We present a new approach to reconstructing annual mean temperature using geochemical data from lake sediments. This paper uses Bayesian inference, a type of statistical approach, and creates a model called Simulating Climate Using Bayesian Inference with proxy Data Observations (SCUBIDO), which takes the high-resolution geochemical data and transforms them into quantitative climate information at an annual resolution. We show the results from two lakes in England and Finland to produce temperature reconstructions for the past 8000 years with data every year.

Based on multilingual written documents and a common impact–response framework, this study compared six extreme drought cases in Germany and in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region (China) at different episodes of the transformation from agrarian to modern societies. The comparison not only reveals cross-regional commonalities in drought cascades and response patterns but also regards social development, rather than climatic or cultural contexts, as a main contributor to distinct drought–society interactions.

This study analyses transient simulations of the last deglaciation performed by six climate models to understand the processes driving high-southern-latitude temperature changes. We find that atmospheric CO₂ and AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) changes are the primary drivers of the warming and cooling during the middle stage of the deglaciation. The analysis highlights the model's sensitivity of CO₂ and AMOC to meltwater and the meltwater history of temperature changes at high southern latitudes.

We examine trends in biosiliceous fluxes and isotopic records in the North and South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian oceans during two climatic and biotic events: the Latest Danian Event (LDE; ~62.2 Ma) and the Early Late Palaeocene Event (ELPE; ~59.2 Ma). Our results show a peak during the LDE and following the ELPE.

The Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT) marked global cooling and Antarctic glaciation, but its impact on marginal seas is less known. This study analyzes the Karaburun section in the eastern Paratethys, using biostratigraphy and geochemistry to reveal boreal water ingress due to Arctic–Atlantic gateway closure. Findings highlight the interplay of global and regional climate dynamics in shaping marginal marine environments.

The Camp Century subglacial core stores information about past climates and glacial and interglacial processes in northwestern Greenland. In this study, we investigated the core archive, making large-scale observations using computed tomography (CT) scans and micron-scale observations observing physical and chemical characteristics of individual grains. We find evidence of past ice-free conditions, weathering processes during warmer periods, and past glaciations.

During the past 260 000 years, rains over southern South Africa underwent many fluctuations which could have affected the behaviour and innovations of humans living there. In this study we reconstruct the rainfall during this period in this area using X-ray analysis of a sediment core retrieved in the ocean south of South Africa. We confirmed that a 23 000-year cycle of the orbit of the Earth affected rainfall and that rainfall was higher around 117 000, 93 000 and 72 000 years ago.

Our study is aimed at understanding the processes driving seasonal monsoonal change in the Arabian Sea in relation to the well-known millennial-scale climate change dominating during glacial periods. Our results suggest that sediments from the Arabian Sea have chronicled influence from both the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. This suggests that the Arabian Sea is potentially a “melting pot” with periodically alternating hemispheric influence affecting monsoon circulation in the region.

Aeolian diatoms and dust in the Antarctic Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution project (RICE) ice core allow the reconstruction of atmospheric circulation and climate variability in the Eastern Ross Sea over the past 2 millennia. Since about 1470 CE and during the Little Ice Age, the site experienced a rapid atmospheric circulation reorganization related to the development of the Roosevelt Island polynya, the eastward protrusion of the Ross Sea polynya that significantly impacted the regional climate dynamics of the Ross Sea area.

Extratropical cyclones are crucial systems in the Mediterranean. While extensively studied, their late Holocene variability is poorly understood. Using a climate model spanning 3350-years, we find Mediterranean cyclones show significant multi-decadal variability. Extreme cyclones tend to be more extreme in the central Mediterranean in terms of wind speed. Our work creates a reference baseline to better understand the impact of climate change on Mediterranean cyclones.

New bottom water reconstructions in the deep Norwegian Sea show higher [CO₃^2-] values in Marine Isotope Stages 5 and 4 than in the Holocene. This suggests modern-like/persistent deep-water formation in this region, even when Atlantic overturning weakened and/or shoaled. Our data put new constraints on the endmember [CO₃^2-] composition of northern component waters emerging from the Nordic Seas, with implications for the chemical characteristics and carbon storage capacity of the Atlantic Ocean.

For 1 century, the hemispheric summer insolation is proposed as a key pacemaker of astronomical climate change. However, an increasing number of geologic records reveal that the low-latitude hydrological cycle shows asynchronous precessional evolutions that are very often out of phase with the summer insolation. Here, we propose that the astronomically driven low-latitude hydrological cycle is not paced by summer insolation but by shifting perihelion.

In this paper we present  a record of temperature changes during the last deglaciation and the Holocene using isotopes of fluid inclusions in stalagmites from the northeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula. This innovative climate proxy for this study region provides a quantitative understanding of the abrupt temperature changes in southern Europe in the last 16 500 years before present.

This research explores the connection between the mid-Holocene northward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and Hadley cell changes and effects on terrestrial hydroclimate. Our findings show that the ITCZ shift coincides with a contraction and weakening of the northern Hadley cell and an expansion and intensification of the southern cell, leading to reduced (increased) terrestrial aridity and dryland contraction (expansion) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere.

Geochronological, cryolithological, paleoecological, and modeling data reconstruct the Last Interglacial (LIG) climate around the New Siberian Islands and reveal significantly warmer conditions compared to today. The critical challenges in predicting future ecosystem responses lie in the fact that the land–ocean distribution during the LIG was markedly different from today, affecting the degree of continentality, which played a major role in modulating climate and ecosystem dynamics.

This modeling study examines how the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets interact with oceans during the last glacial period. Amplified melting beneath the ice shelves results in increased freshwater release, cooling the Northern Hemisphere and slowing  ocean circulation. Freshwater release and localized ocean cooling dampen ice discharges, showing complex feedback at the interface. This study emphasizes the need for additional modeling studies to clarify the role of the ocean in past abrupt events.