For the first time, we provide a regional climate model with past climate forcings. The model's sensitivity to each forcing is tested in a case study around the large Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257. The orbital forcing shows the largest effect with an amplification of the seasons in the past compared with the standard model. The volcanic forcing has a strong short-term cooling effect after the volcanic eruption. This model is later used for a transient simulation of the last 2500 years.

Peatlands hold valuable insights about past climate, but the link between tree growth and water conditions remains unclear. We analyzed tree-ring stable isotopes from Scots pines in Swedish peatlands to study their response to water levels and climate. Unlike tree-ring widths, stable isotopes showed strong, consistent signals of water table levels and summer climate. This improves our ability to reconstruct past climate changes from peatland trees.

In the Edisto Inlet, Ross Sea, over the last 3.6 kyr, a marked transition at 2.7–2.5 kyr BP occurred. Geochemical proxies and changes in the foraminiferal community suggest a change from multi-year to seasonal sea ice, likely linked to mCDW (modified Circumpolar Deep Water) intrusion. The study integrates ecological information and geochemical data to unveil connections between mCDW, sea-ice conditions and the SAM (Southern Annular Mode) in Edisto, highlighting it as a key site for regional paleoclimate reconstruction over the Ross Sea.

Terminations are large-magnitude rapid events triggered in the North Atlantic region that manifest across the global climate system. They provide key examples of climatic teleconnections and dynamics. In this study, we use the SISAL global speleothem database and find that there are sufficient climatic records from key locations to make speleothems a valuable archive for studying terminations and provide instances for more targeted work on speleothem research.

Our study evaluates models' ability to simulate Antarctic regional climate features by comparing available Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project models to sets of Last Millennium Antarctic proxy-based reconstructions most relevant to the surface mass balance. We later look at their implications for 21st-century sea level rise. The best-scoring model predicts a higher surface mass balance by 2100, which implies stronger mitigation of the ice sheet contribution to sea level rise. 

A new 1500-year-long sediment record made of annual laminations (varves) from Grand Lake, Labrador, reveals past hydroclimatic conditions. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (~1050–1225 CE) had thicker varves indicating more precipitation, while the Little Ice Age (1400–1875 CE) had thinner varves, suggesting a dryer climate. Teleconnections show that Grand Lake is influenced by winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), hence making this record a promising candidate for future NAO reconstructions.

By measuring the radioactive decay of atmospherically produced ³⁶Cl and ¹⁰Be in an ice core drilled in West Antarctica, we were able to determine the age of the deepest sample close to bedrock to be about 550 thousand years old. This means that the ice in this location, known as Skytrain Ice Rise, has survived several warm periods in the past, at least since marine isotope stage 11.

We use cave rocks to reconstruct northern Siberian climate in 8.68 ± 0.09 Ma. We show that when the global average temperature was about 4.5 °C warmer than today (similar to what is expected in the coming decades should carbon emissions continue unabated), the Siberian Arctic temperature increased by more than 18 °C. 

Using a stalagmite from Whiterock Cave (Gunung Mulu National Park, Northern Borneo), covering the time interval from 460000 to 333000 years B.P., including two glacial terminations, we employed nucleation-assisted fluid inclusion microthermometry to reconstruct a tropical cave temperature record. The record reveals an amplitude of glacial-interglacial temperature changes of 4.2 °C and a strong linear correlation with Antarctic temperature anomalies, yielding a polar amplification factor of 2.3.

From the eruption of an unknown volcano in 1809 until that of Tambora in April 1815, large and small volcanoes erupted in succession, causing various climatic changes around the Earth. During this period, the monsoon climate zone of East Asia, including Korea, had a very dry summer, and the rice yield was very poor, which resulted in two severe famines that lasted until early summer in the following years.

A comprehensive database of strong winds up until AD 1600 was created based on documentary evidence for the area within the modern-day borders of Poland. Three types of documentary sources were used: handwritten and unpublished, published, and “secondary” literature. The database contains detailed information about occurrences of strong wind (the location, time, duration and indexation for intensity, extent and character of damage) and the exact textual content of the original weather note.

We present a new approach to reconstructing annual mean temperature using geochemical data from lake sediments. This paper uses Bayesian inference, a type of statistical approach, and creates a model called Simulating Climate Using Bayesian Inference with proxy Data Observations (SCUBIDO), which takes the high-resolution geochemical data and transforms them into quantitative climate information at an annual resolution. We show the results from two lakes in England and Finland to produce temperature reconstructions for the past 8000 years with data every year.

Based on multilingual written documents and a common impact–response framework, this study compared six extreme drought cases in Germany and in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region (China) at different episodes of the transformation from agrarian to modern societies. The comparison not only reveals cross-regional commonalities in drought cascades and response patterns but also regards social development, rather than climatic or cultural contexts, as a main contributor to distinct drought–society interactions.

This study analyses transient simulations of the last deglaciation performed by six climate models to understand the processes driving high-southern-latitude temperature changes. We find that atmospheric CO₂ and AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) changes are the primary drivers of the warming and cooling during the middle stage of the deglaciation. The analysis highlights the model's sensitivity of CO₂ and AMOC to meltwater and the meltwater history of temperature changes at high southern latitudes.

We examine trends in biosiliceous fluxes and isotopic records in the North and South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian oceans during two climatic and biotic events: the Latest Danian Event (LDE; ~62.2 Ma) and the Early Late Palaeocene Event (ELPE; ~59.2 Ma). Our results show a peak during the LDE and following the ELPE.