Articles | Volume 18, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1407-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1407-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Jun 2022
Research article |
| 24 Jun 2022
| 24 Jun 2022
A global inventory of quantitative documentary evidence related to climate since the 15th century
Angela-Maria Burgdorf
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
Related authors
Angela-Maria Burgdorf, Stefan Brönnimann, and Jörg Franke
Clim. Past, 15, 2053–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-2053-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-2053-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The western USA is frequently affected by multiannual summer droughts. They can be separated into two groups with distinct spatial patterns. This study analyzes the atmospheric circulation during multiannual droughts in a new 3-D climate reconstruction. We confirm two distinct drought types differing with respect to atmospheric circulation as well as sea surface temperatures. Our results suggest that both the Pacific and the extratropical North Atlantic region affect North American droughts.
Angela-Maria Burgdorf, Stefan Brönnimann, and Jörg Franke
Clim. Past, 15, 2053–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-2053-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-2053-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The western USA is frequently affected by multiannual summer droughts. They can be separated into two groups with distinct spatial patterns. This study analyzes the atmospheric circulation during multiannual droughts in a new 3-D climate reconstruction. We confirm two distinct drought types differing with respect to atmospheric circulation as well as sea surface temperatures. Our results suggest that both the Pacific and the extratropical North Atlantic region affect North American droughts.
Related subject area
Subject: Proxy Use-Development-Validation | Archive: Historical Records | Timescale: Decadal-Seasonal
Weather and climate and their human impacts and responses during the Thirty Years' War in central Europe
The 1600 CE Huaynaputina eruption as a possible trigger for persistent cooling in the North Atlantic region
Analysis of early Japanese meteorological data and historical weather documents to reconstruct the winter climate between the 1840s and the early 1850s
Climate indices in historical climate reconstructions: a global state of the art
Could phenological records from Chinese poems of the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1279 CE) be reliable evidence of past climate changes?
Central Europe, 1531–1540 CE: The driest summer decade of the past five centuries?
“Everything is scorched by the burning sun”: missionary perspectives and experiences of 19th- and early 20th-century droughts in semi-arid central Namibia
Patterns in data of extreme droughts/floods and harvest grades derived from historical documents in eastern China during 801–1910
The extreme drought of 1842 in Europe as described by both documentary data and instrumental measurements
The climate in south-east Moravia, Czech Republic, 1803–1830, based on daily weather records kept by the Reverend Šimon Hausner
The climate of Granada (southern Spain) during the first third of the 18th century (1706–1730) according to documentary sources
Extracting weather information from a plantation document
Variation of extreme drought and flood in North China revealed by document-based seasonal precipitation reconstruction for the past 300 years
300 years of hydrological records and societal responses to droughts and floods on the Pacific coast of Central America
Multi-proxy reconstructions of May–September precipitation field in China over the past 500 years
Climatic effects and impacts of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Czech Lands
Endless cold: a seasonal reconstruction of temperature and precipitation in the Burgundian Low Countries during the 15th century based on documentary evidence
Observations of a stratospheric aerosol veil from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the Unknown ∼1809 eruption?
Documentary-derived chronologies of rainfall variability in Antigua, Lesser Antilles, 1770–1890
An underestimated record breaking event – why summer 1540 was likely warmer than 2003
Snow and weather climatic control on snow avalanche occurrence fluctuations over 50 yr in the French Alps
Climate variability in Andalusia (southern Spain) during the period 1701–1850 based on documentary sources: evaluation and comparison with climate model simulations
Spring-summer temperatures reconstructed for northern Switzerland and southwestern Germany from winter rye harvest dates, 1454–1970
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Christian Pfister, Katrin Kleemann, Kateřina Chromá, Péter Szabó, and Piotr Olinski
Clim. Past, 19, 1863–1890, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Thirty Years' War (from 1618 to 1648 CE), an armed military conflict in Europe, brought extensive devastation to Europe. The paper analyses annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation, and drought patterns, as well as severe weather extremes, based particularly on documentary data, during this event in central Europe to demonstrate their broad impacts on human society and human responses in coincidence with weather and climate during this period of hardship.
Sam White, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Davide Zanchettin, Heli Huhtamaa, Dagomar Degroot, Markus Stoffel, and Christophe Corona
Clim. Past, 18, 739–757, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines whether the 1600 Huaynaputina volcano eruption triggered persistent cooling in the North Atlantic. It compares previous paleoclimate simulations with new climate reconstructions from natural proxies and historical documents and finds that the reconstructions are consistent with, but do not support, an eruption trigger for persistent cooling. The study also analyzes societal impacts of climatic change in ca. 1600 and the use of historical observations in model–data comparison.
Junpei Hirano, Takehiko Mikami, and Masumi Zaiki
Clim. Past, 18, 327–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-327-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-327-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The East Asian winter monsoon causes orographic snowfall over the windward side of the Japanese islands (facing the Sea of Japan and the northwesterly winter monsoon flow) and negative temperature anomalies around Japan. In this study, we reconstruct the outbreak of the winter monsoon around Japan for the winter from the 1840s to the early 1850s by using daily weather information recorded in old Japanese diaries and early daily instrumental temperature data.
David J. Nash, George C. D. Adamson, Linden Ashcroft, Martin Bauch, Chantal Camenisch, Dagomar Degroot, Joelle Gergis, Adrian Jusopović, Thomas Labbé, Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin, Sharon D. Nicholson, Qing Pei, María del Rosario Prieto, Ursula Rack, Facundo Rojas, and Sam White
Clim. Past, 17, 1273–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Qualitative evidence contained within historical sources provides an important record of climate variability for periods prior to the onset of systematic meteorological data collection. Before such evidence can be used for climate reconstructions, it needs to be converted to a quantitative format. A common approach is the generation of ordinal-scale climate indices. This review, written by members of the PAGES CRIAS working group, provides a global synthesis of the use of the index approach.
Yachen Liu, Xiuqi Fang, Junhu Dai, Huanjiong Wang, and Zexing Tao
Clim. Past, 17, 929–950, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
There are controversies about whether poetry can be used as one of the evidence sources for past climate changes. We tried to discuss the reliability and validity of phenological records from poems of the Tang and Song dynasties (618–1279 CE) by analyzing their certainties and uncertainties. A standardized processing method for phenological records from poems is introduced. We hope that this study can provide a reference for the extraction and application of phenological records from poems.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Martin Bauch, Chantal Camenisch, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Piotr Oliński, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 16, 2125–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies related to historical droughts in the Czech Lands showed that the summers of 1531–1540 could represent the driest summer decade of the past 500 years. To confirm this hypothesis, documentary data from central Europe were collected and presented for individual summers and complemented by maps of precipitation and drought distribution to document corresponding weather patterns and their various impacts. The main droughts occurred in 1532, 1534–1536, 1538, and particularly in 1540.
Stefan Grab and Tizian Zumthurm
Clim. Past, 16, 679–697, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-679-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-679-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here we describe the unique nature of droughts over semi-arid central Namibia (southern Africa) between 1850 and 1920. We establish temporal shifts in the influence and impact that historical droughts had on society and the environment during this period. The paper demonstrates and argues that human experience and the associated reporting of drought events depend strongly on social, environmental, spatial, and societal developmental situations and perspectives.
Zhixin Hao, Maowei Wu, Jingyun Zheng, Jiewei Chen, Xuezhen Zhang, and Shiwei Luo
Clim. Past, 16, 101–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-101-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using reconstructed extreme drought/flood chronologies and grain harvest series derived from historical documents, it is found that the frequency of reporting of extreme droughts in any subregion of eastern China was significantly associated with lower reconstructed harvests during 801–1910. The association was weak during the warm epoch of 920–1300 but strong during the cold epoch of 1310–1880, which indicates that a warm climate might weaken the impact of extreme drought on poor harvests.
Rudolf Brázdil, Gaston R. Demarée, Andrea Kiss, Petr Dobrovolný, Kateřina Chromá, Miroslav Trnka, Lukáš Dolák, Ladislava Řezníčková, Pavel Zahradníček, Danuta Limanowka, and Sylvie Jourdain
Clim. Past, 15, 1861–1884, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1861-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1861-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents analysis of the 1842 drought in Europe (except the Mediterranean) based on documentary data and instrumental records. First the meteorological background of this drought is shown (seasonal distribution of precipitation, annual variation of temperature, precipitation and drought indices, synoptic reasons) and effects of drought on water management, agriculture, and in society are described in detail with particular attention to human responses.
Rudolf Brázdil, Hubert Valášek, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Ladislava Řezníčková, Monika Bělínová, Adam Valík, and Pavel Zahradníček
Clim. Past, 15, 1205–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1205-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1205-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper analyses a weather diary of the Reverend Šimon Hausner from Buchlovice in south-east Moravia, Czech Republic, in the 1803–1831 period. From daily weather records, series of numbers of precipitation days, cloudiness, strong winds, fogs, and thunderstorms were created. These records were further used to interpret weighted temperature and precipitation indices. Records of Šimon Hausner represent an important contribution to the study of climate fluctuations on the central European scale.
Fernando S. Rodrigo
Clim. Past, 15, 647–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-647-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-647-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The climate of Granada (southern Spain) during the first third of the 18th century is reconstructed. Results suggest that climatic conditions were similar to those of the first decades of the 20th century, when the global warming signal was of less importance than today. In addition, the paper presents the instrumental data taken in Granada in 1729, probably the first instrumental meteorological data recorded in Spain. Some extreme events, such as the cold wave of winter 1729, are studied.
Gregory Burris, Jane Washburn, Omar Lasheen, Sophia Dorribo, James B. Elsner, and Ronald E. Doel
Clim. Past, 15, 477–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-477-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-477-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Historical documents are full of untapped data on past climate conditions. Our paper sets out a method for extracting this information into a database that is easily utilized by climate scientists. We apply this method to a document from Shirley Plantation covering the years 1816–1842. We then provide two case studies to demonstrate the validity and utility of the new method and database.
Jingyun Zheng, Yingzhuo Yu, Xuezhen Zhang, and Zhixin Hao
Clim. Past, 14, 1135–1145, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods in North China using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive. Then, the link of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO episodes and large volcanic eruptions was discussed. This study helps us understand whether the recent extreme events observed by instruments exceed the natural variability at a regional scale, which may be useful for adaptation to extremes and disasters in the future.
Alvaro Guevara-Murua, Caroline A. Williams, Erica J. Hendy, and Pablo Imbach
Clim. Past, 14, 175–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-175-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-175-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study reconstructs a new semi-quantitative rainfall index for the Pacific coast of Central America using documentary sources for the period 1640 to 1945. In addition, we explore the various mechanisms and processes that may explain inter-annual and inter-decadal rainfall variability over the Pacific coast of Central America.
Feng Shi, Sen Zhao, Zhengtang Guo, Hugues Goosse, and Qiuzhen Yin
Clim. Past, 13, 1919–1938, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1919-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1919-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the multi-proxy precipitation field for China over the past 500 years, which includes three leading modes (a monopole, a dipole, and a triple) of precipitation variability. The dipole mode may be controlled by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability. Such reconstruction is an essential source of information to document the climate variability over decadal to centennial timescales and can be used to assess the ability of climate models to simulate past climate change.
Rudolf Brázdil, Ladislava Řezníčková, Hubert Valášek, Lukáš Dolák, and Oldřich Kotyza
Clim. Past, 12, 1361–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1361-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with climatic and human impacts of the strong Tambora (Indonesia) volcanic eruption in April 1815 over the Czech Lands territory based on analysis of documentary data and instrumental records. While climatic effects were related particularly to summers 1815 and 1816 (1816 is known as "a Year Without Summer"), quite important were societal impacts represented after bad harvest by steep increase in prices and shortages of food.
C. Camenisch
Clim. Past, 11, 1049–1066, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1049-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1049-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper applies the methods of historical climatology to present a climate reconstruction for the area of the Burgundian Low Countries during the 15th century. The results are based on documentary evidence. Approximately 3000 written records derived from about 100 different sources were examined and converted into seasonal seven-degree indices of temperature and precipitation.
A. Guevara-Murua, C. A. Williams, E. J. Hendy, A. C. Rust, and K. V. Cashman
Clim. Past, 10, 1707–1722, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1707-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1707-2014, 2014
A. J. Berland, S. E. Metcalfe, and G. H. Endfield
Clim. Past, 9, 1331–1343, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1331-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1331-2013, 2013
O. Wetter and C. Pfister
Clim. Past, 9, 41–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-41-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-41-2013, 2013
H. Castebrunet, N. Eckert, and G. Giraud
Clim. Past, 8, 855–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-855-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-855-2012, 2012
F. S. Rodrigo, J. J. Gómez-Navarro, and J. P. Montávez Gómez
Clim. Past, 8, 117–133, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-117-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-117-2012, 2012
O. Wetter and C. Pfister
Clim. Past, 7, 1307–1326, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1307-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1307-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Academy of Meteorological Science of China Central Meteorological
Administration: Yearly Charts of Dryness/Wetness in China for the Last 500 Years, Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing, 1981.
Aceituno, P., Prieto, M. del R., Solari, M. E., Martínez, A., Poveda,
G., and Falvey, M.: The 1877–1878 El Niño episode: associated impacts in
South America, Clim. Change, 92, 389–416,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9470-5, 2009.
Adamson, G. C. D. and Nash, D. J.: Long-term variability in the date of
monsoon onset over western India, Clim. Dyn., 40, 2589–2603,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1494-x, 2013.
Adamson, G. C. D. and Nash, D. J.: Documentary reconstruction of monsoon
rainfall variability over western India, 1781–1860, Clim. Dyn., 42,
749–769, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1825-6, 2014.
Aono, Y. and Kazui, K.: Phenological data series of cherry tree flowering in
Kyoto, Japan, and its application to reconstruction of springtime
temperatures since the 9th century, Int. J. Climatol., 28, 905–914,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1594, 2008.
Aono, Y. and Omoto, Y.: Estimation of temperature at kyoto since the 11th
century. Using flowering data of cherry trees in old documents, J. Agric.
Meteorol., 49, 263–272, https://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.49.263, 1994.
Aono, Y. and Saito, S.: Clarifying springtime temperature reconstructions of
the medieval period by gap-filling the cherry blossom phenological data
series at Kyoto, Japan, Int. J. Biometeorol., 54, 211–219,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0272-x, 2010.
Arfeuille, F., Weisenstein, D., Mack, H., Rozanov, E., Peter, T., and Brönnimann, S.: Volcanic forcing for climate modeling: a new microphysics-based data set covering years 1600–present, Clim. Past, 10, 359–375, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014, 2014.
Ashcroft, L., Gergis, J. L., and Karoly, D. J.: A historical climate dataset
for southeastern Australia, 1788–1859, Geosci. Data J., 1, 158–178,
https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.19, 2014.
Ball, T. F.: Historical and instrumental evidence of climate: western Hudson
Bay, Canada, 1714–1850, in: Climate since the A.D. 1500, 1st edn., edited by: Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D., Routledge, London, 40–73, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203430996, 1995.
Baron, W. R.: Historical climate records from the northeastern United
States, 1640 to 1900, in: Climate since the A.D. 1500, 1st edn., edited by: Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D., 74–91, Routledge, London, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203430996, 1995.
Baron, W. R. and Smith, D. C.: Growing Season Parameter Reconstructions for
New England Using Killing Frost Records, 1697–1947, Maine Agric. For. Exp.
Stn. Bull., 846, 1–76, 1996.
Baron, W. R., Gordon, G. A., Borns, H. W., and Smith, D. C.: Frost-Free
Record Reconstruction for Eastern Massachusetts, 1733–1980, J. Clim. Appl.
Meteorol., 23, 317–319, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0317:FFRRFE>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
Barrat, J. M. D.: First Appearance of Ice, the Closing and the time of
Opening of the Connecticut River at Middletown, Am. J. Sci. arts., 39, 88–90,
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97098#page/110/mode/2up (last access: 30 May 2022), 1840.
Bartholy, J., Pongrácz, R., and Molnár, Z.: Classification and
analysis of past climate information based on historical documentary sources
for the Carpathian basin, Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1759–1776,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1106, 2004.
Benson, B., Magnuson, J., and Sharma, S.: Global Lake and River Ice Phenology
Database, Version 1, NSIDC Natl. Snow Ice Data Center [data set],
https://doi.org/10.7265/N5W66HP8, 2000.
Bhend, J., Franke, J., Folini, D., Wild, M., and Brönnimann, S.: An ensemble-based approach to climate reconstructions, Clim. Past, 8, 963–976, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-963-2012, 2012.
Black, E.: The relationship between Indian Ocean sea–surface temperature
and East African rainfall, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 363, 43–47,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2004.1474, 2005.
Borisenkov, Y. P.: Documentary evidence from the U.S.S.R, in: Climate since
the A.D. 1500, 1st edn., edited by: Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D., Routledge, 171–183, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203430996, 1995.
Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D.: Climate since A.D. 1500, 1st edn., Routledge,
London, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203430996, 1995.
Brayshay, M. and Grattan, J.: Environmental and social responses in Europe
to the 1783 eruption of the Laki fissure volcano in Iceland: a consideration
of contemporary documentary evidence, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ.,
161, 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.161.01.12, 1999.
Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., Luterbacher, J., Moberg, A., Pfister,
C., Wheeler, D., and Zorita, E.: European climate of the past 500 years: New
challenges for historical climatology, Clim. Change, 101, 7–40,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9783-z, 2010.
Brázdil, R., Kiss, A., Luterbacher, J., Nash, D. J., and Řezníčková, L.: Documentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art, Clim. Past, 14, 1915–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1915-2018, 2018.
Brönnimann, S.: Climatic Changes Since 1700, in: Advances in Global
Change Research, 1st edn., 55, Springer International Publishing,
Cham, 167–321, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19042-6, 2015.
Brönnimann, S., Allan, R., Ashcroft, L., Baer, S., Barriendos, M.,
Brázdil, R., Brugnara, Y., Brunet, M., Brunetti, M., Chimani, B.,
Cornes, R., Domínguez-Castro, F., Filipiak, J., Founda, D., Herrera, R.
G., Gergis, J., Grab, S., Hannak, L., Huhtamaa, H., Jacobsen, K. S., Jones,
P., Jourdain, S., Kiss, A., Lin, K. E., Lorrey, A., Lundstad, E.,
Luterbacher, J., Mauelshagen, F., Maugeri, M., Maughan, N., Moberg, A.,
Neukom, R., Nicholson, S. E., Noone, S., Nordli, Ø., Ólafsdóttir,
K. B., Pearce, P. R., Pfister, L., Pribyl, K., Przybylak, R., Pudmenzky, C.,
Rasol, D., Reichenbach, D., Řezníčková, L., Rodrigo, F. S.,
Rohr, C., Skrynyk, O., Slonosky, V., Thorne, P., Valente, M. A., Vaquero, J.
M., Westcottt, N. E., Williamson, F., and Wyszyński, P.: Unlocking
Pre-1850 Instrumental Meteorological Records: A Global Inventory, Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 100, ES389–ES413, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0040.1, 2019.
Brückner, E.: Klimaschwankungen seit 1700, 1st edn., Hölzel, Wien, Olmütz, 1890.
Bullón, T.: Winter temperatures in the second half of the sixteenth century in the central area of the Iberian Peninsula, Clim. Past, 4, 357–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-4-357-2008, 2008.
Burgdorf, A.-M.: A preliminary global inventory of historical documentary
evidence related to climate since the 14th century, Past Glob. Chang. Mag.,
28, 58–59, https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.28.2.58, 2020.
Camenisch, C., White, S., Pei, Q., Huhtamaa, H., and Eggleston, S.:
Climate Reconstruction and Impacts from the Archives of Societies, Past
Glob. Chang. Mag., 28, 33-68, https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.28.2, 2020.
Camuffo, D., Bertolin, C., Barriendos Vallvé, M., Domínguez-Castro,
F., Cocheo, C., Enzi, S., Sghedoni, M., della Valle, A., Garnier, E.,
Alcoforado, M. J., Xoplaki, E., Luterbacher, J., Diodato, N., Maugeri, M.,
Nunes, M. F., and Rodriguez, R.: 500 Year temperature reconstruction in the
Mediterranean Basin by means of documentary data and instrumental
observations, Clim. Change, 101, 169–199, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9815-8,
2010.
Catchpole, A. J. W.: Hudson's Bay Company ships' log-books as sources of sea
ice data, 1751–1870, in: Climate since the A.D. 1500, 1st edn., edited by: Bradley, R. S.
and Jones, P. D., Routledge, London, 17–39, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203430996, 1995.
Catchpole, A. J. W. and Faurer, M.-A.: Summer sea ice severity in Hudson
Strait, 1751–1870, Clim. Change, 5, 115–139, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141266,
1983.
Catchpole, A. J. W. and Hanuta, I.: Severe summer ice in Hudson Strait and
Hudson Bay following major volcanic eruptions, 1751 to 1889 A.D., Clim.
Change, 14, 61–79, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140175, 1989.
Catchpole, A. J. W., Moodie, D. W., and Milton, D.: Freeze-Up and Break-Up of
Estuaries on Hudson Bay in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Can.
Geogr. Géographe Can., 20, 279–297,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1976.tb00238.x, 1976.
Chenoweth, M.: A reassessment of historical Atlantic basin tropical cyclone
activity, 1700–1855, Clim. Change, 76, 169–240,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2, 2006.
Chu, G., Sun, Q., Wang, X. and Sun, J.: Snow anomaly events from historical
documents in eastern China during the past two millennia and implication for
low-frequency variability of AO/NAO and PDO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35,
L14806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034475, 2008.
Cionni, I., Eyring, V., Lamarque, J. F., Randel, W. J., Stevenson, D. S., Wu, F., Bodeker, G. E., Shepherd, T. G., Shindell, D. T., and Waugh, D. W.: Ozone database in support of CMIP5 simulations: results and corresponding radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11267–11292, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11267-2011, 2011.
Coddington, O., Lean, J. L., Pilewskie, P., Snow, M., and Lindholm, D.: A
Solar Irradiance Climate Data Record, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97,
1265–1282, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00265.1, 2016.
Compo, G. P., Slivinski, L. C., Whitaker, J. S., Sardeshmukh, P. D., McColl,
C., Brohan, P., Allan, R., Yin, X., Vose, R., Spencer, L. J., Ashcroft, L.,
Brönnimann, S., Brunet, M., Camuffo, D., Cornes, R., Cram, T. A.,
Crouthamel, R., and Dominguez-Castro, F. P.: The International Surface
Pressure Databank version 4, Res. Data Arch. Natl. Cent. Atmos. Res.
Comput. Inf. Syst. Lab. [data set],
https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.20thC_ReanV3.html
(last access: 30 May 2022), 2019.
Cook, E. R., Anchukaitis, K. J., Buckley, B. M., D'Arrigo, R. D., Jacoby, G.
C., and Wright, W. E.: Asian monsoon failure and megadrought during the last
millennium, Science, 328, 486–489,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185188, 2010.
Crowley, T. J. and Unterman, M. B.: Technical details concerning development
of a 1200 yr proxy index for global volcanism, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5,
187–197, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-187-2013, 2013.
D'Arrigo, R., Klinger, P., Newfield, T., Rydval, M., and Wilson, R.:
Complexity in crisis: The volcanic cold pulse of the 1690s and the
consequences of Scotland's failure to cope, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.,
389, 106746, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106746, 2020.
Davis, M.: Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of
the Third World, 1st edn., Verso, London, ISBN 1-85984-382-4,
2001.
de Vries, J.: Histoire du climat et économie: des faits nouveaux, une
interprétation différente, Ann. Hist. Sci. Soc., 32, 198–226,
https://doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1977.293810, 1977.
Dobrovolný, P., Moberg, A., Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Glaser, R.,
Wilson, R., van Engelen, A., Limanówka, D., Kiss, A.,
Halíčková, M., Macková, J., Riemann, D., Luterbacher, J.,
and Böhm, R.: Monthly, seasonal and annual temperature reconstructions
for Central Europe derived from documentary evidence and instrumental
records since AD 1500, Clim. Change, 101, 69–107,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9724-x, 2010.
Eklund, A.: Isläggning och islossning i svenska sjöar (Long
observation series of ice freeze and break up dates in swedish lakes), SMHI
Hydrol., 81, 1–24, 1999.
Fenby, C. and Gergis, J. L.: Rainfall variations in south-eastern Australia
part 1: Consolidating evidence from pre-instrumental documentary sources,
1788–1860, Int. J. Climatol., 33, 2956–2972, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3640,
2013.
Franke, J., Valler, V., Brugnara, Y., and Brönnimann, S.: Ensemble Kalman Fitting Paleo-Reanalysis Version 2 (EKF400_v2), WDC Climate [data set], https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/EKF400_v2.0, 2020.
García Acosta, V.: Historia y Desastres en América Latina (Volumen
I), La RED/CIESAS-ITDG, Panama, https://www.desenredando.org/public/libros/1996/hydv1/HistoriaYDesastresVol_I-1.0.0.pdf
(last access: 30 May 2022), 1996.
García Acosta, V.: Historia y Desastres en América Latina (Volumen
II), La RED/CIESAS-ITDG, Panama, http://cidbimena.desastres.hn/docum/lared/libros/hydv2-todo_sep-09-2002.pdf
(last access: 30 May 2022), 1997.
García-Herrera, R., Können, G. P., Wheeler, D. A., Prieto, M. R.,
Jones, P. D., and Koek, F. B.: CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the
World's Oceans 1750–1854, Clim. Change, 73, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6, 2005.
García-Herrera, R., Ribera, P., Hernandez, E. M., and Gimero, L.:
Northwest Pacific typhoons documented by the Philippine Jesuits, 1566–1900,
J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007370, 2007.
Gardiner, R. H.: Obervations on the Opening and Closing of Kennebec River,
Maine, Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 434–436,
https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/annualreportofbo1858smit (last access: 30 May 2022),
1858.
Ge, Q. S., Zheng, J.-Y., Hao, Z.-X., Zhang, P.-Y., and Wang, W.-C.:
Reconstruction of Historical Climate in China: High-Resolution Precipitation
Data from Qing Dynasty Archives, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 671–680,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-5-671, 2005.
Ge, Q. S., Guo, X., Zheng, J., and Hao, Z. X.: Meiyu in the middle and lower
reaches of the Yangtze River since 1736, Chinese Sci. Bull., 53,
107–114, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-007-0440-5, 2008.
Ge, Q. S., Zheng, J., Hao, Z. X., Shao, X. M., Wang, W. C., and Luterbacher,
J.: Temperature variation through 2000 years in China: An uncertainty
analysis of reconstruction and regional difference, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
37, L03703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041281, 2010.
Ge, Q. S., Hao, Z. X., Tian, Y., He, F., and Zheng, J.: The rainy season in
the Northwestern part of the East Asian Summer Monsoon in the 18th and 19th
centuries, Quat. Int., 229, 16–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.02.025,
2011.
Ge, Q. S., Hao, Z., Zheng, J., and Liu, Y.: China: 2000 years of climate
reconstruction from historical documents, in: The palgrave handbook of
climate history, 1st edn., edited by: White, S., Pfister, C., and Mauelshagen, F., Palgrave Macmillan, 189–201, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_17, 2018.
Gergis, J. L. and Ashcroft, L.: Rainfall variations in south-eastern
Australia part 2: A comparison of documentary, early instrumental and
palaeoclimate records, 1788–2008, Int. J. Climatol., 33, 2973–2987,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3639, 2013.
Gergis, J. L., Ashcroft, L., and Garden, D.: Recent Developments in
Australian Climate History, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History,
Palgrave Macmillan, 1st edn., edited by: White, S., Pfister, C., and Mauelshagen, F., UK, London, 237–245, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_21, 2018.
Giese, B. S., Seidel, H. F., Compo, G. P., and Sardeshmukh, P. D.: An
ensemble of ocean reanalyses for 1815–2013 with sparse observational input,
J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 121, 6891–6910, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012079, 2016.
Glaser, R. and Riemann, D.: A thousand-year record of temperature variations
for Germany and Central Europe based on documentary data, J. Quat. Sci.,
24, 437–449, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1302, 2009.
Goddard, L. and Graham, N. E.: Importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating
rainfall anomalies over eastern and southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 19099–19116, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900326, 1999.
Grab, S. and Zumthurm, T.: The land and its climate knows no transition, no
middle ground, everywhere too much or too little: a documentary-based
climate chronology for central Namibia, 1845–1900, Int. J. Climatol.,
38, e643–e659, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5397, 2018.
Grattan, J. and Sadler, J.: Regional warming of the lower atmosphere in the
wake of volcanic eruptions: the role of the Laki fissure eruption in the hot
summer of 1783, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 161, 161–171,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.161.01.11, 1999.
Guevara-Murua, A., Williams, C. A., Hendy, E. J., and Imbach, P.: 300 years of hydrological records and societal responses to droughts and floods on the Pacific coast of Central America, Clim. Past, 14, 175–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-175-2018, 2018.
Hao, Z.-X., Zheng, J.-Y., Ge, Q.-S., and Wang, W.-C.: Winter temperature variations over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River since 1736 AD, Clim. Past, 8, 1023–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1023-2012, 2012.
Hao, Z. X., Zheng, J. Y., Zhang, X., Liu, H., Li, M., and Ge, Q. S.: Spatial
patterns of precipitation anomalies in eastern China during centennial cold
and warm periods of the past 2000 years, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 467–475,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4367, 2016.
Highwood, E.-J. and Stevenson, D. S.: Atmospheric impact of the 1783–1784 Laki Eruption: Part II Climatic effect of sulphate aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1177–1189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1177-2003, 2003.
Hildebrandsson, H. H.: Sur le prétendu changement du climat européen
en temps historiques, Nov. acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Ups., 4, 5, 1915.
Hill, B. T. and Jones, S. J.: The Newfoundland ice extent and the solar
cycle from 1860 to 1988, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5385,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC04p05385, 1990.
Jevrejeva, S.: Severity of winter seasons in the northern Baltic Sea between
1529 to 1990: Reconstruction and analysis, Clim. Res., 17, 55–62,
https://doi.org/10.3354/cr017055, 2001.
Kelso, C. and Vogel, C. H.: The climate of Namaqualand in the nineteenth
century, Clim. Change, 83, 357–380, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-007-9264-1, 2007.
Koslowski, G. and Glaser, R.: Variations in reconstructed ice winter
severity in the Western Baltic from 1501 to 1995, and their implications for
the North Atlantic oscillation, Clim. Change, 41, 175–191,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005466226797, 1999.
Kripalani, R. H. and Kulkarni, A.: Climatic impact of El Niño/La
Niña on the Indian monsoon: A new perspective, Weather, 52, 39–46,
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1997.tb06267.x, 1997.
Loader, N. J., Jalkanen, R., Mccarroll, D., and Moberg, A.: Spring
temperature variability in northern Fennoscandia AD 1693-2011, J. Quat.
Sci., 26, 566–570, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1528, 2011.
Luterbacher, J., Dietrich, D., Xoplaki, E., Grosjean, M., and Wanner, H.:
European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes
since 1500, Science, 303, 1499–1503,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093877, 2004.
Luterbacher, J., Werner, J. P., Smerdon, J. E., Fernández-Donado, L.,
González-Rouco, F. J., Barriopedro, D., Ljungqvist, F. C., Büntgen,
U., Zorita, E., Wagner, S., Esper, J., McCarroll, D., Toreti, A., Frank, D.,
Jungclaus, J. H., Barriendos, M., Bertolin, C., Bothe, O., Brázdil, R.,
Camuffo, D., Dobrovolný, P., Gagen, M., García-Bustamante, E., Ge,
Q. S., Gómez-Navarro, J. J., Guiot, J., Hao, Z. X., Hegerl, G. C.,
Holmgren, K., Klimenko, V. V, Martín-Chivelet, J., Pfister, C.,
Roberts, N., Schindler, A., Schurer, A., Solomina, O., von Gunten, L., Wahl,
E., Wanner, H., Wetter, O., Xoplaki, E., Yuan, N., Zanchettin, D., Zhang, H.,
and Zerefos, C.: European summer temperatures since Roman times, Environ.
Res. Lett., 11, 024001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024001, 2016.
Magne, M. A.: Two Centuries of River Ice Dates in Hudson Bay Region from
Historical Sources, MS thesis, University of Manitoba, https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/xmlui/handle/1993/6660
(last access: 30 May 2022), 1981.
Magnuson, J. J., Robertson, D. M., Benson, B. J., Wynne, R. H., Livingstone,
D. M., Arai, T., Assel, R. A., Barry, R. G., Card, V., Kuusisto, E., Granin,
N. G., Prowse, T. D., Stewart, K. M., and Vuglinski, V. S.: Historical trends
in lake and river ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere, Science,
289, 1743–1746, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1743, 2000.
Manley, G.: Central England temperatures: Monthly means 1659 to 1973, Q. J.
R. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 389–405, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710042511, 1974.
Mann, M. E., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M. K., Bradley, R. S., Miller, S. K.,
Rutherford, S., and Ni, F.: Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and
global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia, Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci., 105, 13252–13257, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805721105, 2008.
Mendoza, B., Jáuregui, E., Diaz-Sandoval, R., García-Acosta, V.,
Velasco, V., and Cordero, G.: Historical droughts in central Mexico and their
relation with El Niño, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 709–716,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2210.1, 2005.
Mendoza, B., Velasco, V., and Jáuregui, E.: A Study of Historical
Droughts in Southeastern Mexico, J. Clim., 19, 2916–2934,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3726.1, 2006.
Mikami, T.: Climatic variations in Japan reconstructed from historical
documents, Weather, 63, 190–193, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.281, 2008.
Mougin, M.: Etudes glaciologiques en Savoie, in: Études Glaciologiques,
3, Imprimerie nationale, Savoie, Pyrénées, 1–113,
https://www.persee.fr/doc/etgla_0983-6500_1912_num_3_1_852 (last access: 30 May 2022), 1912.
Nash, D. J. and Endfield, G. H.: A 19th century climate chronology for the
Kalahari region of central southern Africa derived from missionary
correspondence, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 821–841, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.753,
2002.
Nash, D. J. and Endfield, G. H.: “Splendid rains have fallen”: Links
between El Niño and rainfall variability in the Kalahari, 1840–1900,
Clim. Change, 86, 257–290, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-007-9274-z, 2008.
Nash, D. J. and Grab, S. W.: “A sky of brass and burning winds”:
Documentary evidence of rainfall variability in the Kingdom of Lesotho,
Southern Africa, 1824–1900, Clim. Change, 101, 617–653,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9707-y, 2010.
Nash, D. J., Pribyl, K., Klein, J., Neukom, R., Endfield, G. H., Adamson, G.
C. D., and Kniveton, D. R.: Seasonal rainfall variability in southeast Africa
during the nineteenth century reconstructed from documentary sources, Clim.
Change, 134, 605–619, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1550-8, 2016.
Nash, D. J., Klein, J., Endfield, G. H., Pribyl, K., Adamson, G. C. D., and
Grab, S. W.: Narratives of nineteenth century drought in southern Africa in
different historical source types, Clim. Change, 152, 467–485,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2352-6, 2019.
Nash, D. J., Adamson, G. C. D., Ashcroft, L., Bauch, M., Camenisch, C., Degroot, D., Gergis, J., Jusopović, A., Labbé, T., Lin, K.-H. E., Nicholson, S. D., Pei, Q., del Rosario Prieto, M., Rack, U., Rojas, F., and White, S.: Climate indices in historical climate reconstructions: a global state of the art, Clim. Past, 17, 1273–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1273-2021, 2021.
Neukom, R., Prieto, M. D. R., Moyano, R., Luterbacher, J., Pfister, C.,
Villalba, R., Jones, P. D., and Wanner, H.: An extended network of
documentary data from South America and its potential for quantitative
precipitation reconstructions back to the 16th century, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
36, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038351, 2009.
Neukom, R., Nash, D. J., Endfield, G. H., Grab, S. W., Grove, C. A., Kelso,
C., Vogel, C. H., and Zinke, J.: Multi-proxy summer and winter precipitation
reconstruction for southern Africa over the last 200 years, Clim. Dyn.,
42, 2713–2726, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1886-6, 2014.
New York (State), Department of Agriculture: Dates of Opening and Closing of Navigation in the Hudson River at Albany, in: Fifth annual report of the meteorological bureau and weather service of the state of New York, New York (State). Department of Agriculture. Albany, 405, https://books.google.ch/books?id=WAYTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405&dq=Dates+of+Opening+and+Closing+of+Navigation+in+the+Hudson+River+at+Albany,&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjv28ejior4AhWAg_0HHeprAmEQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=Dates%20of%20Opening%20and%20Closing%20of%20Navigation%20in%20the%20Hudson%20River%20at%20Albany%2C&f=false, (last access: 30 May 2022), 1894.
Nicholson, S. E.: A semi-quantitative, regional precipitation data set for
studying African climates of the nineteenth century, part I. Overview of the
data set, Clim. Change, 50, 317–353, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010674724320, 2001.
Nicholson, S. E., Klotter, D., and Dezfuli, A. K.: Spatial reconstruction of
semi-quantitative precipitation fields over Africa during the nineteenth
century from documentary evidence and gauge data, Quat. Res. USA, 78, 13–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.03.012, 2012.
Norrgård, S. and Helama, S.: Historical trends in spring ice breakup for
the Aura River in Southwest Finland, AD 1749–2018, Holocene, 29,
953–963, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619831429, 2019.
Ogilvie, A. E. J.: The past climate and sea-ice record from Iceland, Part 1:
Data to A.D. 1780, Clim. Change, 6, 131–152, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00144609,
1984.
Ogilvie, A. E. J. and Jónsdóttir, I.: Sea Ice, Climate, and
Icelandic Fisheries in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Arctic,
53, 383–394, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic869, 2000.
Ouellet-Bernier, M.-M. and de Vernal, A.: Winter freeze-up and summer
break-up in Nunatsiavut, Canada, from 1770 to 1910, Past Glob. Chang. Mag.,
28, 52–53, https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.28.2.52, 2020.
Parker, D. E., Legg, T. P., and Folland, C. K.: A new daily central England
temperature series, 1772–1991, Int. J. Climatol., 12, 317–342,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370120402, 1992.
Pauling, A., Luterbacher, J., Casty, C., and Wanner, H.: Five hundred years
of gridded high-resolution precipitation reconstructions over Europe and the
connection to large-scale circulation, Clim. Dyn., 26, 387–405,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0090-8, 2006.
Pfister, C., Brázdil, R., Glaser, R., Barriendos, M., Camuffo, D.,
Deutsch, M., Dobrovolný, P., Enzi, S., Guidoboni, E., Kotyza, O.,
Militzer, S., Rácz, L., and Rodrigo, F. S.: Documentary evidence on
climate in sixteenth-century Europe, Clim. Change, 43, 55–110,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005540707792, 1999.
Pfister, C., Luterbacher, J., Wanner, H., Wheeler, D., Brázdil, R., Ge,
Q., Hao, Z., Moberg, A., Grab, S., and Rosario Del Prieto, M.: Documentary
evidence as climate proxies, Proxy-specific White Paper produced from the
PAGES/CLIVAR workshop, in: PAGES, Trieste, 12 June 2008,
9–11, Bern, https://www.hist.unibe.ch/e11168/e52524/e69145/e186327/e188618/19_Pfister-al-Documentary-White_Paper_09_ger.pdf (last access: 30 May 2022), 2009.
Pfister, C., Rohr, C., and Jover, A. C. C.: Euro-Climhist: eine
Datenplattform der Universität Bern zur Witterungs-, Klima- und
Katastrophengeschichte, Wasser Energ. Luft, 109, 45–48,
https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.97013, 2017.
Pfister, C., Brázdil, R., Luterbacher, J., Ogilvie, A. E. J., and White,
S.: Early Modern Europe, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, 1st edn., edited by: White, S., Pfister, C., and Mauelshagen, F.,
Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, 265–295, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_23, 2018.
Phipps, S. J., McGregor, H. V., Gergis, J., Gallant, A. J. E., Neukom, R.,
Stevenson, S., Ackerley, D., Brown, J. R., Fischer, M. J., and van Ommen, T.
D.: Paleoclimate Data–Model Comparison and the Role of Climate Forcings
over the Past 1500 Years, J. Clim., 26, 6915–6936,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00108.1, 2013.
Popper, W.: The Cairo Nilometer; Studies in Ibn Taghrī Birdī's
Chronicles of Egypt: I., University of California Press, Berkeley and Los
Angeles, 1951.
Prieto, M. del R. and García Herrera, R.: Documentary sources from
South America: Potential for climate reconstruction, Palaeogeogr.
Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 281, 196–209,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.07.026, 2009.
Prieto, M. del R. and Rojas, F.: Climate History in Latin America, in: The
Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, 1st edn., edited by: White, S., Pfister, C., and
Mauelshagen, F., Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, 213–224, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_19, 2018.
Qian, W., Shan, X., Chen, D., Zhu, C., and Zhu, Y.: Droughts near the
northern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon in China during 1470–2003,
Clim. Change, 110, 373–383, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0096-7, 2012.
Rampino, M. R., Thordarson, T., and Self, S.: A new volcanism/climate
connection: Tropospheric SO2 greenhouse effect from the Laki (Iceland) 1783
fissure eruption, in: IUGG XXI General Assembly of the IUGG, Boulder, Colorado, 2–14 July 1995, p. 278, 1995.
Reichen, L., Burgdorf, A. M., Brönnimann, S., Franke, J., Hand, R., Valler, V., Samakinwa, E., Brugnara, Y., and Rutishauser, T.: A decade of cold Eurasian winters reconstructed for the early 19th century, Nat. Commun., 13, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29677-8, 2022.
Ribera, P., García-Herrera, R., and Gimeno, L.: Historical deadly
typhoons in the Philippines, Weather, 63, 194–199, https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.275,
2008.
Riemann, D., Glaser, R., Kahle, M., and Vogt, S.: The CRE tambora.org – new
data and tools for collaborative research in climate and environmental
history, Geosci. Data J., 2, 63–77, https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.30, 2015.
Rodrigo, F. S. and Barriendos, M.: Reconstruction of seasonal and annual
rainfall variability in the Iberian peninsula (16th–20th centuries) from
documentary data, Glob. Planet. Change, 63, 243–257,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.004, 2008.
Rohr, C., Camenisch, C., and Pribyl, K.: European Middle Ages, in The
Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, 1st edn., edited by: White, S., Pfister, C., and
Mauelshagen, F., Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, 247–263, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_22, 2018.
Rutherford, S., Mann, M. E., Osborn, T. J., Briffa, K. R., Jones, P. D.,
Bradley, R. S., and Hughes, M. K.: Proxy-Based Northern Hemisphere Surface
Temperature Reconstructions: Sensitivity to Method, Predictor Network,
Target Season, and Target Domain, J. Clim., 18, 2308–2329,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3351.1, 2005.
Rykachev, M.: Openings and freezings of rivers in the Russian Empire, 
, https://elib.rgo.ru/safe-view/123456789/231623/
(last access: 30 May 2022), 1886.
, https://elib.rgo.ru/safe-view/123456789/231623/
(last access: 30 May 2022), 1886.
Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H.-L., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P.,
Kistler, R., Woollen, J., Behringer, D., Liu, H., Stokes, D., Grumbine, R.,
Gayno, G., Wang, J., Hou, Y.-T., Chuang, H., Juang, H.-M. H., Sela, J.,
Iredell, M., Treadon, R., Kleist, D., Van Delst, P., Keyser, D., Derber, J.,
Ek, M., Meng, J., Wei, H., Yang, R., Lord, S., van den Dool, H., Kumar, A.,
Wang, W., Long, C., Chelliah, M., Xue, Y., Huang, B., Schemm, J.-K.,
Ebisuzaki, W., Lin, R., Xie, P., Chen, M., Zhou, S., Higgins, W., Zou,
C.-Z., Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Han, Y., Cucurull, L., Reynolds, R. W., Rutledge,
G., and Goldberg, M.: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, Bull. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 91, 1015–1058, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1, 2010.
Schmith, T. and Hansen, C.: Fram Strait Ice Export during the Nineteenth and
Twentieth Centuries Reconstructed from a Multiyear Sea Ice Index from
Southwestern Greenland, J. Clim., 16, 2782–2791,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2782:FSIEDT>2.0.CO;2,
2003.
Seinä, A. and Palosuo, E.: The classification of the maximum annual
extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea 1720–1995, MERI-Report, Ser. Finnish
Inst. Mar. Res., 27, 79–91, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247811150_The_classification_of_the_maximum_annual_extent_of_ice_cover_in_the_Baltic_Sea_1720-1995/references (last access: 30 May 2022), 2006.
Shabalova, M. V. and van Engelen, A.: Evaluation of a reconstruction of
winter and summer temperatures in the Low Countries, AD 764–1998, Clim.
Change, 58, 219–242, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023474032539, 2003.
Shen, C., Wang, W. C., Gong, W., and Hao, Z. X.: A Pacific Decadal
Oscillation record since 1470 AD reconstructed from proxy data of summer
rainfall over eastern China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 1–4,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024804, 2006.
Shen, C., Wang, W.-C., Hao, Z., and Gong, W.: Characteristics of anomalous
precipitation events over eastern China during the past five centuries,
Clim. Dyn., 31, 463–476, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0323-0, 2008.
Shipman, T. G.: Ice-conditions on the Mississippi River at Davenport, Iowa,
Northwest Sci., 12, 590–594, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR019i002p00590-2, 1938.
Shostakovich, V. B.: Opening and freezing of waters of Asian Russia, 
, https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/686713 (last access: 30 May 2022), 1909.
, https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/686713 (last access: 30 May 2022), 1909.
Sigl, M., Winstrup, M., McConnell, J. R., Welten, K. C., Plunkett, G.,
Ludlow, F., Büntgen, U., Caffee, M., Chellman, N., Dahl-Jensen, D.,
Fischer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., Kostick, C., Maselli, O. J., Mekhaldi, F.,
Mulvaney, R., Muscheler, R., Pasteris, D. R., Pilcher, J. R., Salzer, M.,
Schüpbach, S., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M., and Woodruff, T. E.:
Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years,
Nature, 523, 543–549, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14565, 2015.
Sigurdsson, H.: Volcanic pollution and climate: The 1783 Laki eruption, Eos,
Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 63, 601–602, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO063i032p00601,
1982.
Singh, D., Seager, R., Cook, B. I., Cane, M. A., Ting, M., Cook, E., and
Davis, M.: Climate and the Global Famine of 1876–78, J. Clim., 31,
9445–9467, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0159.1, 2018.
Slivinski, L. C., Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., Sardeshmukh, P. D., Giese,
B. S., McColl, C., Allan, R., Yin, X., Vose, R., Titchner, H., Kennedy, J.,
Spencer, L. J., Ashcroft, L., Brönnimann, S., Brunet, M., Camuffo, D.,
Cornes, R., Cram, T. A., Crouthamel, R., Domínguez-Castro, F., Freeman,
J. E., Gergis, J., Hawkins, E., Jones, P. D., Jourdain, S., Kaplan, A.,
Kubota, H., Blancq, F. Le, Lee, T. C., Lorrey, A., Luterbacher, J., Maugeri,
M., Mock, C. J., Moore, G. W. K., Przybylak, R., Pudmenzky, C., Reason, C.,
Slonosky, V. C., Smith, C. A., Tinz, B., Trewin, B., Valente, M. A., Wang,
X. L., Wilkinson, C., Wood, K., and Wyszyński, P.: Towards a more
reliable historical reanalysis: Improvements for version 3 of the Twentieth
Century Reanalysis system, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 145, 2876–2908,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3598, 2019 (data available at: https://portal.nersc.gov/project/20C_Reanalysis/, last access: 30 May 2022).
Song, J.: Changes in dryness/wetness in China during the last 529 years,
Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1003–1016,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(200007)20:9<1003::AID-JOC529>3.0.CO;2-S, 2000.
Takács, K., Kern, Z., and Pásztor, L.: Long-term ice phenology records from eastern–central Europe, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 391–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-391-2018, 2018.
Teillet, J. V.: A Reconstruction of Summer Sea lce Conditions in the
Labrador Sea Using Hudson's Bay Company Ships' Log-Books, 1751 to 1870, MS
thesis, University of Manitoba, https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/7175?show=full (last access: 30 May 2022), 1988.
Telelis, I. G.: Climatic Fluctuations in the Eastern Mediterranean and the
Middle East AD 300–1500 from Byzantine Documentary and Proxy Physical
Paleoclimatic Evidence – A Comparison, Jahrb. der Österreichischen
Byzantinistik, 58, 167–208, https://doi.org/10.1553/joeb58s167, 2008.
Thordarson, T. and Self, S.: Atmospheric and environmental effects of the
1783-1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
108, 4011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd002042, 2003.
Toohey, M. and Sigl, M.: Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500 BCE to 1900 CE, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 809–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-809-2017, 2017.
Valler, V., Franke, J., Brugnara, Y., and Brönnimann, S.: An updated
global atmospheric paleo-reanalysis covering the last 400 years, Geosci.
Data J., 00, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.121, 2021.
Veale, L., Endfield, G., Davies, S., Macdonald, N., Naylor, S., Royer,
M.-J., Bowen, J., Tyler-Jones, R., and Jones, C.: Dealing with the deluge of
historical weather data: the example of the TEMPEST database, GEO Geogr.
Environ., 4, e00039, https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.39, 2017.
Vogel, C. H.: A documentary-derived climatic chronology for South Africa,
1820–1900, Clim. Change, 14, 291–307, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00134967, 1989.
Wang, P. K. and Zhang, D.: An Introduction to Some Historical Governmental
Weather Records of China, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 69, 753–758,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1988)069<0753:AITSHG>2.0.CO;2,
1988.
Wang, P. K., Lin, K.-H. E., Liao, Y.-C., Liao, H.-M., Lin, Y.-S., Hsu,
C.-T., Hsu, S.-M., Wan, C.-W., Lee, S.-Y., Fan, I.-C., Tan, P.-H., and Ting,
T.-T.: Construction of the REACHES climate database based on historical
documents of China, Sci. Data, 5, 180288, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.288, 2018.
Wang, R. S. and Wang, S. W.: Reconstruction of Winter Temperature in Eastern
China during the Past 500 Years Using Historical Documents, Acta Meteorol.
Sin., 48, 180–189, 1990.
Wang, S. and Gong., D.: Climate in China during the Four Special Periods in
Holocene, Prog. Nat. Sci., 10, 379–386, 2000.
Wang, S. W., Ye, J.-L., and Gong, D.-Y.: Climate in China during the Little Ice
Age, Quat. Sci., 1, 54–64, 1998.
White, S.: North American Climate History (1500–1800), in: The Palgrave
Handbook of Climate History, 1st edn., edited by: White, S., Pfister, C., and Mauelshagen, F., Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, 297–308, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_24,
2018.
White, S., Pfister, C., and Mauelshagen, F. (Eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of
Climate History, 1st edn., Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5, 2018.
Wilson, R., Anchukaitis, K., Briffa, K. R., Büntgen, U., Cook, E.,
D'Arrigo, R., Davi, N., Esper, J., Frank, D., Gunnarson, B., Hegerl, G.,
Helama, S., Klesse, S., Krusic, P. J., Linderholm, H. W., Myglan, V.,
Osborn, T. J., Rydval, M., Schneider, L., Schurer, A., Wiles, G., Zhang, P.,
and Zorita, E.: Last millennium northern hemisphere summer temperatures from
tree rings: Part I: The long term context, Quat. Sci. Rev., 134, 1–18,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.005, 2016.
Wood, C. A.: Climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption, in: The Year Without
a Summer? Climte in 1816, edited by: Harington, C. R., Canadian Museum of Nature,
Ottawa, 58–77, https://archive.org/details/yearwithoutsumme1992hari (last access: 30 May 2022), 1992.
Xoplaki, E., Maheras, P., and Luterbacher, J.: Variability of Climate in
Meridional Balkans during the Periods 1675–1715 and 1780–1830 and its
Impact on Human Life, Clim. Change, 48, 581–615,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005616424463, 2001.
Xoplaki, E., Luterbacher, J., Paeth, H., Dietrich, D., Steiner, N.,
Grosjean, M., and Wanner, H.: European spring and autumn temperature
variability and change of extremes over the last half millennium, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 32, L15713, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023424, 2005.
Xoplaki, E., Luterbacher, J., Wagner, S., Zorita, E., Fleitmann, D.,
Preiser-Kapeller, J., Sargent, A. M., White, S., Toreti, A., Haldon, J. F.,
Mordechai, L., Bozkurt, D., Akçer-Ön, S., and Izdebski, A.: Modelling
Climate and Societal Resilience in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Last
Millennium, Hum. Ecol., 46, 363–379, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-018-9995-9,
2018.
Zambri, B., Robock, A., Mills, M. J., and Schmidt, A.: Modeling the
1783–1784 Laki Eruption in Iceland: 2. Climate Impacts, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 6770–6790, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029554, 2019.
Zhang, D.: Winter Temperature Changes during the Last 500 Years in South
China, Chinese Sci. Bull., 25, 497–500,
1980.
Zhang, D.: A Compendium of Chinese Meteorological Records of the Last 3000 Years, 1st edn., Phonenix Publishing House, Nanjing, 2004.
Zhang, D.: A Compendium of Chinese Meteorological Records of the Last 3000 Years, 2nd edn., Phoenix House Ltd, Jiangsu, 2013.
Zhang, P. Y.: Climate Change in China during Historical Times, Shandong
Science & Technology Press, Jinan, 1996.
Zheng, J. and Zheng, S.: An analysis on cold/warm and dry/wet in Shandong
Province during historical times, Acta Geogr. Sin., 48, 348–357, 1993.
Zheng, J., Zhang, P., Ge, Q., and Man, Z.: Centennial changes of
drought/flood spatial pattern in eastern China for the last 2000 years,
Prog. Nat. Sci., 11, 285–287, 2001.
Zheng, J., Hao, Z. X., and Ge, Q.: Variation of precipitation for the last
300 years over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, Sci. China
Ser. D, 48, 2182, https://doi.org/10.1360/03yd0392, 2005.
Zheng, J., Wang, W. C., Ge, Q., Man, Z., and Zhang, P.: Precipitation
variability and extreme events in eastern China during the past 1500 years,
Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 17, 579–592, https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2006.17.3.579(A),
2006.
Zheng, J., Ding, L., Hao, Z., and Ge, Q.: Extreme cold winter events in
southern China during AD 1650-2000, Boreas, 41, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00225.x, 2012.
Zhou, Q., Zhang, P., and Wang, Z.: Reconstruction of annual winter mean
temperature series in Hefei area during 1736–1991 AD., Acta Geogr. Sin.,
49, 332–37, 1994.
Short summary
This comprehensive inventory of quantitative documentary evidence related to climate extending back to 1400 CE promotes the first ever global perspective on documentary climate records. It lays the foundation for incorporating documentary evidence from archives of societies into global-scale climate reconstructions, complementing (early) instrumental measurements and natural climate proxies. Documentary records are particularly relevant in seasons and regions poorly covered by natural proxies.
This comprehensive inventory of quantitative documentary evidence related to climate extending...
