Articles | Volume 10, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1401-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1401-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Southern high-latitude terrestrial climate change during the Palaeocene–Eocene derived from a marine pollen record (ODP Site 1172, East Tasman Plateau)
L. Contreras
Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
Paleoenvironmental Dynamics Group, Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
J. Pross
Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
Paleoenvironmental Dynamics Group, Institute of Geosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
P. K. Bijl
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
R. B. O'Hara
Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
J. I. Raine
Department of Palaeontology, GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
A. Sluijs
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
H. Brinkhuis
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Appy Sluijs and Henk Brinkhuis
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 441–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present intrinsic details of dinocyst taxa and assemblages from the sole available central Arctic late Paleocene–early Eocene sedimentary succession recovered at the central Lomonosov Ridge by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 302. We develop a pragmatic taxonomic framework, document critical biostratigraphic events, and propose two new genera and seven new species.
Dominique K. L. L. Jenny, Tammo Reichgelt, Charlotte L. O'Brien, Xiaoqing Liu, Peter K. Bijl, Matthew Huber, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 20, 1627–1657, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the Oligocene
icehouseclimate. We extend an existing marine climate proxy data compilation and present a new compilation and analysis of terrestrial plant assemblages to assess long-term climate trends and variability. Our data–climate model comparison reinforces the notion that models underestimate polar amplification of Oligocene climates, and we identify potential future research directions.
Mark Vinz Elbertsen, Erik van Sebille, and Peter Kristian Bijl
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1596, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1596, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work verifies the remarkable finds of late Eocene Antarctic-sourced iceberg-rafted debris found on South Orkney. We find that these icebergs must have been on the larger end of the size scale compared to today’s icebergs due to faster melting in the warmer Eocene climate. The study was performed using a high-resolution model in which individual icebergs were followed through time.
Chris D. Fokkema, Tobias Agterhuis, Danielle Gerritsma, Myrthe de Goeij, Xiaoqing Liu, Pauline de Regt, Addison Rice, Laurens Vennema, Claudia Agnini, Peter K. Bijl, Joost Frieling, Matthew Huber, Francien Peterse, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 20, 1303–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Polar amplification (PA) is a key uncertainty in climate projections. The factors that dominantly control PA are difficult to separate. Here we provide an estimate for the non-ice-related PA by reconstructing tropical ocean temperature variability from the ice-free early Eocene, which we compare to deep-ocean-derived high-latitude temperature variability across short-lived warming periods. We find a PA factor of 1.7–2.3 on 20 kyr timescales, which is somewhat larger than model estimates.
Suning Hou, Leonie Toebrock, Mart van der Linden, Fleur Rothstegge, Martin Ziegler, Lucas J. Lourens, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-33, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblage and sea surface temperature record west offshore Tasmania, we find a northward migration and freshening of the subtropical front, not at the M2 glacial maximum but at its deglaciation phase. This oceanographic change aligns well with the trends in pCO2. We propose that iceberg discharge from the M2 deglaciation freshened the subtropical front, which together with the other oceanographic changes, affected atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchange in the Southern Ocean.
Marci M. Robinson, Kenneth G. Miller, Tali L. Babila, Timothy J. Bralower, James V. Browning, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, Monika Doubrawa, Gavin L. Foster, Megan K. Fung, Sean Kinney, Maria Makarova, Peter P. McLaughlin, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Morgan F. Schaller, Jean M. Self-Trail, Appy Sluijs, Thomas Westerhold, James D. Wright, and James C. Zachos
Sci. Dril., 33, 47–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is the closest geological analog to modern anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but its causes and the responses remain enigmatic. Coastal plain sediments can resolve this uncertainty, but their discontinuous nature requires numerous sites to constrain events. Workshop participants identified 10 drill sites that target the PETM and other interesting intervals. Our post-drilling research will provide valuable insights into Earth system responses.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1447–1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1447-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This new version release of DINOSTRAT, version 2.1, aligns stratigraphic ranges of dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts), a microfossil group, to the latest Geologic Time Scale. In this release I present the evolution of dinocyst subfamilies from the Middle Triassic to the modern period.
Michiel Baatsen, Peter Bijl, Anna von der Heydt, Appy Sluijs, and Henk Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 20, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work introduces the possibility and consequences of monsoons on Antarctica in the warm Eocene climate. We suggest that such a monsoonal climate can be important to understand conditions in Antarctica prior to large-scale glaciation. We can explain seemingly contradictory indications of ice and vegetation on the continent through regional variability. In addition, we provide a new mechanism through which most of Antarctica remained ice-free through a wide range of global climatic changes.
Peter K. Bijl and Henk Brinkhuis
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 309–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-309-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-309-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an online, open-access database for taxonomic descriptions, stratigraphic information and images of organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst species. With this new resource for applied and academic research, teaching and training, we open up organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts for the academic era of open science. We expect that palsys.org represents a starting point to improve taxonomic concepts, and we invite the community to contribute.
Joost Frieling, Linda van Roij, Iris Kleij, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 20, 4651–4668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a first species-specific evaluation of marine core-top dinoflagellate cyst carbon isotope fractionation (εp) to assess natural pCO2 dependency on εp and explore its geological deep-time paleo-pCO2 proxy potential. We find that εp differs between genera and species and that in Operculodinium centrocarpum, εp is controlled by pCO2 and nutrients. Our results highlight the added value of δ13C analyses of individual micrometer-scale sedimentary organic carbon particles.
Frida S. Hoem, Adrián López-Quirós, Suzanna van de Lagemaat, Johan Etourneau, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Carlota Escutia, Henk Brinkhuis, Francien Peterse, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 19, 1931–1949, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1931-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1931-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present two new sea surface temperature (SST) records in comparison with available SST records to reconstruct South Atlantic paleoceanographic evolution. Our results show a low SST gradient in the Eocene–early Oligocene due to the persistent gyral circulation. A higher SST gradient in the Middle–Late Miocene infers a stronger circumpolar current. The southern South Atlantic was the coldest region in the Southern Ocean and likely the main deep-water formation location in the Middle Miocene.
William Rush, Jean Self-Trail, Yang Zhang, Appy Sluijs, Henk Brinkhuis, James Zachos, James G. Ogg, and Marci Robinson
Clim. Past, 19, 1677–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene contains several brief warming periods referred to as hyperthermals. Studying these events and how they varied between locations can help provide insight into our future warmer world. This study provides a characterization of two of these events in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. The records of climate that we measured demonstrate significant changes during this time period, but the type and timing of these changes highlight the complexity of climatic changes.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-169, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-169, 2023
Publication in ESSD not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
This new version release of DINOSTRAT, version 2.0, aligns stratigraphic ranges of dinoflagellate cysts, a microfossil group, to the Geologic Time Scale. In this release we present the evolution of dinocyst subfamilies from the mid-Triassic to the modern.
Lena Mareike Thöle, Peter Dirk Nooteboom, Suning Hou, Rujian Wang, Senyan Nie, Elisabeth Michel, Isabel Sauermilch, Fabienne Marret, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter Kristian Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 35–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-35-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-35-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dinoflagellate cysts can be used to infer past oceanographic conditions in the Southern Ocean. This requires knowledge of their present-day ecologic affinities. We add 66 Antarctic-proximal surface sediment samples to the Southern Ocean data and derive oceanographic conditions at those stations. Dinoflagellate cysts are clearly biogeographically separated along latitudinal gradients of temperature, sea ice, nutrients, and salinity, which allows us to reconstruct these parameters for the past.
Suning Hou, Foteini Lamprou, Frida S. Hoem, Mohammad Rizky Nanda Hadju, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 19, 787–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Neogene climate cooling is thought to be accompanied by increased Equator-to-pole temperature gradients, but mid-latitudes are poorly represented. We use biomarkers to reconstruct a 23 Myr continuous sea surface temperature record of the mid-latitude Southern Ocean. We note a profound mid-latitude cooling which narrowed the latitudinal temperature gradient with the northward expansion of subpolar conditions. We surmise that this reflects the strengthening of the ACC and the expansion of sea ice.
Yord W. Yedema, Francesca Sangiorgi, Appy Sluijs, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 20, 663–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Terrestrial organic matter (TerrOM) is transported to the ocean by rivers, where its burial can potentially form a long-term carbon sink. This burial is dependent on the type and characteristics of the TerrOM. We used bulk sediment properties, biomarkers, and palynology to identify the dispersal patterns of plant-derived, soil–microbial, and marine OM in the northern Gulf of Mexico and show that plant-derived OM is transported further into the coastal zone than soil and marine-produced TerrOM.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Koen J. van der Laan, Francien Peterse, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, Stefan Schouten, Tjerk J. T. Veenstra, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 1947–1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The TEX86 proxy is often used by paleoceanographers to reconstruct past sea-surface temperatures. However, the origin of the TEX86 signal in marine sediments has been debated since the proxy was first proposed. In our paper, we show that TEX86 carries a mixed sea-surface and subsurface temperature signal and should be calibrated accordingly. Using our 15-million-year record, we subsequently show how a TEX86 subsurface temperature record can be used to inform us on past sea-surface temperatures.
Karen M. Brandenburg, Björn Rost, Dedmer B. Van de Waal, Mirja Hoins, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 19, 3305–3315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructions of past CO2 concentrations rely on proxy estimates, with one line of proxies relying on the CO2-dependence of stable carbon isotope fractionation in marine phytoplankton. Culturing experiments provide insights into which processes may impact this. We found, however, that the methods with which these culturing experiments are performed also influence 13C fractionation. Caution should therefore be taken when extrapolating results from these experiments to proxy applications.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Josse Winkelhorst, Wesley de Nooijer, Anna von der Heydt, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 961–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A hypothesized link between Pliocene (5.3–2.5 million years ago) global climate and tropical thermocline depth is currently only backed up by data from the Pacific Ocean. In our paper, we present temperature, salinity, and thermocline records from the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Surprisingly, the Pliocene thermocline evolution was remarkably different in the Atlantic and Pacific. We need to reevaluate the mechanisms that drive thermocline depth, and how these are tied to global climate change.
Michael Amoo, Ulrich Salzmann, Matthew J. Pound, Nick Thompson, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 18, 525–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Late Eocene to earliest Oligocene (37.97–33.06 Ma) climate and vegetation dynamics around the Tasmanian Gateway region reveal that changes in ocean circulation due to accelerated deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway may not have been solely responsible for the changes in terrestrial climate and vegetation; a series of regional and global events, including a change in stratification of water masses and changes in pCO2, may have played significant roles.
Peter D. Nooteboom, Peter K. Bijl, Christian Kehl, Erik van Sebille, Martin Ziegler, Anna S. von der Heydt, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 357–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-357-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-357-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having descended through the water column, microplankton in ocean sediments represents the ocean surface environment and is used as an archive of past and present surface oceanographic conditions. However, this microplankton is advected by turbulent ocean currents during its sinking journey. We use simulations of sinking particles to define ocean bottom provinces and detect these provinces in datasets of sedimentary microplankton, which has implications for palaeoclimate reconstructions.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 579–617, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using microfossils to gauge the age of rocks and sediments requires an accurate age of their first (origination) and last (extinction) appearances. But how do you know such ages can then be applied worldwide? And what causes regional differences? This paper investigates the regional consistency of ranges of species of a specific microfossil group, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts. This overview helps in identifying regional differences in the stratigraphic ranges of species and their causes.
Nick Thompson, Ulrich Salzmann, Adrián López-Quirós, Peter K. Bijl, Frida S. Hoem, Johan Etourneau, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Sabine Roignant, Emma Hocking, Michael Amoo, and Carlota Escutia
Clim. Past, 18, 209–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
New pollen and spore data from the Antarctic Peninsula region reveal temperate rainforests that changed and adapted in response to Eocene climatic cooling, roughly 35.5 Myr ago, and glacially related disturbance in the early Oligocene, approximately 33.5 Myr ago. The timing of these events indicates that the opening of ocean gateways alone did not trigger Antarctic glaciation, although ocean gateways may have played a role in climate cooling.
Peter K. Bijl, Joost Frieling, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Christine Boschman, Appy Sluijs, and Francien Peterse
Clim. Past, 17, 2393–2425, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we use the latest insights for GDGT and dinocyst-based paleotemperature and paleoenvironmental reconstructions in late Cretaceous–early Oligocene sediments from ODP Site 1172 (East Tasman Plateau, Australia). We reconstruct strong river runoff during the Paleocene–early Eocene, a progressive decline thereafter with increased wet/dry seasonality in the northward-drifting hinterland. Our critical review leaves the anomalous warmth of the Eocene SW Pacific Ocean unexplained.
Frida S. Hoem, Isabel Sauermilch, Suning Hou, Henk Brinkhuis, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 40, 175–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-175-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-175-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use marine microfossil (dinocyst) assemblage data as well as seismic and tectonic investigations to reconstruct the oceanographic history south of Australia 37–20 Ma as the Tasmanian Gateway widens and deepens. Our results show stable conditions with typically warmer dinocysts south of Australia, which contrasts with the colder dinocysts closer to Antarctica, indicating the establishment of modern oceanographic conditions with a strong Southern Ocean temperature gradient and frontal systems.
Gerrit Müller, Jack J. Middelburg, and Appy Sluijs
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3565–3575, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers are major freshwater resources, connectors and transporters on Earth. As the composition of river waters and particles results from processes in their catchment, such as erosion, weathering, environmental pollution, nutrient and carbon cycling, Earth-spanning databases of river composition are needed for studies of these processes on a global scale. While extensive resources on water and nutrient composition exist, we provide a database of river particle composition.
Frida S. Hoem, Luis Valero, Dimitris Evangelinos, Carlota Escutia, Bella Duncan, Robert M. McKay, Henk Brinkhuis, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 17, 1423–1442, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present new offshore palaeoceanographic reconstructions for the Oligocene (33.7–24.4 Ma) in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Our study of dinoflagellate cysts and lipid biomarkers indicates warm-temperate sea surface conditions. We posit that warm surface-ocean conditions near the continental shelf during the Oligocene promoted increased precipitation and heat delivery towards Antarctica that led to dynamic terrestrial ice sheet volumes in the warmer climate state of the Oligocene.
Annique van der Boon, Klaudia F. Kuiper, Robin van der Ploeg, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Maryam Honarmand, Appy Sluijs, and Wout Krijgsman
Clim. Past, 17, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
40.5 million years ago, Earth's climate warmed, but it is unknown why. Enhanced volcanism has been suggested, but this has not yet been tied to a specific region. We explore an increase in volcanism in Iran. We dated igneous rocks and compiled ages from the literature. We estimated the volume of igneous rocks in Iran in order to calculate the amount of CO2 that could have been released due to enhanced volcanism. We conclude that an increase in volcanism in Iran is a plausible cause of warming.
Michiel Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Michael A. Kliphuis, Peter K. Bijl, Appy Sluijs, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 16, 2573–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Warm climates of the deep past have proven to be challenging to reconstruct with the same numerical models used for future predictions. We present results of CESM simulations for the middle to late Eocene (∼ 38 Ma), in which we managed to match the available indications of temperature well. With these results we can now look into regional features and the response to external changes to ultimately better understand the climate when it is in such a warm state.
Appy Sluijs, Joost Frieling, Gordon N. Inglis, Klaas G. J. Nierop, Francien Peterse, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Stefan Schouten
Clim. Past, 16, 2381–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We revisit 15-year-old reconstructions of sea surface temperatures in the Arctic Ocean for the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs (∼ 57–53 million years ago) based on the distribution of fossil membrane lipids of archaea preserved in Arctic Ocean sediments. We find that improvements in the methods over the past 15 years do not lead to different results. However, data quality is now higher and potential biases better characterized. Results confirm remarkable Arctic warmth during this time.
Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Lineke Woelders, Emiel P. Huurdeman, Francien Peterse, Stephen J. Gallagher, Jörg Pross, Catherine E. Burgess, Gert-Jan Reichart, Appy Sluijs, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 16, 1667–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1667-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1667-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Phases of past transient warming can be used as a test bed to study the environmental response to climate change independent of tectonic change. Using fossil plankton and organic molecules, here we reconstruct surface ocean temperature and circulation in and around the Tasman Gateway during a warming phase 40 million years ago termed the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum. We find that plankton assemblages track ocean circulation patterns, with superimposed variability being related to temperature.
Carolien Maria Hendrina van der Weijst, Josse Winkelhorst, Anna von der Heydt, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-105, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-105, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Georg Schwamborn, Kai Hartmann, Bernd Wünnemann, Wolfgang Rösler, Annette Wefer-Roehl, Jörg Pross, Marlen Schlöffel, Franziska Kobe, Pavel E. Tarasov, Melissa A. Berke, and Bernhard Diekmann
Solid Earth, 11, 1375–1398, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1375-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1375-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use a sediment core from the Gobi Desert (Ejina Basin, NW China) to illustrate the landscape history of the area. During 2.5 million years a sediment package of 223 m thickness has been accumulated. Various sediment types document that the area turned from a playa environment (shallow water environment with multiple flooding events) to an alluvial–fluvial environment after the arrival of the Heihe in the area. The river has been diverted due to tectonics.
Gabriel J. Bowen, Brenden Fischer-Femal, Gert-Jan Reichart, Appy Sluijs, and Caroline H. Lear
Clim. Past, 16, 65–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Past climate conditions are reconstructed using indirect and incomplete geological, biological, and geochemical proxy data. We propose that such reconstructions are best obtained by statistical inversion of hierarchical models that represent how multi–proxy observations and calibration data are produced by variation of environmental conditions in time and/or space. These methods extract new information from traditional proxies and provide robust, comprehensive estimates of uncertainty.
Johan Vellekoop, Lineke Woelders, Appy Sluijs, Kenneth G. Miller, and Robert P. Speijer
Biogeosciences, 16, 4201–4210, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4201-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4201-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our micropaleontological analyses on three cores from New Jersey (USA) show that the late Maastrichtian warming event (66.4–66.1 Ma), characterized by a ~ 4.0 °C warming of sea waters on the New Jersey paleoshelf, resulted in a disruption of phytoplankton communities and a stressed benthic ecosystem. This increased ecosystem stress during the latest Maastrichtian potentially primed global ecosystems for the subsequent mass extinction following the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary impact.
Christopher J. Hollis, Tom Dunkley Jones, Eleni Anagnostou, Peter K. Bijl, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Ying Cui, Gerald R. Dickens, Kirsty M. Edgar, Yvette Eley, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Joost Frieling, Gordon N. Inglis, Elizabeth M. Kennedy, Reinhard Kozdon, Vittoria Lauretano, Caroline H. Lear, Kate Littler, Lucas Lourens, A. Nele Meckler, B. David A. Naafs, Heiko Pälike, Richard D. Pancost, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Dana L. Royer, Ulrich Salzmann, Brian A. Schubert, Hannu Seebeck, Appy Sluijs, Robert P. Speijer, Peter Stassen, Jessica Tierney, Aradhna Tripati, Bridget Wade, Thomas Westerhold, Caitlyn Witkowski, James C. Zachos, Yi Ge Zhang, Matthew Huber, and Daniel J. Lunt
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3149–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) is a model–data intercomparison of the early Eocene (around 55 million years ago), the last time that Earth's atmospheric CO2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Previously, we outlined the experimental design for climate model simulations. Here, we outline the methods used for compilation and analysis of climate proxy data. The resulting climate
atlaswill provide insights into the mechanisms that control past warm climate states.
Ilja J. Kocken, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Richard E. Zeebe, Jack J. Middelburg, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 15, 91–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-91-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-91-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Marine organic carbon burial could link the 405 thousand year eccentricity cycle in the long-term carbon cycle to that observed in climate records. Here, we simulate the response of the carbon cycle to astronomical forcing. We find a strong 2.4 million year cycle in the model output, which is present as an amplitude modulator of the 405 and 100 thousand year eccentricity cycles in a newly assembled composite record.
Robert McKay, Neville Exon, Dietmar Müller, Karsten Gohl, Michael Gurnis, Amelia Shevenell, Stuart Henrys, Fumio Inagaki, Dhananjai Pandey, Jessica Whiteside, Tina van de Flierdt, Tim Naish, Verena Heuer, Yuki Morono, Millard Coffin, Marguerite Godard, Laura Wallace, Shuichi Kodaira, Peter Bijl, Julien Collot, Gerald Dickens, Brandon Dugan, Ann G. Dunlea, Ron Hackney, Minoru Ikehara, Martin Jutzeler, Lisa McNeill, Sushant Naik, Taryn Noble, Bradley Opdyke, Ingo Pecher, Lowell Stott, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben, Yatheesh Vadakkeykath, and Ulrich G. Wortmann
Sci. Dril., 24, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, 2018
Julian D. Hartman, Peter K. Bijl, and Francesca Sangiorgi
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 445–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-445-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-445-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present an extensive overview of the organic microfossil remains found at Site U1357, Adélie Basin, East Antarctica. The organic microfossil remains are exceptionally well preserved and are derived from unicellular as well as higher organisms. We provide a morphological description, photographic images, and a discussion of the ecological preferences of the biological species from which the organic remains were derived.
Julian D. Hartman, Francesca Sangiorgi, Ariadna Salabarnada, Francien Peterse, Alexander J. P. Houben, Stefan Schouten, Henk Brinkhuis, Carlota Escutia, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 14, 1275–1297, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1275-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1275-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed sea surface temperatures for the Oligocene and Miocene periods (34–11 Ma) based on archaeal lipids from a site close to the Wilkes Land coast, Antarctica. Our record suggests generally warm to temperate surface waters: on average 17 °C. Based on the lithology, glacial and interglacial temperatures could be distinguished, showing an average 3 °C offset. The long-term temperature trend resembles the benthic δ18O stack, which may have implications for ice volume reconstructions.
Kim Alix Jakob, Jörg Pross, Christian Scholz, Jens Fiebig, and Oliver Friedrich
Clim. Past, 14, 1079–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1079-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1079-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) thermocline dynamics during the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (iNHG; ~ 2.5 Ma) currently remain unclear. In light of this uncertainty, we generated geochemical, faunal and sedimentological data for EEP Site 849 (~ 2.75–2.4 Ma). We recorded a thermocline depth change shortly before the final phase of the iNHG, which supports the hypothesis that tropical thermocline shoaling may have contributed to substantial Northern Hemisphere ice growth.
Peter K. Bijl, Alexander J. P. Houben, Julian D. Hartman, Jörg Pross, Ariadna Salabarnada, Carlota Escutia, and Francesca Sangiorgi
Clim. Past, 14, 1015–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1015-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We document Southern Ocean surface ocean conditions and changes therein during the Oligocene and Miocene (34–10 Myr ago). We infer profound long-term and short-term changes in ice-proximal oceanographic conditions: sea surface temperature, nutrient conditions and sea ice. Our results point to warm-temperate, oligotrophic, ice-proximal oceanographic conditions. These distinct oceanographic conditions may explain the high amplitude in inferred Oligocene–Miocene Antarctic ice volume changes.
Ariadna Salabarnada, Carlota Escutia, Ursula Röhl, C. Hans Nelson, Robert McKay, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo, Peter K. Bijl, Julian D. Hartman, Stephanie L. Strother, Ulrich Salzmann, Dimitris Evangelinos, Adrián López-Quirós, José Abel Flores, Francesca Sangiorgi, Minoru Ikehara, and Henk Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 14, 991–1014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-991-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-991-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we reconstruct ice sheet and paleoceanographic configurations in the East Antarctic Wilkes Land margin based on a multi-proxy study conducted in late Oligocene (26–25 Ma) sediments from IODP Site U1356. The new obliquity-forced glacial–interglacial sedimentary model shows that, under the high CO2 values of the late Oligocene, ice sheets had mostly retreated to their terrestrial margins and the ocean was very dynamic with shifting positions of the polar fronts and associated water masses.
Michiel Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Michael A. Kliphuis, Peter K. Bijl, Appy Sluijs, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-43, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-43, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene marks a period where the climate was in a hothouse state, without any continental-scale ice sheets. Such climates have proven difficult to reproduce in models, especially their low temperature difference between equator and poles. Here, we present high resolution CESM simulations using a new geographic reconstruction of the middle-to-late Eocene. The results provide new insights into a period for which knowledge is limited, leading up to a transition into the present icehouse state.
Timme H. Donders, Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Roel Verreussel, Dirk Munsterman, Johan ten Veen, Robert P. Speijer, Johan W. H. Weijers, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Lucas Lourens, Gesa Kuhlmann, and Henk Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 14, 397–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-397-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-397-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The buildup and melting of ice during the early glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, around 2.5 million years ago, were far shorter in duration than during the last million years. Based on molecular compounds and microfossils from sediments dating back to the early glaciations we show that the temperature on land and in the sea changed simultaneously and was a major factor in the ice buildup in the Northern Hemisphere. These data provide key insights into the dynamics of early glaciations.
Helen M. Beddow, Diederik Liebrand, Douglas S. Wilson, Frits J. Hilgen, Appy Sluijs, Bridget S. Wade, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 14, 255–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-255-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-255-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present two astronomy-based timescales for climate records from the Pacific Ocean. These records range from 24 to 22 million years ago, a time period when Earth was warmer than today and the only land ice was located on Antarctica. We use tectonic plate-pair spreading rates to test the two timescales, which shows that the carbonate record yields the best timescale. In turn, this implies that Earth’s climate system and carbon cycle responded slowly to changes in incoming solar radiation.
Joost Frieling, Emiel P. Huurdeman, Charlotte C. M. Rem, Timme H. Donders, Jörg Pross, Steven M. Bohaty, Guy R. Holdgate, Stephen J. Gallagher, Brian McGowran, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 317–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The hothouse climate of the early Paleogene and the associated violent carbon cycle perturbations are of particular interest to understanding current and future global climate change. Using dinoflagellate cysts and stable carbon isotope analyses, we identify several significant events, e.g., the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in sedimentary deposits from the Otway Basin, SE Australia. We anticipate that this study will facilitate detailed climate reconstructions west of the Tasmanian Gateway.
Joost Frieling, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jack J. Middelburg, Ursula Röhl, Thomas Westerhold, Steven M. Bohaty, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 14, 39–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Past periods of rapid global warming such as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum are used to study biotic response to climate change. We show that very high peak PETM temperatures in the tropical Atlantic (~ 37 ºC) caused heat stress in several marine plankton groups. However, only slightly cooler temperatures afterwards allowed highly diverse plankton communities to bloom. This shows that tropical plankton communities may be susceptible to extreme warming, but may also recover rapidly.
Peter K. Bijl, Alexander J. P. Houben, Anja Bruls, Jörg Pross, and Francesca Sangiorgi
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 105–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-105-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-105-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In order to use ocean sediments as a recorder of past oceanographic changes, a critical first step is to stratigraphically date the sediments. The absence of microfossils with known stratigraphic ranges has always hindered dating of Southern Ocean sediments. Here we tie dinocyst ranges to the international timescale in a well-dated sediment core from offshore Antarctica. With this, we can now use dinocysts as a biostratigraphic tool in otherwise stratigraphically poorly dated sediments.
Stephanie L. Strother, Ulrich Salzmann, Francesca Sangiorgi, Peter K. Bijl, Jörg Pross, Carlota Escutia, Ariadna Salabarnada, Matthew J. Pound, Jochen Voss, and John Woodward
Biogeosciences, 14, 2089–2100, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2089-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2089-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
One of the main challenges in Antarctic vegetation reconstructions is the uncertainty in unambiguously identifying reworked pollen and spore assemblages in marine sedimentary records influenced by waxing and waning ice sheets. This study uses red fluorescence and digital imaging as a new tool to identify reworking in a marine sediment core from circum-Antarctic waters to reconstruct Cenozoic climate change and vegetation with high confidence.
Odile Peyron, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, David Brayshaw, Simon Goring, Valérie Andrieu-Ponel, Stéphanie Desprat, Will Fletcher, Belinda Gambin, Chryssanthi Ioakim, Sébastien Joannin, Ulrich Kotthoff, Katerina Kouli, Vincent Montade, Jörg Pross, Laura Sadori, and Michel Magny
Clim. Past, 13, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-249-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-249-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to reconstruct the climate evolution of the Mediterranean region during the Holocene from pollen data and model outputs. The model- and pollen-inferred precipitation estimates show overall agreement: the eastern Medit. experienced wetter-than-present summer conditions during the early–late Holocene. This regional climate model highlights how the patchy nature of climate signals and data in the Medit. may lead to stronger local signals than the large-scale pattern suggests.
Johan Vellekoop, Lineke Woelders, Sanem Açikalin, Jan Smit, Bas van de Schootbrugge, Ismail Ö. Yilmaz, Henk Brinkhuis, and Robert P. Speijer
Biogeosciences, 14, 885–900, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-885-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-885-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, ~ 66 Ma, is characterized by a mass extinction. We studied groups of both surface-dwelling and bottom-dwelling organisms to unravel the oceanographic consequences of these extinctions. Our integrated records indicate that a reduction of the transport of organic matter to the sea floor resulted in enhanced recycling of nutrients in the upper water column and decreased food supply at the sea floor in the first tens of thousands of years after the extinctions.
Michiel Baatsen, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Henk A. Dijkstra, Appy Sluijs, Hemmo A. Abels, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 12, 1635–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
One of the major difficulties in modelling palaeoclimate is constricting the boundary conditions, causing significant discrepancies between different studies. Here, a new method is presented to automate much of the process of generating the necessary geographical reconstructions. The latter can be made using various rotational frameworks and topography/bathymetry input, allowing for easy inter-comparisons and the incorporation of the latest insights from geoscientific research.
Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Appy Sluijs, Nina M. Papadomanolaki, A. Guy Plint, Darren R. Gröcke, Martin A. Pearce, James S. Eldrett, João Trabucho-Alexandre, Ireneusz Walaszczyk, Bas van de Schootbrugge, and Henk Brinkhuis
Biogeosciences, 13, 2859–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades large changes have been observed in the biogeographical dispersion of marine life resulting from climate change. To better understand present and future trends it is important to document and fully understand the biogeographical response of marine life during episodes of environmental change in the geological past.
Here we investigate the response of phytoplankton, the base of the marine food web, to a rapid cold spell, interrupting greenhouse conditions during the Cretaceous.
Willem P. Sijp, Anna S. von der Heydt, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 12, 807–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-807-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-807-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The timing and role in ocean circulation and climate of the opening of Southern Ocean gateways is as yet elusive. Here, we present the first model results specific to the early-to-middle Eocene where, in agreement with the field evidence, a southerly shallow opening of the Tasman Gateway does indeed cause a westward flow across the Tasman Gateway, in agreement with recent micropalaeontological studies.
E. O. Walliser, B. R. Schöne, T. Tütken, J. Zirkel, K. I. Grimm, and J. Pross
Clim. Past, 11, 653–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-653-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-653-2015, 2015
N. A. G. M. van Helmond, A. Sluijs, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, G.-J. Reichart, S. Voigt, J. Erbacher, J. Pross, and H. Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 11, 495–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the chemistry and microfossils preserved in sediments deposited in a shallow sea, in the current Lower Saxony region (NW Germany), we conclude that changes in Earth’s orbit around the Sun led to enhanced rainfall and organic matter production. The additional supply of organic matter, depleting oxygen upon degradation, and freshwater, inhibiting the mixing of oxygen-rich surface waters with deeper waters, caused the development of oxygen-poor waters about 94 million years ago.
B. S. Slotnick, V. Lauretano, J. Backman, G. R. Dickens, A. Sluijs, and L. Lourens
Clim. Past, 11, 473–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-473-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-473-2015, 2015
A. Sluijs, L. van Roij, G. J. Harrington, S. Schouten, J. A. Sessa, L. J. LeVay, G.-J. Reichart, and C. P. Slomp
Clim. Past, 10, 1421–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014, 2014
J. S. Eldrett, D. R. Greenwood, M. Polling, H. Brinkhuis, and A. Sluijs
Clim. Past, 10, 759–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, 2014
I. Ruvalcaba Baroni, R. P. M. Topper, N. A. G. M. van Helmond, H. Brinkhuis, and C. P. Slomp
Biogeosciences, 11, 977–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-977-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-977-2014, 2014
I. G. M. Wientjes, R. S. W. Van de Wal, G. J. Reichart, A. Sluijs, and J. Oerlemans
The Cryosphere, 5, 589–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-589-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-589-2011, 2011
Related subject area
Subject: Vegetation Dynamics | Archive: Marine Archives | Timescale: Cenozoic
Eocene to Oligocene vegetation and climate in the Tasmanian Gateway region were controlled by changes in ocean currents and pCO2
Vegetation change across the Drake Passage region linked to late Eocene cooling and glacial disturbance after the Eocene–Oligocene transition
Life and death in the Chicxulub impact crater: a record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Climate variability and long-term expansion of peatlands in Arctic Norway during the late Pliocene (ODP Site 642, Norwegian Sea)
Late Eocene to middle Miocene (33 to 13 million years ago) vegetation and climate development on the North American Atlantic Coastal Plain (IODP Expedition 313, Site M0027)
Michael Amoo, Ulrich Salzmann, Matthew J. Pound, Nick Thompson, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 18, 525–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Late Eocene to earliest Oligocene (37.97–33.06 Ma) climate and vegetation dynamics around the Tasmanian Gateway region reveal that changes in ocean circulation due to accelerated deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway may not have been solely responsible for the changes in terrestrial climate and vegetation; a series of regional and global events, including a change in stratification of water masses and changes in pCO2, may have played significant roles.
Nick Thompson, Ulrich Salzmann, Adrián López-Quirós, Peter K. Bijl, Frida S. Hoem, Johan Etourneau, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Sabine Roignant, Emma Hocking, Michael Amoo, and Carlota Escutia
Clim. Past, 18, 209–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
New pollen and spore data from the Antarctic Peninsula region reveal temperate rainforests that changed and adapted in response to Eocene climatic cooling, roughly 35.5 Myr ago, and glacially related disturbance in the early Oligocene, approximately 33.5 Myr ago. The timing of these events indicates that the opening of ocean gateways alone did not trigger Antarctic glaciation, although ocean gateways may have played a role in climate cooling.
Vann Smith, Sophie Warny, Kliti Grice, Bettina Schaefer, Michael T. Whalen, Johan Vellekoop, Elise Chenot, Sean P. S. Gulick, Ignacio Arenillas, Jose A. Arz, Thorsten Bauersachs, Timothy Bralower, François Demory, Jérôme Gattacceca, Heather Jones, Johanna Lofi, Christopher M. Lowery, Joanna Morgan, Noelia B. Nuñez Otaño, Jennifer M. K. O'Keefe, Katherine O'Malley, Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar, Lorenz Schwark, and the IODP–ICDP Expedition 364 Scientists
Clim. Past, 16, 1889–1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1889-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1889-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A rare tropical record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, a potential analog for future global warming, has been identified from post-impact strata in the Chicxulub crater. Multiproxy analysis has yielded evidence for increased humidity, increased pollen and fungi input, salinity stratification, bottom water anoxia, and sea surface temperatures up to 38 °C. Pollen and plant spore assemblages indicate a nearby diverse coastal shrubby tropical forest resilient to hyperthermal conditions.
Sina Panitz, Ulrich Salzmann, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Stijn De Schepper, and Matthew J. Pound
Clim. Past, 12, 1043–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1043-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1043-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first late Pliocene high-resolution pollen record for the Norwegian Arctic, covering the time period 3.60 to 3.14 million years ago (Ma). The climate of the late Pliocene has been widely regarded as relatively stable. Our results suggest a high climate variability with alternating cool temperate forests during warmer-than-presen periods and boreal forests similar to today during cooler intervals. A spread of peatlands at the expense of forest indicates long-term cooling.
U. Kotthoff, D. R. Greenwood, F. M. G. McCarthy, K. Müller-Navarra, S. Prader, and S. P. Hesselbo
Clim. Past, 10, 1523–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1523-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1523-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Abbot, D. S., Huber, M., Bousquet, G., and Walker, C. C.: High-CO2 cloud radiative forcing feedback over both land and ocean in a global climate model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L05702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036703, 2009.
Askin, R. A.: Campanian to Paleocene spore and pollen assemblages of Seymour Island, Antarctica, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 65, 105–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(90)90061-M, 1990.
Australian National Herbarium: ANHSIR: ANH Specimen Information Register, IBIS database, available at: http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/program/hc/hc-ANHSIR.html (last access: 2012), 2011.
Barfod, A. S., Hagen, M., and Borchsenius, F.: Twenty-five years of progress in understanding pollination mechanisms in palms (Arecaceae), Ann. Bot., 108, 1503–1516, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr192, 2011.
Barrett, P. J.: Antarctic paleoenvironment through Cenozoic times – a review, Terra Antart., 3, 103–119, 1996.
Bijl, P. K., Schouten, S., Sluijs, A., Reichart, G. J., Zachos, J. C., and Brinkhuis, H.: Early Palaeogene temperature evolution of the southwest Pacific Ocean, Nature, 461, 776–779, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08399, 2009.
Bijl, P. K., Houben, A. J., Schouten, S., Bohaty, S. M., Sluijs, A., Reichart, G. J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Brinkhuis, H.: Transient Middle Eocene atmospheric CO2 and temperature variations, Science, 330, 819–821, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193654, 2010.
Bijl, P. K., Pross, J., Warnaar, J., Stickley, C. E., Huber, M., Guerstein, R., Houben, A. J. P., Sluijs, A., Visscher, H., and Brinkhuis, H.: Environmental forcings of Paleogene Southern Ocean dinoflagellate biogeography, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001905, 2011.
Bijl, P. K., Bendle, J. A., Bohaty, S. M., Pross, J., Schouten, S., Tauxe, L., Stickley, C. E., McKay, R. M., Röhl, U., Olney, M., Sluijs, A., Escutia, C., Brinkhuis, H., and Expedition 318 Scientists: Eocene cooling linked to early flow across the Tasmanian Gateway, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 9645–9650, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220872110, 2013a.
Bijl, P. K., Sluijs, A., and Brinkhuis, H.: A magneto- and chemostratigraphically calibrated dinoflagellate cyst zonation of the early Palaeogene South Pacific Ocean, Earth-Sci. Rev., 124, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.010, 2013b.
Blevin, J. C.: Petroleum Geology of the Bass Basin – Interpretation Report, An Output of the Western Tasmanian Regional Minerals Program, Geoscience Australia, Record 2003/19, 2003.
Boreham, C. J., Blevin, J. E., Radlinski, A. P., and Trigg, K. R.: Coal as a source of oil and gas: a case study from the Bass Basin, Australia, APPEA Journal, 43, 117–148, 2003.
Brinkhuis, H., Schouten, S., Collinson, M. E., Sluijs, A., Sinninghe Damsté J. S., Dickens, G. R., Huber, M., Cronin, T. M., Onodera, J., Takahashi, K., Bujak, J. P., Stein, R., van der Burgh, J., Eldrett, J. S., Harding, I. C., Lotter, A. F., Sangiorgi, F., van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, H, de Leeuw, J. W., Matthiessen, J., Backman, J., Moran, K., and the Expedition 302 Scientists: Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean, Nature, 441, 606–609, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04692, 2006.
Bureau of Metereology: Climate Data Online, Australia Government, available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/ (last access: 2013), 2013.
Bush, M. B. and Rivera, R.: Pollen dispersal and representation in a neotropical rain forest, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 7, 379–392, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.1998.00293.x, 1998.
Calver, C. R., Clarke, M. J., and Truswell, E. M.: The stratigraphy of a late Palaeozoic borehole section at Douglas River, Eastern Tasmania: a synthesis of marine macro-invertebrate and palynological data, Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasman., 118, 137–161, 1984.
Cande, S. C. and Stock, J. M.: Cenozoic reconstruction of the Australia-New Zealand-South Pacific sector of Antarctica, in: The Cenozoic Southern Ocean: Tectonics, Sedimentation and Climate Change Between Australia and Antarctica, edited by: Exon, N. F., Kennett, J. P., and Malone, M., Geophysical Monograph Series, 151, American Geophysical Union, Washington, 5–18, 2004.
Carpenter, R. J., Jordan, G. J., Macphail, M. K., and Hill, R. S.: Near-tropical Early Eocene terrestrial temperatures at the Australo-Antarctic margin, western Tasmania, Geology, 40, 267–270, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32584.1, 2012.
Contreras, L., Pross, J., Bijl, P. K., Koutsodendris, A., Raine, J. I., van de Schootbrugge, B., and Brinkhuis, H.: Early to Middle Eocene vegetation dynamics at the Wilkes Land Margin (Antarctica), Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 197, 119–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.05.009, 2013.
Couper, R. A.: New Zealand Mesozoic and Cainozoic plant microfossils, NZ Geol. Surv. Paleontol. Bull., 32, 1–88, 1960.
Cramer, B. S., Miller, K. G., Barrett, P. J., and Wright, J. D.: Late Cretaceous–Neogene trends in deep ocean temperature and continental ice volume: Reconciling records of benthic foraminiferal geochemistry (δ18O and Mg/Ca) with sea level history, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C12023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007255, 2011.
Crouch, E. M. and Brinkhuis, H.: Environmental change across the Paleocene–Eocene transition from eastern New Zealand: A marine palynological approach, Mar. Micropaleontol., 56, 138–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2005.05.002, 2005.
Crouch, E. M. and Visscher, H.: Terrestrial vegetation record across the initial Eocene thermal maximum at the Tawanui marine section, New Zealand, in: Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene, edited by: Wing, S., Gingerich, P. D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, Boulder, Colorado, 351–363, 2003.
Crouch, E. M., Willumsen, P. S., Kulhanek, D., and Gibbs, S.: A revised Paleocene (Teurian) dinoflagellate cyst zonation from eastern New Zealand, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 202, 47–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.12.004, 2014.
Department of Primary Industries: Gippsland basin biostratigraphic reports, petroleum data packages, version O.5c, Minerals and Petroleum Division, Geoscience Victoria, Victoria, Australia, 1999.
Enright, N. J. and Hill, R. S.: Ecology of the Southern Conifers, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 342 pp., 1995.
Exon, N. F., Brinkhuis, H., Robert, C.M., Kennett, J. P., Hill, P. J., and Macphail, M. K.: Tectono-sedimentary history of uppermost Cretaceous through Oligocene sequences from the Tasmanian region, a temperate Antarctic margin, in: The Cenozoic Southern Ocean: Tectonics, Sedimentation, and Climate Change Between Australia and Antarctica, edited by: Exon, N. F., Kennett, J. P., and Malone, M., Geophysical Monograph Series, 151, American Geophysical Union, Washington, 319–344, 2004a.
Exon, N. F., Kennett, J. P., and Malone, M. J.: The Cenozoic Southern Ocean: Tectonics, Sedimentation and Climate Change Between Australia and Antarctica, Geophysical Monograph Series, 151, American Geophysical Union, Washington, 367 pp., 2004b.
Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., and Rubin, D. B.: Bayesian Data Analysis (2nd edition), Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, 696 pp., 2003.
Greenwood, D. R. and Christophel, D. C.: The origins and Tertiary history of australian "tropical" rainforests, in: Tropical Rainforests: Past, Present and Future, edited by: Bermingham, E., Dick, C. W., and Moritz, C., The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 336–373, 2005.
Greenwood, D. R. and Wing, S. L.: Eocene continental climates and latitudinal temperature gradients, Geology, 23, 1044–1048, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023< 1044:eccalt> 2.3.co;2, 1995.
Greenwood, D. R., Moss, P. T., Rowett, A. I., Vadala, A. J., and Keefe, R. L.: Plant communities and climate change in southeastern Australia during the early Paleogene, in: Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene, edited by: Wing, S., Gingerich, P. D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, Boulder, Colorado, 365–380, 2003.
Greenwood, D. R., Archibald, S. B., Mathewes, R. W., and Moss, P. T.: Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape, Can. J. Earth Sci., 42, 167–185, https://doi.org/10.1139/e04-100, 2005.
Handley, L., Crouch, E. M., and Pancost, R. D.: A New Zealand record of sea level rise and environmental change during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 305, 185–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.001, 2011.
Harris, W. K.: Basal Tertiary microfloras from the Princetown area, Victoria, Australia, Palaentogr. Abt. B, 115, 75–106, 1965.
Hill, R. S.: The history of selected Australian taxa, in: History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent., edited by: Hill, R. S., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 390–419, 1994.
Hollis, C. J., Handley, L., Crouch, E. M., Morgans, H. E. G., Baker, J. A., Creech, J., Collins, K. S., Gibbs, S. J., Huber, M., Schouten, S., Zachos, J. C., and Pancost, R. D.: Tropical sea temperatures in the high-latitude South Pacific during the Eocene, Geology, 37, 99–102, https://doi.org/10.1130/g25200a.1, 2009.
Hollis, C. J., Taylor, K. W. R., Handley, L., Pancost, R. D., Huber, M., Creech, J. B., Hines, B. R., Crouch, E. M., Morgans, H. E. G., Crampton, J. S., Gibbs, S., Pearson, P. N., and Zachos, J. C.: Early Paleogene temperature history of the Southwest Pacific Ocean: Reconciling proxies and models, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 349, 53–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.024, 2012.
Hollis, C. J., Tayler, M. J. S., Andrew, B., Taylor, K. W., Lurcock, P., Bijl, P. K., Kulhanek, D. K., Crouch, E. M., Nelson, C. S., Pancost, R. D., Huber, M., Wilson, G. S., Ventura, G. T., Crampton, J. S., Schiøler, P., and Philips, A.: Organic-rich sedimentation in the southwest Pacific Ocean associated with Late Paleocene climatic cooling, Earth-Sci. Rev., 134, 81–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.03.006, 2014.
Houlder, D., Hutchinson, M., Nix, H., and McMahon, J.: ANUCLIM User's Guide, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1999.
Huber, M., Brinkhuis, H., Stickley, C. E., Doos, K., Sluijs, A., Warnaar, J., Schellenberg, S. A., and Williams, G. L.: Eocene circulation of the Southern Ocean: Was Antarctica kept warm by subtropical waters, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004pa001014, 2004.
Jackson, S. T.: Pollen and spores in Quaternary lake sediments as sensors of vegetation composition: theoretical models and emperical evidence, in: Sedimentation of Organic Particles, edited by: Traverse, A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 253–286, 1994.
Jermy, A. C.: Selaginellaceae, in: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms edited by: Kramer, K. U. and Green, P. S., The families and genera of vascular plants, 1, Springer, Berlin, 39–45, 1990.
Johnson, L. A. S. and Wilson, K. L.: Casuarinaceae, in: Flowering Plants. Dycotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Acryophyllid Families, edited by: Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J. G., and Bittrich, V., The families and genera of vascular plants, 2, Springer, Berlin, 237–242, 1993.
Jones, D. L.: Cycads of the world, Reed New Holland, Sydney, 456 pp., 2002.
Kemp, E. M.: Tertiary climatic evolution and vegetation history in the southeast Indian Ocean region, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 24, 169–208, 1978.
Kershaw, A. P.: Australasia, in: Vegetation History, edited by: Huntley, B., and Webb, T., Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 237–306, 1988.
Kershaw, A. P. and Wagstaff, B.: The southern conifer family Araucariaceae: history, status and value for paleoenvironment reconstruction, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 32, 397–414, 2001.
Kim, J. H., van der Meer, J., Schouten, S., Helmke, P., Willmott, V., Sangiorgi, F., Koc, N., Hopmans, E. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: New indices and calibrations derived from the distribution of crenarchaeal isoprenoid tetraether lipids: Implications for past sea surface temperature reconstructions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 4639–4654, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Gca.2010.05.027, 2010.
Macphail, M. K.: Palynostratigraphy of the Murray Basin, inland southeastern Australia, Palynology, 23, 197–240, https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.1999.9989528, 1999.
Macphail, M. K., Alley, N. F., Truswell, E. M., and Sluiter, I. R. K.: Early Tertiary vegetation: evidence from spores and pollen, in: History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent, edited by: Hill, R. S., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 189–261, 1994.
Macphail, M. K., Carpenter, R. J., Iglesias, A., and Wilf, P.: First Evidence for Wollemi Pine-type Pollen (Dilwynites: Araucariaceae) in South America, PLOS ONE, 8, e69281, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069281.g001, 2013.
McGlone, M. S., Mildenhall, D. C., and Pole, M. S.: History and paleoecology of New Zealand Nothofagus forests, in: The Ecology and Biogeography of Nothofagus Forests, edited by: Veblen, T. T., Hill, R. S., and Read, J., Yale University Press, New Haven, 293–353, 1996.
Mildenhall, D. C.: New Zealand late Cretaceous and Cenozoic plant biogeography: a contribution, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 31, 197–233, 1980.
Miller, K. G., Kominz, M. A., Browning, J. V., Wright, J. D., Mountain, G. S., Katz, M. E., Sugarman, P. J., Cramer, B. S., Christie-Blick, N., and Pekar, S. F.: The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change, Science, 310, 1293–1298, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116412, 2005.
Moore, W. R., Baillie, P. W., Forsyth, S. M., Hudspeth, J. W., Richardson, R. G., and Turner, N. J.: Boobyalla Sub-Basin: a Cretaceous onshore extension of the southern edge of the Bass Basin, APPEA Journal, 24, 110–117, 1984.
Morley, R. J.: Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests, John Wiley & Sons, United Kingdom, 362 pp., 2000.
Mosbrugger, V.: The nearest living relative method, in: Fossil Plants and Spores: Modern Techniques, edited by: Jones, T. P. and Rowe, N. P., Geological Society, London, 261–265, 1999.
Mosbrugger, V. and Utescher, T.: The coexistence approach – a method for quantitative reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial palaeoclimate data using plant fossils, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 134, 61–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00154-X, 1997.
Moss, P. T., Kershaw, A. P., and Grindrod, J.: Pollen transport and deposition in riverine and marine environments within the humid tropics of northeastern Australia, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 134, 55–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.11.003, 2005.
NIWA: CliFlo: NIWA's National Climate Database on the Web: http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ (last access: 2013), 2012.
Øllgaard, B.: Lycopodiaceae, in: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, edited by: Kramer, K. U. and Green, P. S., The families and genera of vascular plants, 1, Springer, Berlin, 31–39, 1990.
Pancost, R. D., Taylor, K. W. R., Inglis, G. N., Kennedy, E. M., Handley, L., Hollis, C. J., Crouch, E. M., Pross, J., Huber, M., Schouten, S., Pearson, P. N., Morgans, H. E. G., and Raine, J. I.: Early Paleogene evolution of terrestrial climate in the SW Pacific, Southern New Zealand, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 14, 5413–5429, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gc004935, 2013.
Partridge, A.: The geological expression of eustacy in the early Tertiary of the Gippsland Basin, APPEA Journal, 1976, 73–79, 1976.
Partridge, A. D.: Late Cretaceous – Cenozoic palynology zonations Gippsland Basin, Australian Mesozoic and Cenozoic palynology zonations-update to the 2004 Geologic Time Scale, Geoscience Australia, Record 2006/23, 2006.
Partridge, A. D., Trigg, K. R., Montgomerie, N. R., and Blevin, J. E.: Review and compilation of open file micropaleontology and palynology data from offshore Tasmania: An Output of the Western Tasmanian Regional Minerals Program, Geoscience Australia, Record 2003/7, 2003.
Passchier, S., Bohaty, S. M., Jiménez-Espejo, F., Pross, J., Röhl, U., van de Flierdt, T., Escutia, C., and Brinkhuis, H.: Early Eocene to middle Miocene cooling and aridification of East Antarctica, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 14, 1399–1410, https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20106, 2013.
Pesin, E., Blaize, S., and Lacoste, D.: Atlas climatique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Météo-France, Nouméa, New Caledonia, 104 pp., 1995.
Petris, G., Petrone, S., and Campagnoli, P.: Dynamic Linear models with R, Springer, New York, 252 pp., 2009.
Playford, G.: Plant microfossils from Triassic sediments near Poatina, Tasmania, J. Geol. Soc. Aust., 12, 173–210, 1965.
Pocknall, D. T.: Palynological evidence for the early to middle Eocene vegetation and climate history of New Zealand, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 65, 57–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(90)90056-O, 1990.
Pole, M.: Early Eocene dispersed cuticles and mangrove to rainforest vegetation at Strahan-Regatta Point, Tasmania, Palaentol. Electron., 10, 1–66, 2007.
Poole, I., Cantrill, D., and Utescher, T.: A multi-proxy approach to determine Antarctic terrestrial palaeoclimate during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 222, 95–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.011, 2005.
Prentice, I. C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S. P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R. A., and Solomon, A. M.: A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate, J. Biogeogr., 19, 117–134, 1992.
Pross, J.: Paleo-oxygenation in Tertiary epeiric seas: evidence from dinoflagellate cysts, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 166, 369–381, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00219-4, 2001.
Pross, J., Klotz, S., and Mosbrugger, V.: Reconstructing palaeotemperatures for the Early and Middle Pleistocene using the mutual climatic range method based on plant fossils, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 1785–1799, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00089-5, 2000.
Pross, J., Contreras, L., Bijl, P. K., Greenwood, D. R., Bohaty, S. M., Schouten, S., Bendle, J. A., Röhl, U., Tauxe, L., Raine, J. I., Huck, C. E., van de Flierdt, T., Jamieson, S. S. R., Stickley, C. E., van de Schootbrugge, B., Escutia, C., Brinkhuis, H., and IODP Expedition 318 Scientists: Persistent near-tropical warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early Eocene epoch, Nature, 488, 73–77, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11300, 2012.
R Development Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, available at: http://www.R-project.org/, Vienna, Austria, 2011.
Raine, J. I.: Terrestrial palynomorphs from Cape Roberts Project Drillhole CRP-1, Ross Sea, Antarctica, Terra Antart., 5, 539–548, 1998.
Raine, J. I., Mildenhall, D. C., and Kennedy, E. M.: New Zealand fossil spores and pollen: an illustrated catalogue, GNS Science Miscellaneous Series, 4, available at: http://www.gns.cri.nz/what/earthhist/fossils/spore_pollen/catalog/index.htm, 2008.
Raine, J. I., Kennedy, E. M., and Crouch, E. M.: New Zealand Paleogene vegetation and climate, Climatic and Biotic events of the Paleogene, GNS Science Miscellaneous Series, 18, 117–122, 2009.
Raup, D. M.: Taxonomic diversity estimation using rarefaction, Paleobiology, 1, 333–342, 1975.
Reid, J. B., Hill, R. S., Brown, M. J., and Hovenden, M. J.: Vegetation of Tasmania, Monotone Art Printers, Hobart, 455 pp., 1999.
Röhl, U., Brinkhuis, H., Sluijs, A., and Fuller, M.: On the search for the Paleocene/Eocene Boundary in the Southern Ocean: Exploring ODP Leg 189 Holes 1171D and 1172D, Tasman Sea, in: The Cenozoic Southern Ocean: Tectonics, Sedimentation, and Climate Change Between Australia and Antarctica, edited by: Exon, N. F., Kennett, J. P., and Malone, M., Geophysical Monograph Series, 151, American Geophysical Union, Washington, 113–125, 2004.
Sakai, A. and Larcher, W.: Frost Survival of Plants: Responses and Adaptation to Freezing Stress, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 321 pp., 1987.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Schefuß, E., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 204, 265–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00979-2, 2002.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 1172, in: Proc. ODP, edited by: Exon, N. F., Kennett, J. P., and Malone, M. J., Init. Repts., 189, 1–149, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.189.107.2001, 2001a.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Leg 189 Summary, Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 189, 1–39, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.189.101.2001, 2001b.
Sijp, W. P., England, M. H., and Huber, M.: Effect of the deepening of the Tasman Gateway on the global ocean, Paleoceanography, 26, PA4207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011pa002143, 2011.
Sluijs, A., Pross, J., and Brinkhuis, H.: From greenhouse to icehouse; organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts as paleoenvironmental indicators in the Paleogene, Earth-Sci. Rev., 68, 281–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.06.001, 2005.
Sluijs, A., Brinkhuis, H., Crouch, E. M., John, C. M., Handley, L., Munsterman, D., Bohaty, S. M., Zachos, J. C., Reichart, G.-J., Schouten, S., Pancost, R. D., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Welters, N. L. D., Lotter, A. F., and Dickens, G. R.: Eustatic variations during the Paleocene-Eocene greenhouse world, Paleoceanography, 23, PA4216, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008pa001615, 2008.
Sluijs, A., Bijl, P. K., Schouten, S., Röhl, U., Reichart, G. J., and Brinkhuis, H.: Southern ocean warming, sea level and hydrological change during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Clim. Past., 7, 47–61, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-47-2011, 2011.
Stickley, C. E., Brinkhuis, H., Schellenberg, S. A., Sluijs, A., Röhl, U., Fuller, M., Grauert, M., Huber, M., Warnaar, J., and Williams, G. L.: Timing and nature of the deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001022, 2004.
Stover, L. E. and Evans, R.: Upper Cretaceous-Eocene spore-pollen zonation, offshore Gippsland Basin, Australia, SP Geol. Soc. Aust., 4, 55–72, 1973.
Stover, L. E. and Partridge, A. D.: Tertiary and Late Cretaceous spores and pollen from the Gippsland Basin, southeastern Australia, Proc. R. Soc. Vic., 85, 237–286, 1973.
Taylor, G., Truswell, E. M., McQueen, K. G., and Brown, M. C.: Early Tertiary palaeogeography, landform evolution, and palaeoclimates of the Southern Monaro, N.S.W., Australia, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 78, 109–134, 1990.
Thomas, A., O'Hara, B., Ligges, U., and Sturtz, S.: Making BUGS Open, R News, 6, 12–17, 2006.
Thomas, D. J., Bralower, T. J., and Jones, C. E.: Neodymium isotopic reconstruction of late Paleocene-early Eocene thermohaline circulation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 209, 309–322, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00096-7, 2003.
Traverse, A.: Sedimentation of palynomorphs and palynodebris: an introduction, in: Sedimentation of Organic Particles, edited by: Traverse, A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1–8, 1994.
Traverse, A.: Paleopalynology, 2nd edition, edited by: Landman, N. H. and Douglas, S. J., Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 813 pp., 2008.
Truswell, E. M.: Palynology of the Permo-Carboniferous in Tasmania: an interim report, Geol. Surv. Bull. Tasman., 56, 1–39, 1978.
Truswell, E. M.: Recycled Cretaceous and Tertiary pollen and spores in Antarctic marine sediments: a catalogue, Palaentogr. Abt. B, 186, 121–174, 1983.
Truswell, E. M.: Palynomorph assemblages from marine Eocene sediments on the west Tasmanian continental margin and the South Tasman Rise, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 44, 633–654, 1997.
Truswell, E. M. and Macphail, M. K.: Polar forests on the edge of extinction: what does the fossil spore and pollen evidence from East Antarctica say?, Aust. Syst. Bot., 22, 57–106, https://doi.org/10.1071/SB08046, 2009.
Utescher, T. and Mosbrugger, V.: The Palaeoflora Database, available at http://www.geologie.unibonn.de/Palaeoflora (last access: 2013), 2013.
Utescher, T., Mosbrugger, V., and Ashraf, A. R.: Terrestrial climate evolution in northwest Germany over the last 25 million years, Palaios, 15, 430–449, https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2000)015< 0430:TCEING> 2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Vandenberghe, N., Hilgen, F. J., and Speijer, R. P.: The Paleocene Period, in: The Geologic Time Scale 2012, edited by: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D., and Ogg, G. M., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 855–922, 2012.
Veblen, T. T.: Regeneration patterns in Araucaria araucana forests in Chile, J. Biogeogr., 9, 11–28, 1982.
Veblen, T. T., Hill, R. S., and Read, J.: The ecology and biogeography of Nothofagus forests, Yale University Press, New Haven, 403 pp., 1996.
West, M. and Harrison, J.: Bayesian forecasting and dynamic models, Springer, New York, 700 pp., 1997.
Wing, S. and Greenwood, D. R.: Fossils and fossil climate: the case for equable continental interiors in the Eocene, Phil. T. R. Soc. Lond. B, 341, 243–252, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1993.0109, 1993.
Zachos, J., Stott, L. D., and Lohmann, K. C.: Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures, Paleoceanography, 9, 353–387, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA03266, 1994.
Zachos, J. C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.: Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present, Science, 292, 686–693, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412, 2001.
Zachos, J. C., Dickens, G. R., and Zeebe, R. E.: An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics, Nature, 451, 279–283, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06588, 2008.