Articles | Volume 17, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1507-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1507-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Jul 2021
Research article |
| 19 Jul 2021
| 19 Jul 2021
The atmospheric bridge communicated the δ13C decline during the last deglaciation to the global upper ocean
Department of Earth Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
Lowell D. Stott
Department of Earth Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
Laurie Menviel
Climate Change Research Centre, Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Andy Ridgwell
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Malin Ödalen
Department of Meteorology, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Mayhar Mohtadi
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Martina Hollstein, Matthias Prange, Lukas Jonkers, and Mahyar Mohtadi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1891, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1891, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
The low-latitude Indo-Pacific plays a crucial role for global climate. Nonetheless, our understanding of the regional sea surface temperature (SST) dynamics remains limited. We compare reconstructed and simulated SSTs for three interglacial periods. While reconstructions show warmer-than-preindustrial SSTs during past interglacials, which we attribute to extratropical warming and the global ocean circulation, simulations show cooler SSTs. We discuss possible causes for these discrepancies.
Peter Köhler, Laurie Menviel, Frerk Pöppelmeier, Timothy J. Heaton, Edouard Bard, and Luke C. Skinner
Clim. Past, 22, 729–746, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-729-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-729-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Radiocarbon (14C) is decaying over time, which is used to determine the age of carbon-containing objects. Calibration curves are necessary to come from measured 14C values to calendar ages. We use different models in order to improve future calibration curves, especially around times of abrupt changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. We find that uncertainties during those times are underrepresented in present calibrations, especially in the Atlantic.
Didier Swingedouw, Laura Jackson, Aixue Hu, Anastasia Romanou, Nicole C. Laureanti, Wilbert Weijer, Sina Loriani, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Lucas Almeida, Alessio Bellucci, Reyk Börner, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Donovan P. Dennis, Marion Devilliers, Sybren Drijfhout, Jonathan Donges, Friederike Fröb, Thomas L. Frölicher, Guillaume Gastineau, Heiko Goelzer, Chuncheng Guo, Urs Hofmann, Anna Höse, Colin Jones, Torben Koenigk, Ann Kristin Klose, Valerio Lembo, Jose Licon-Salaiz, Ken Mankoff, Virna Meccia, Irina Melnikova, Oliver Mehling, Laurie Menviel, Juliette Mignot, Jon I. Robson, Gavin A. Schmidt, Robin Smith, Yuchen Sun, Irene Trombini, Matteo Willeit, Richard Wood, Fanghua Wu, Lin Zhaohui, and Ricarda Winkelmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1698, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a plan for climate model experiments to better understand how changes in freshwater in the North Atlantic affect major ocean currents. We designed coordinated simulations to test their response to warming, added freshwater, and possible recovery after weakening. Comparing results across models and past climate evidence helps improve confidence in projections and assess risks of large ocean circulation changes.
Markus Adloff, Terra M. Ganey, Mathis P. Hain, Michael J. Henehan, Sarah E. Greene, and Andy Ridgwell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5564, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5564, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Seawater composition affects carbon cycling in the ocean and has changed over Earth history, requiring corrections when reconstructing past marine carbonate systems. We present a new correction scheme for the intermediate complexity Earth system model cGENIE based on the ion interaction model MyAMI. We validate the new scheme, find significant improvements over the default scheme, and discuss the relevance of accurate and consistent major ion correction in carbon cycle reconstructions.
Lu Zhou, Holly Ayres, Birte Gülk, Aditya Narayanan, Casimir de Lavergne, Malin Ödalen, Alessandro Silvano, Xingchi Wang, Margaret Lindeman, and Nadine Steiger
The Cryosphere, 20, 285–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-285-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-285-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Polynyas are large openings in polar sea ice that can influence global climate and ocean circulation. After disappearing for 40 years, major polynyas reappeared in the Weddell Sea in 2016 and 2017, sparking new scientific questions. Our review explores how ocean currents, atmospheric conditions, and deep ocean heat drive their formation. These polynyas impact ecosystems, carbon exchange, and deep water formation, but their future remains uncertain, requiring better observations and models.
Wanyee Wong, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Malin Ödalen, Amandine Aline Tisserand, Kirsten Fahl, Ruediger Stein, and Eystein Jansen
Clim. Past, 21, 2225–2242, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2225-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2225-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Sea ice variability in the eastern Fram Strait between, and within, individual Greenland Stadials and Interstadials is documented by high-resolution proxy reconstructions. Unlike the southeastern Nordic Seas and North Atlantic, these changes were less linked to Greenland climate oscillations. Instead, they were driven by ocean heat transport, regulated by the interplay between the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation strength and sea ice cover in the southeastern Nordic Seas.
Charlotte Läuchli, Nestor Gaviria-Lugo, Anne Bernhardt, Hella Wittmann, Patrick J. Frings, Mahyar Mohtadi, Andreas Lückge, and Dirk Sachse
Clim. Past, 21, 2083–2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2083-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2083-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Large-scale atmospheric pathways connecting climate across latitudes are poorly documented in the past. Using a high-resolution spatial and temporal reconstruction of the evolution of the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies since the Last Glacial Maximum and comparing it with the evolution of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, we identified the dominant atmospheric pathways that shaped past South American climate.
Louise C. Sime, Rachel Diamond, Christian Stepanek, Chris Brierley, David Schroeder, Masa Kageyama, Irene Malmierca-Vallet, Ed Blockley, Alex West, Danny Feltham, Jeff Ridley, Pascale Braconnot, Charles J. R. Williams, Xiaoxu Shi, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Sophia I. Macarewich, Silvana Ramos Buarque, Qiong Zhang, Allegra LeGrande, Weipeng Zheng, Dabang Jiang, Polina Morozova, Chuncheng Guo, Zhongshi Zhang, Nicholas Yeung, Laurie Menviel, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Olivia Reeves, Matthew Pollock, and Anni Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3531, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3531, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic may have lost its summer sea ice 127,000 years ago during a naturally warm period in Earth’s past. Climate models can be tested by recreating those conditions, with similar sunlight and greenhouse gas levels. Analysing the large sea ice changes in these simulations helps us understand how the Arctic might respond in the near future and improves how we test and trust our climate models.
Yanxuan Du, Josephine R. Brown, Laurie Menviel, Himadri Saini, Russell N. Drysdale, David K. Hutchinson, and Calla N. Gould-Whaley
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4212, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4212, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an overview of the climate responses to different magnitudes of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakening under glacial conditions using the Australian Earth System Model. We find that the climate patterns show relatively linear response with the AMOC weakening; however, crossing the threshold of AMOC shutdown results in non-linear and more complex climate responses. The results highlight the importance of not crossing the threshold of AMOC shutdown in the future.
Takashi Obase, Laurie Menviel, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Tristan Vadsaria, Ruza Ivanovic, Brooke Snoll, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Paul J. Valdes, Lauren Gregoire, Marie-Luise Kapsch, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Nathaelle Bouttes, Didier Roche, Fanny Lhardy, Chengfei He, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Zhengyu Liu, and Wing-Le Chan
Clim. Past, 21, 1443–1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1443-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1443-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyses transient simulations of the last deglaciation performed by six climate models to understand the processes driving high-southern-latitude temperature changes. We find that atmospheric CO2 and AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) changes are the primary drivers of the warming and cooling during the middle stage of the deglaciation. The analysis highlights the model's sensitivity of CO2 and AMOC to meltwater and the meltwater history of temperature changes at high southern latitudes.
Zanna Chase, Karen E. Kohfeld, Amy Leventer, David Lund, Xavier Crosta, Laurie Menviel, Helen C. Bostock, Matthew Chadwick, Samuel L. Jaccard, Jacob Jones, Alice Marzocchi, Katrin J. Meissner, Elisabeth Sikes, Louise C. Sime, and Luke Skinner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3504, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3504, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of recent dramatic declines in Antarctic sea ice on the Earth system are uncertain. We reviewed how sea ice affects ocean circulation, ice sheets, winds, and the carbon cycle by considering theory and modern observations alongside paleo-proxy reconstructions. We found evidence for connections between sea ice and these systems but also conflicting results, which point to missing knowledge. Our work highlights the complex role of sea ice in the Earth system.
Bartholomé Duboc, Katrin J. Meissner, Laurie Menviel, Nicholas K. H. Yeung, Babette Hoogakker, Tilo Ziehn, and Matthew Chamberlain
Clim. Past, 21, 1093–1122, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1093-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1093-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use an earth system model to simulate ocean oxygen during two past warm periods, the Last Interglacial (∼ 129–115 ka) and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 9e (∼ 336–321 ka). The global ocean is overall less oxygenated compared to the preindustrial simulation. Large regions in the Mediterranean Sea are oxygen deprived in the Last Interglacial simulation, and to a lesser extent in the MIS 9e simulation, due to an intensification and expansion of the African monsoon and enhanced river runoff.
Gabriel M. Pontes, Pedro L. da Silva Dias, and Laurie Menviel
Clim. Past, 21, 1079–1091, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1079-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1079-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
El Niño events are the main drivers of year-to-year climate variability. Understanding how El Niño activity is affected by different climate states is of great relevance to agriculture, water, ecosystem, and climate risk management. Through analysis of past and future climate simulations, we show that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sensitivity to mean state changes is nonlinear and, to some extent, shaped by atmospheric CO2 levels.
Himadri Saini, David K. Hutchinson, Josephine R. Brown, Russell N. Drysdale, Yanxuan Du, and Laurie Menviel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1990, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1990, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how large ice sheets during the last Ice Age influenced global weather patterns. We found that the presence of these ice sheets affected rainfall patterns in regions like Eurasia and Australia. By altering wind and weather systems, they shifted the position of the tropical rainbelt and impacted the circulation of air in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Our research helps us understand past climate changes and their potential effects on future climate patterns.
Keyi Cheng, Andy Ridgwell, and Dalton S. Hardisty
Biogeosciences, 21, 4927–4949, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The carbonate paleoredox proxy, I / Ca, has shown its potential to quantify the redox change in the past ocean, which is of broad importance for understanding climate change and evolution. Here, we tuned and optimized the marine iodine cycling embedded in an Earth system model, “cGENIE”, against modern ocean observations and then tested its ability to estimate I / Ca in the Cretaceous ocean. Our study implies cGENIE’s potential to quantify redox change in the past using the I / Ca proxy.
Ana-Cristina Mârza, Laurie Menviel, and Luke C. Skinner
Geochronology, 6, 503–519, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-503-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-503-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Radiocarbon serves as a powerful dating tool, but the calibration of marine radiocarbon dates presents significant challenges because the whole surface ocean cannot be represented by a single calibration curve. Here we use climate model outputs and data to assess a novel method for developing regional marine calibration curves. Our results are encouraging and point to a way forward for solving the marine radiocarbon age calibration problem without relying on model simulations of the past.
Holly C. Ayres, David Ferreira, Wonsun Park, Joakim Kjellsson, and Malin Ödalen
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 805–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-805-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-805-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Weddell Sea Polynya (WSP) is a large, closed-off opening in winter sea ice that has opened only a couple of times since we started using satellites to observe sea ice. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of the WSP on the atmosphere. We use three numerical models of the atmosphere, and for each, we use two levels of detail. We find that the WSP causes warming but only locally, alongside an increase in precipitation, and shows some dependence on the large-scale background winds.
Brooke Snoll, Ruza Ivanovic, Lauren Gregoire, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Laurie Menviel, Takashi Obase, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Nathaelle Bouttes, Chengfei He, Feng He, Marie Kapsch, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Juan Muglia, and Paul Valdes
Clim. Past, 20, 789–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Geological records show rapid climate change throughout the recent deglaciation. The drivers of these changes are still misunderstood but are often attributed to shifts in the Atlantic Ocean circulation from meltwater input. A cumulative effort to understand these processes prompted numerous simulations of this period. We use these to explain the chain of events and our collective ability to simulate them. The results demonstrate the importance of the meltwater amount used in the simulation.
Aaron A. Naidoo-Bagwell, Fanny M. Monteiro, Katharine R. Hendry, Scott Burgan, Jamie D. Wilson, Ben A. Ward, Andy Ridgwell, and Daniel J. Conley
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1729–1748, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1729-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1729-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As an extension to the EcoGEnIE 1.0 Earth system model that features a diverse plankton community, EcoGEnIE 1.1 includes siliceous plankton diatoms and also considers their impact on biogeochemical cycles. With updates to existing nutrient cycles and the introduction of the silicon cycle, we see improved model performance relative to observational data. Through a more functionally diverse plankton community, the new model enables more comprehensive future study of ocean ecology.
Nestor Gaviria-Lugo, Charlotte Läuchli, Hella Wittmann, Anne Bernhardt, Patrick Frings, Mahyar Mohtadi, Oliver Rach, and Dirk Sachse
Biogeosciences, 20, 4433–4453, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4433-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed how leaf wax hydrogen isotopes in continental and marine sediments respond to climate along one of the strongest aridity gradients in the world, from hyperarid to humid, along Chile. We found that under extreme aridity, the relationship between hydrogen isotopes in waxes and climate is non-linear, suggesting that we should be careful when reconstructing past hydrological changes using leaf wax hydrogen isotopes so as to avoid overestimating how much the climate has changed.
Laurie C. Menviel, Paul Spence, Andrew E. Kiss, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Hakase Hayashida, Matthew H. England, and Darryn Waugh
Biogeosciences, 20, 4413–4431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the ocean absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon, it is important to understand the impact of climate change on the flux of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere. Here, we use a very high-resolution ocean, sea-ice, carbon cycle model to show that the capability of the Southern Ocean to uptake CO2 has decreased over the last 40 years due to a strengthening and poleward shift of the southern hemispheric westerlies. This trend is expected to continue over the coming century.
Himadri Saini, Katrin J. Meissner, Laurie Menviel, and Karin Kvale
Clim. Past, 19, 1559–1584, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1559-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1559-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the changes in atmospheric CO2 during the last glacial cycle is crucial to comprehend the impact of climate change in the future. Previous research has hypothesised a key role of greater aeolian iron input into the Southern Ocean in influencing the global atmospheric CO2 levels by impacting the changes in the marine phytoplankton response. In our study, we test this iron hypothesis using climate modelling and constrain the impact of ocean iron supply on global CO2 decrease.
Rajeev Saraswat, Thejasino Suokhrie, Dinesh K. Naik, Dharmendra P. Singh, Syed M. Saalim, Mohd Salman, Gavendra Kumar, Sudhira R. Bhadra, Mahyar Mohtadi, Sujata R. Kurtarkar, and Abhayanand S. Maurya
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 171–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-171-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-171-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Much effort is made to project monsoon changes by reconstructing the past. The stable oxygen isotopic ratio of marine calcareous organisms is frequently used to reconstruct past monsoons. Here, we use the published and new stable oxygen isotopic data to demonstrate a diagenetic effect and a strong salinity influence on the oxygen isotopic ratio of foraminifera in the northern Indian Ocean. We also provide updated calibration equations to deduce monsoons from the oxygen isotopic ratio.
Xavier Crosta, Karen E. Kohfeld, Helen C. Bostock, Matthew Chadwick, Alice Du Vivier, Oliver Esper, Johan Etourneau, Jacob Jones, Amy Leventer, Juliane Müller, Rachael H. Rhodes, Claire S. Allen, Pooja Ghadi, Nele Lamping, Carina B. Lange, Kelly-Anne Lawler, David Lund, Alice Marzocchi, Katrin J. Meissner, Laurie Menviel, Abhilash Nair, Molly Patterson, Jennifer Pike, Joseph G. Prebble, Christina Riesselman, Henrik Sadatzki, Louise C. Sime, Sunil K. Shukla, Lena Thöle, Maria-Elena Vorrath, Wenshen Xiao, and Jiao Yang
Clim. Past, 18, 1729–1756, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1729-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1729-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Despite its importance in the global climate, our knowledge of Antarctic sea-ice changes throughout the last glacial–interglacial cycle is extremely limited. As part of the Cycles of Sea Ice Dynamics in the Earth system (C-SIDE) Working Group, we review marine- and ice-core-based sea-ice proxies to provide insights into their applicability and limitations. By compiling published records, we provide information on Antarctic sea-ice dynamics over the past 130 000 years.
Raúl Tapia, Sze Ling Ho, Hui-Yu Wang, Jeroen Groeneveld, and Mahyar Mohtadi
Biogeosciences, 19, 3185–3208, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We report census counts of planktic foraminifera in depth-stratified plankton net samples off Indonesia. Our results show that the vertical distribution of foraminifera species routinely used in paleoceanographic reconstructions varies in hydrographically distinct regions, likely in response to food availability. Consequently, the thermal gradient based on mixed layer and thermocline dwellers also differs for these regions, suggesting potential implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions.
Stefan Mulitza, Torsten Bickert, Helen C. Bostock, Cristiano M. Chiessi, Barbara Donner, Aline Govin, Naomi Harada, Enqing Huang, Heather Johnstone, Henning Kuhnert, Michael Langner, Frank Lamy, Lester Lembke-Jene, Lorraine Lisiecki, Jean Lynch-Stieglitz, Lars Max, Mahyar Mohtadi, Gesine Mollenhauer, Juan Muglia, Dirk Nürnberg, André Paul, Carsten Rühlemann, Janne Repschläger, Rajeev Saraswat, Andreas Schmittner, Elisabeth L. Sikes, Robert F. Spielhagen, and Ralf Tiedemann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2553–2611, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Stable isotope ratios of foraminiferal shells from deep-sea sediments preserve key information on the variability of ocean circulation and ice volume. We present the first global atlas of harmonized raw downcore oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of various planktonic and benthic foraminiferal species. The atlas is a foundation for the analyses of the history of Earth system components, for finding future coring sites, and for teaching marine stratigraphy and paleoceanography.
Ryan A. Green, Laurie Menviel, Katrin J. Meissner, Xavier Crosta, Deepak Chandan, Gerrit Lohmann, W. Richard Peltier, Xiaoxu Shi, and Jiang Zhu
Clim. Past, 18, 845–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are used to predict future climate changes and as such, it is important to assess their performance in simulating past climate changes. We analyze seasonal sea-ice cover over the Southern Ocean simulated from numerical PMIP3, PMIP4 and LOVECLIM simulations during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Comparing these simulations to proxy data, we provide improved estimates of LGM seasonal sea-ice cover. Our estimate of summer sea-ice extent is 20 %–30 % larger than previous estimates.
Dipayan Choudhury, Laurie Menviel, Katrin J. Meissner, Nicholas K. H. Yeung, Matthew Chamberlain, and Tilo Ziehn
Clim. Past, 18, 507–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of a warmer climate from the Earth's paleoclimate (last interglacial) on the marine carbon cycle of the Southern Ocean using a carbon-cycle-enabled state-of-the-art climate model. We find a 150 % increase in CO2 outgassing during this period, which results from competition between higher sea surface temperatures and weaker oceanic circulation. From this we unequivocally infer that the carbon uptake by the Southern Ocean will reduce under a future warming scenario.
Katherine A. Crichton, Andy Ridgwell, Daniel J. Lunt, Alex Farnsworth, and Paul N. Pearson
Clim. Past, 17, 2223–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The middle Miocene (15 Ma) was a period of global warmth up to 8 °C warmer than present. We investigate changes in ocean circulation and heat distribution since the middle Miocene and the cooling to the present using the cGENIE Earth system model. We create seven time slices at ~2.5 Myr intervals, constrained with paleo-proxy data, showing a progressive reduction in atmospheric CO2 and a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Yoshiki Kanzaki, Dominik Hülse, Sandra Kirtland Turner, and Andy Ridgwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5999–6023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5999-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5999-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sedimentary carbonate plays a central role in regulating Earth’s carbon cycle and climate, and also serves as an archive of paleoenvironments, hosting various trace elements/isotopes. To help obtain
trueenvironmental changes from carbonate records over diagenetic distortion, IMP has been newly developed and has the capability to simulate the diagenesis of multiple carbonate particles and implement different styles of particle mixing by benthos using an adapted transition matrix method.
Markus Adloff, Andy Ridgwell, Fanny M. Monteiro, Ian J. Parkinson, Alexander J. Dickson, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, Matthew S. Fantle, and Sarah E. Greene
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4187–4223, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first representation of the trace metals Sr, Os, Li and Ca in a 3D Earth system model (cGENIE). The simulation of marine metal sources (weathering, hydrothermal input) and sinks (deposition) reproduces the observed concentrations and isotopic homogeneity of these metals in the modern ocean. With these new tracers, cGENIE can be used to test hypotheses linking these metal cycles and the cycling of other elements like O and C and simulate their dynamic response to external forcing.
Cited articles
Abe-Ouchi, A., Segawa, T., and Saito, F.: Climatic Conditions for modelling the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets throughout the ice age cycle, Clim. Past, 3, 423–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-423-2007, 2007.
Anderson, R. F., Ali, S., Bradtmiller, L. I., Nielsen, S. H. H., Fleisher, M. Q., Anderson, B. E., and Burckle, L. H.: Wind-Driven Upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the Deglacial Rise in Atmospheric CO2, Science, 323, 1443–1448, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167441, 2009.
Basak, C., Fröllje, H., Lamy, F., Gersonde, R., Benz, V., Anderson, R. F., Molina-Kescher, M., and Pahnke, K.: Breakup of last glacial deep stratification in the South Pacific, Science, 359, 900–904, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2473, 2018.
Bauska, T. K., Baggenstos, D., Brook, E. J., Mix, A. C., Marcott, S. A., Petrenko, V. V., Schaefer, H., Severinghaus, J. P., and Lee, J. E.: Carbon isotopes characterize rapid changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide during the last deglaciation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 3465–3470, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513868113, 2016.
Bemis, B. E., Spero, H. J., Lea, D. W., and Bijma, J.: Temperature influence on the carbon isotopic composition of Globigerina bulloides and Orbulina universa (planktonic foraminifera), Mar. Micropaleontol., 38, 213–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00006-2, 2000.
Berger, A. L.: Long-Term Variations of Daily Insolation and Quaternary Climatic Changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2362–2367, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
Bereiter, B., Eggleston, S., Schmitt, J., Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Stocker, T. F., Fischer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., and Chappellaz, J.: Revision of the EPICA Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600 kyr before present: Analytical bias in the EDC CO2 record, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 542–549, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061957, 2015.
Bernardello, R., Marinov, I., Palter, J. B., Sarmiento, J. L., Galbraith, E. D., and Slater, R. D.: Response of the Ocean Natural Carbon Storage to Projected Twenty-First-Century Climate Change, J. Climate, 27, 2033–2053, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00343.1, 2014.
Broecker, W. S., Peng, T.-H., Ostlund, G., and Stuiver, M.: The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6953–6970, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC090iC04p06953, 1985.
Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., and Svirezhev, Y.: A continuous climate-vegetation classification for use in climate-biosphere studies, Ecol. Model., 101, 251–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00049-5, 1997.
Buizert, C., Sigl, M., Severi, M., Markle, B. R., Wettstein, J. J., McConnell, J. R., Pedro, J. B., Sodemann, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Kawamura, K., Fujita, S., Motoyama, H., Hirabayashi, M., Uemura, R., Stenni, B., Parrenin, F., He, F., Fudge, T. J., and Steig, E. J.: Abrupt ice-age shifts in southern westerly winds and Antarctic climate forced from the north, Nature, 563, 681–685, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0727-5, 2018.
Burke, A. and Robinson, L. F.: The Southern Ocean's Role in Carbon Exchange During the Last Deglaciation, Science, 335, 557–561, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208163, 2012.
Cao, L., Eby, M., Ridgwell, A., Caldeira, K., Archer, D., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Matsumoto, K., Mikolajewicz, U., Mouchet, A., Orr, J. C., Plattner, G.-K., Schlitzer, R., Tokos, K., Totterdell, I., Tschumi, T., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.: The role of ocean transport in the uptake of anthropogenic CO2, Biogeosciences, 6, 375–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-375-2009, 2009.
Cliff, E., Khatiwala, S., and Schmittner, A.: Glacial deep ocean deoxygenation driven by biologically mediated air–sea disequilibrium, Nat. Geosci., 14, 43–50, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-00667-z, 2021.
Edwards, N. R. and Marsh, R.: Uncertainties due to transport-parameter sensitivity in an efficient 3-D ocean-climate model, Clim. Dynam., 24, 415–433, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0508-8, 2005.
Eide, M., Olsen, A., Ninnemann, U. S., and Eldevik, T.: A global estimate of the full oceanic 13C Suess effect since the preindustrial: Full Oceanic 13C Suess Effect, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 492–514, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005472, 2017.
Goosse, H., Brovkin, V., Fichefet, T., Haarsma, R., Huybrechts, P., Jongma, J., Mouchet, A., Selten, F., Barriat, P.-Y., Campin, J.-M., Deleersnijder, E., Driesschaert, E., Goelzer, H., Janssens, I., Loutre, M.-F., Morales Maqueda, M. A., Opsteegh, T., Mathieu, P.-P., Munhoven, G., Pettersson, E. J., Renssen, H., Roche, D. M., Schaeffer, M., Tartinville, B., Timmermann, A., and Weber, S. L.: Description of the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM version 1.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 603–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-603-2010, 2010.
Heaton, T. J., Köhler, P., Butzin, M., Bard, E., Reimer, R. W., Austin, W. E. N., Bronk Ramsey, C., Grootes, P. M., Hughen, K. A., Kromer, B., Reimer, P. J., Adkins, J., Burke, A., Cook, M. S., Olsen, J., and Skinner, L. C.: Marine20 – The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP), Radiocarbon, 62, 779–820, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.68, 2020.
Heimann, M. and Maier-Reimer, E.: On the relations between the oceanic uptake of CO2 and its carbon isotopes, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 89–110, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GB03191, 1996.
Hertzberg, J. E., Lund, D. C., Schmittner, A., and Skrivanek, A. L.: Evidence for a biological pump driver of atmospheric CO2 rise during Heinrich Stadial 1: Bio Pump and CO2 Rise During HS1, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12242–12251, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070723, 2016.
Hodell, D. A., Nicholl, J. A., Bontognali, T. R. R., Danino, S., Dorador, J., Dowdeswell, J. A., Einsle, J., Kuhlmann, H., Martrat, B., Mleneck-Vautravers, M. J., Rodríguez-Tovar, F. J., and Röhl, U.: Anatomy of Heinrich Layer 1 and its role in the last deglaciation, Paleoceanography, 32, 284–303, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA003028, 2017.
Ito, T. and Follows, M. J.: Preformed phosphate, soft tissue pump and atmospheric CO2, J. Mar. Res., 63, 813–839, https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240054663231, 2005.
Ito, T., Follows, M. J., and Boyle, E. A.: Is AOU a good measure of respiration in the oceans? Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020900, 2004.
Khatiwala, S., Schmittner, A., and Muglia, J.: Air-sea disequilibrium enhances ocean carbon storage during glacial periods, Science Advances, 5, eaaw4981, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw4981, 2019.
Lacerra, M., Lund, D., Yu, J., and Schmittner, A.: Carbon storage in the mid-depth Atlantic during millennial-scale climate events, Paleoceanography, 32, 780–795, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA003081, 2017.
Lambert, F., Opazo, N., Ridgwell, A., Winckler, G., Lamy, F., Shaffer, G., Kohfeld, K., Ohgaito, R., Albani, S., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Regional patterns and temporal evolution of ocean iron fertilization and CO2 drawdown during the last glacial termination, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 554, 116675, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116675, 2021.
Lund, D., Hertzberg, J., and Lacerra, M.: Carbon isotope minima in the South Atlantic during the last deglaciation: evaluating the influence of air-sea gas exchange, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 055004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab126f, 2019.
Lund, D. C. and Mix, A. C.: Millennial-scale deep water oscillations: Reflections of the North Atlantic in the deep Pacific from 10 to 60 ka, Paleoceanography, 13, 10–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/97PA02984, 1998.
Lund, D. C., Tessin, A. C., Hoffman, J. L., and Schmittner, A.: Southwest Atlantic water mass evolution during the last deglaciation: DEGLACIAL SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC CIRCULATION, Paleoceanography, 30, 477–494, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002657, 2015.
Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Schmidt, M. W., Gene Henry, L., Curry, W. B., Skinner, L. C., Mulitza, S., Zhang, R., and Chang, P.: Muted change in Atlantic overturning circulation over some glacial-aged Heinrich events, Nat. Geosci., 7, 144–150, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2045, 2014.
Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Valley, S. G., and Schmidt, M. W.: Temperature-dependent ocean–atmosphere equilibration of carbon isotopes in surface and intermediate waters over the deglaciation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 506, 466–475, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.024, 2019.
Marcott, S. A., Bauska, T. K., Buizert, C., Steig, E. J., Rosen, J. L., Cuffey, K. M., Fudge, T. J., Severinghaus, J. P., Ahn, J., Kalk, M. L., McConnell, J. R., Sowers, T., Taylor, K. C., White, J. W. C., and Brook, E. J.: Centennial-scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last deglaciation, Nature, 514, 616–619, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13799, 2014.
Martínez-Botí, M. A., Marino, G., Foster, G. L., Ziveri, P., Henehan, M. J., Rae, J. W. B., Mortyn, P. G., and Vance, D.: Boron isotope evidence for oceanic carbon dioxide leakage during the last deglaciation, Nature, 518, 219–222, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14155, 2015.
Martinez-Garcia, A., Sigman, D. M., Ren, H., Anderson, R. F., Straub, M., Hodell, D. A., Jaccard, S. L., Eglinton, T. I., and Haug, G. H.: Iron Fertilization of the Subantarctic Ocean During the Last Ice Age, Science, 343, 1347–1350, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246848, 2014.
Menviel, L., England, M. H., Meissner, K. J., Mouchet, A., and Yu, J.: Atlantic-Pacific seesaw and its role in outgassing CO2 during Heinrich events: Heinrich CO2, Paleoceanography, 29, 58–70, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002542, 2014.
Menviel, L., Mouchet, A., Meissner, K. J., Joos, F., and England, M. H.: Impact of oceanic circulation changes on atmospheric δ13CO2, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 1944–1961, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005207, 2015.
Menviel, L., Yu, J., Joos, F., Mouchet, A., Meissner, K. J., and England, M. H.: Poorly ventilated deep ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from carbon isotopes: A data-model comparison study, Paleoceanography, 32, 2–17, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA003024, 2017.
Menviel, L., Spence, P., Yu, J., Chamberlain, M. A., Matear, R. J., Meissner, K. J., and England, M. H.: Southern Hemisphere westerlies as a driver of the early deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise, Nat Commun., 9, 2503, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04876-4, 2018.
Monnin, E., Indermuhle, A., Dallenbach, A., Fluckiger, J., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J.-M.: Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over the Last Glacial Termination, Science, 291, 112–114, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.112, 2001.
Ödalen, M., Nycander, J., Oliver, K. I. C., Brodeau, L., and Ridgwell, A.: The influence of the ocean circulation state on ocean carbon storage and CO2 drawdown potential in an Earth system model, Biogeosciences, 15, 1367–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1367-2018, 2018.
Palter, J. B., Sarmiento, J. L., Gnanadesikan, A., Simeon, J., and Slater, R. D.: Fueling export production: nutrient return pathways from the deep ocean and their dependence on the Meridional Overturning Circulation, Biogeosciences, 7, 3549–3568, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3549-2010, 2010.
Pasquier, B. and Holzer, M.: The plumbing of the global biological pump: Efficiency control through leaks, pathways, and time scales, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 6367–6388, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011821, 2016.
Pena, L. D., Goldstein, S. L., Hemming, S. R., Jones, K. M., Calvo, E., Pelejero, C., and Cacho, I.: Rapid changes in meridional advection of Southern Ocean intermediate waters to the tropical Pacific during the last 30 kyr, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 368, 20–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.028, 2013.
Rae, J. W. B., Gray, W. R., Wills, R. C. J., Eisenman, I., Fitzhugh, B., Fotheringham, M., Littley, E. F. M., Rafter, P. A., Rees-Owen, R., Ridgwell, A., Taylor, B., and Burke, A.: Overturning circulation, nutrient limitation, and warming in the Glacial North Pacific, Science Advances, 6, eabd1654, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd1654, 2020.
Ridgwell, A., Hülse, D., Peterson, C., Ward, B., sjszas, evansmn, and Jones, R.: derpycode/muffindoc: (Version v0.9.24), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4903426, 2021a.
Ridgwell, A., Reinhard, C., van de Velde, S., Adloff, M., Monteiro, F., Hülse, D., Wilson, J., Ward, B., Vervoort, P., Kirtland Turner, S., and Li, M.: derpycode/cgenie.muffin: Shao et al. [revised for CP] (Version v0.9.24), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4903423, 2021b.
Romahn, S., Mackensen, A., Groeneveld, J., and Pätzold, J.: Deglacial intermediate water reorganization: new evidence from the Indian Ocean, Clim. Past, 10, 293–303, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-293-2014, 2014.
Sarmiento, J. L., Gruber, N., Brzezinski, M. A., and Dunne, J. P.: High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological productivity, Nature, 427, 56–60, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02127, 2004.
Schmitt, J., Schneider, R., Elsig, J., Leuenberger, D., Lourantou, A., Chappellaz, J., Kohler, P., Joos, F., Stocker, T. F., Leuenberger, M., and Fischer, H.: Carbon Isotope Constraints on the Deglacial CO2 Rise from Ice Cores, Science, 336, 711–714, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1217161, 2012.
Schmittner, A. and Lund, D. C.: Early deglacial Atlantic overturning decline and its role in atmospheric CO2 rise inferred from carbon isotopes (δ13C), Clim. Past, 11, 135–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-135-2015, 2015.
Schmittner, A., Gruber, N., Mix, A. C., Key, R. M., Tagliabue, A., and Westberry, T. K.: Biology and air–sea gas exchange controls on the distribution of carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in the ocean, Biogeosciences, 10, 5793–5816, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5793-2013, 2013.
Schmittner, A., Bostock, H. C., Cartapanis, O., Curry, W. B., Filipsson, H. L., Galbraith, E. D., Gottschalk, J., Herguera, J. C., Hoogakker, B., Jaccard, S. L., Lisiecki, L. E., Lund, D. C., Martínez-Méndez, G., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Mackensen, A., Michel, E., Mix, A. C., Oppo, D. W., Peterson, C. D., Repschläger, J., Sikes, E. L., Spero, H. J., and Waelbroeck, C.: Calibration of the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of benthic foraminifera, Paleoceanography, 32, 512–530, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA003072, 2017.
Shao, J., Stott, L. D., Menviel, L., Ridgwell, A., Ödalen, M., and Mohtadi, M.: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – West Pacific GeoB17402-2 18,000 Year Foraminifera Stable Isotope Data, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/3S96-9C26, 2021.
Shiller, A. M.: Calculating the oceanic CO2 increase: A need for caution, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 11083, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC086iC11p11083, 1981.
Sirocko, F.: Processes controlling trace element geochemistry of Arabian Sea sediments during the last 25,000 years, Global Planet. Change, 26, 217–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00046-1, 2000.
Skinner, L. C., Fallon, S., Waelbroeck, C., Michel, E., and Barker, S.: Ventilation of the Deep Southern Ocean and Deglacial CO2 Rise, Science, 328, 1147–1151, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1183627, 2010.
Spero, H. J. and Lea, D. W.: The Cause of Carbon Isotope Minimum Events on Glacial Terminations, Science, 296, 522–525, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069401, 2002.
Spero, H. J., Mielke, K. M., Kalve, E. M., Lea, D. W., and Pak, D. K.: Multispecies approach to reconstructing eastern equatorial Pacific thermocline hydrography during the past 360 kyr, Paleoceanography, 18, 1022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002PA000814, 2003.
Stott, L. D., Shao, J., Yu, J., and Harazin, K. M.: Evaluating the Glacial-Deglacial Carbon Respiration and Ventilation Change Hypothesis as a Mechanism for Changing Atmospheric CO2, Geophys Res Lett, 48, e2020GL091296, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091296, 2021.
Toggweiler, J. R., Russell, J. L., and Carson, S. R.: Midlatitude westerlies, atmospheric CO2, and climate change during the ice ages: Westerlies and CO2 During the Ice Ages, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001154, 2006.
Waelbroeck, C., Levi, C., Duplessy, J., Labeyrie, L., Michel, E., Cortijo, E., Bassinot, F., and Guichard, F.: Distant origin of circulation changes in the Indian Ocean during the last deglaciation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 243, 244–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.12.031, 2006.
Zhao, N. and Keigwin, L. D.: An atmospheric chronology for the glacial-deglacial Eastern Equatorial Pacific, Nat. Commun., 9, 3077, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05574-x, 2018.
Short summary
Planktic and shallow benthic foraminiferal stable carbon isotope
(δ13C) data show a rapid decline during the last deglaciation. This widespread signal was linked to respired carbon released from the deep ocean and its transport through the upper-ocean circulation. Using numerical simulations in which a stronger flux of respired carbon upwells and outcrops in the Southern Ocean, we find that the depleted δ13C signal is transmitted to the rest of the upper ocean through air–sea gas exchange.
Planktic and shallow benthic foraminiferal stable carbon isotope
(δ13C) data show a rapid...
