clim. Change, 13, 224–246, https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.267, 2021.
Wang, S. and Zhao, Z.: Analysis of the historical data of droughts and floods in China in the last 500 years, J. Geogr. Sci., 4, 329–341, https://doi.org/10.11821/xb197904005, 1979 (in Chinese).
Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources: Floods and Droughts in the Yangtze River Basin, China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787508405582, 2002 (in Chinese).
Wen, K.: The China Meteorological Disaster Dictionary-Henan Volume, Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787502940133, 2005a (in Chinese).
Wen, K.: The China Meteorological Disaster Dictionary-Shaanxi Volume, Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, ISBN 7502939407, 2005b (in Chinese).
Wen, K.: The China Meteorological Disaster Dictionary-Hubei Volume, Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787502943158, 2007 (in Chinese).
Wu, T. and Zhao, S.: Zaixu Xingshuijinjain-Yangtze River, Hubei People's Press, Hubei, China, Volume 1–2, ISBN 9787216039659, 2004 (in Chinese).
Xie, H., Zhang, S., Hou, S., and Zheng, X.: A comparative study of spatial interpolation methods of precipitation in a small sample area, Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 25, 117–121, https://doi.org/10.13869/j.cnki.rswc.2018.03.017, 2018 (in Chinese).
Xu, H.: Application of improved TOPSIS model in agricultural drought vulnerability zoning in Shaanxi Province, Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 34, 251–258, https://doi.org/10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2016.04.38, 2016 (in Chinese).
Yan, B., Guo, S., and Xiao, Y.: Study on the encounter between precipitation abundance and depletion in the water source and receiving areas of the South-North Water Transfer Central Line, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10, 1178–1185, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0559-9350.2007.10.005, 2007 (in Chinese).
Yang, B., Braeuning, A., Johnson, K. R., and Shi, Y.: General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 38-1–38-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014485, 2002.
Yang, G. and Guo, S.: The historical documents on flood and waterlogging of southwest international rivers in the Yangtze River basin in Qing Dynasty, Zhonghua Book Company, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787101006681, 1991 (in Chinese).
Yang, S. and Li, Q.: Methodology for homogeneity analysis of precipitation series in China and improvement of dataset update, Climate Change Research, 4, 276–281, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1719.2014.04.008, 2014 (in Chinese).
Yang, Y. and Han, J.: A study of screening methods for extreme climatic events in historical periods – an example of extreme drought sequences in the northwest millennium, Historical Geography, 30, 10–29, http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-LSDL201402002.htm (last access: 23 July 2022), 2014 (in Chinese).
Yang, Y. and Zheng, W.: Spatial and temporal distribution and weather and climate characteristics of the 1849 floods in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Journal of Palaeogeography (Chinese Edition), 6, 657–664, https://doi.org/10.7605/gdlxb.2008.06.010, 2008 (in Chinese).
Yao, L.: The 19th century was a period of extreme rainstorms and floods in China, Journal of Catastrophology, 3, 25–30, http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZHXU199103004.htm (last access: 23 July 2022), 1991 (in Chinese).
Ye, Y. and Zhao, W.: Changes of drought and flood in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in recent 100 years, J. Trop. Meteorol., 11, 181–186, http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-RDQX502.010.htm (last access: 23 July 2022), 1995 (in Chinese).
Yin, S.: Research on extreme climate and hydrological events and their social impacts in the Upper Hanjiang River since historical periods, Science Press, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787030443267, 2015 (in Chinese).
Yin, S. and Huang, C.: Precipitation changes and the occurrence pattern of heavy rainfall and floods in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River over the past 50 years, Bull. Soil Water Conserv., 32, 19–25, https://doi.org/10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2012.01.006, 2012 (in Chinese).
Yin, S., Wang, H., Wang, D., and Huang, C.: Historical flood disasters and climate change in the upper Hanjiang River, southern Shaanxi, Arid Zone Res., 27, 522–528, https://doi.org/10.13866/j.azr.2010.04.011, 2010 (in Chinese).
Yin, S., Meng, C., and Huang, C.: A comparative study of historical great floods in the upper Hanjiang River and the Jin-Shaan Valley of the Yellow River, J. Arid Land Resour. Environ., 27, 96–101, https://doi.org/10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2013.07.032, 2013 (in Chinese).
Yu, J., Xia, J., She, D., Zhou, L., and Li, T.: The analysis of encounter probability of drought between the water source area and the Hai River water receiving area in the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China, South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science & Technology, 16, 63–68, https://doi.org/10.13476/j.cnki.nsbdqk.20180010, 2018 (in Chinese).
Zhang, D.: A compendium of Chinese meteorological records of the last 3000 years, Jiangsu Education Press, Nanjing, China, ISBN 7806434682, 2004 (in Chinese).
Zhang, P. and Gong, G.: Several characteristics of climate change in China since the 16th century, Acta Geogr. Sin., 3, 238–247, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.1979.03.005, 1979 (in Chinese).
Zhang, P., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Chen, F., Wang, Y., Yang, X., Liu, J., Tan, M., Wang, X., Liu, J., An, C., Dai, Z., Zhou, J., Zhang, D., Jia, J., Jin, L., and Johnson, K. P.: A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an 1810-Year Chinese Cave Record, Science, 322, 940–942, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163965, 2008.
Zhang, P., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Chen, F.-H., Wang, Y., Yang, X., Liu, J., Tan, M., and Wang, X.: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Zhang et al. 2008 Wanxiang Cave, China Stalagmite d18O Data, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/y7c4-7062, 2018.
Zhang, Q., Jiang, T., Liu, C., and Cheng, J.: Climate change and flood disasters in Haian area in the past 1000 years, J. Nat. Disaster, 3, 127–132, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-4574.2004.03.023, 2004 (in Chinese).
Zhang, R., Wu, B., Zhao, P., and Han, J.: Interdecadal transition of summer climate in eastern China in the late 1980s and its possible causes, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 5, 697–706, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0577-6619.2008.05.004, 2008 (in Chinese).
Zhang, Y. and Yin, S.: Study on flood and drought disasters and urban relocation and reconstruction in Ankang area during the historical period, Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 32, 19–25, https://doi.org/10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2012.01.006, 2012 (in Chinese).
Zhang, Y., Gou, X., Hu, W., Peng, J., and Liu, P.: Drought events in the Helan Mountains recorded by tree rings in the past 100 years, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 8, 2121–2126, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2005.08.042, 2005 (in Chinese).
Zhao, Z. and Wang, S.: The periodicity of drought and flood evolution in China in the past century, Meteorological Monthly, 1, 19–22, https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-QXXX197901006.htm (last access: 23 July 2022), 1979 (in Chinese).
Zheng, H. and Liu, C.: Analysis of precipitation abundance encounter in different hydrological zones of South-North Water Transfer East and Central Lines, J. Geogr. Sci., 5, 523–532, https://doi.org/10.11821/xb200005002, 2000 (in Chinese).
Zheng, J., Zhang, P., and Zhou, Y.: Experiment on Establishing Drought and Flood Index Sequence in Historical Period by Using the Times of Drought and Flood Counties, Geogr. Res., 3, 1–9, http://www.dlyj.ac.cn/CN/10.11821/yj1993030001 (last access: 23 July 2022), 1993 (in Chinese).
Zheng, J., Ge, Q., Hao, Z., Liu, H., Man, Z., Hou, Y., and Fang, X.: Meteorological records in historical documents and quantitative reconstruction methods of climate change, Quat. Sci., 6, 1186–1196, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2014.06.07, 2014 (in Chinese).
Zheng, J., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., and Hao, Z.: Assessment of the characteristics of multi-scale changes in dryness and wetness in different regions of China in the past millennium, Acta Geogr. Sin., 7, 1432–1450, https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202007008, 2020 (in Chinese).
Zhou, L., Huang, C., Zhou, Y., Pang, J., Cha, X., Mao, P., and Zhang, Y.: Optical luminescence dating of paleo-flood events in Yunxi Yunxian section of the upper Hanjiang River and its response to climate change, Geogr. Res., 6, 1178–1192, https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201406017, 2014 (in Chinese).
Zhou, L., Huang, C., Zhou, Y., Pang, J., Zha, X., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., and Guo, Y.: Late Pleistocene and Holocene extreme hydrological event records from slackwater flood deposits of the Ankang east reach in the upper Hanjiang River valley, China, Boreas, 45, 673–687, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12181, 2016.
Zhou, Y., Wang, H., and Gao, X.: A preliminary study on the changes of water resources in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River basin in the Past 531, Plateau Meteorology, 4, 744–749, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2006.04.025, 2006 (in Chinese).
Zhu, K.: Southeast monsoon and rainfall in China, Acta Geogr. Sin., 1, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.11821/xb193401001, 1934.
Zhu, K.: Subtropics of China, Chinese Sci. Bull., 17, 524–528, http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-KXTB195817003.htm (last access: 23 July 2022), 1958 (in Chinese).
Zhu, K.: The way of heaven and humanity, Beijing Publishing House, Beijing, China, ISBN 9787200086812, 2018 (in Chinese).
Short summary
Applying yearly drought and flood records from historical documents and precipitation data in the period of instrumental measurements, this study constructs a time series of extreme droughts and floods in the Hanjiang River Basin from 1426–2017 and analyzes the temporal and spatial characteristics of the extreme drought and flood event variations.
Applying yearly drought and flood records from historical documents and precipitation data in...
