We examine trends in biosiliceous fluxes and isotopic records in the North and South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian oceans during two climatic and biotic events: the Latest Danian Event (LDE; ~62.2 Ma) and the Early Late Palaeocene Event (ELPE; ~59.2 Ma). Our results show a peak during the LDE and following the ELPE.

The Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT) marked global cooling and Antarctic glaciation, but its impact on marginal seas is less known. This study analyzes the Karaburun section in the eastern Paratethys, using biostratigraphy and geochemistry to reveal boreal water ingress due to Arctic–Atlantic gateway closure. Findings highlight the interplay of global and regional climate dynamics in shaping marginal marine environments.

The Camp Century subglacial core stores information about past climates and glacial and interglacial processes in northwestern Greenland. In this study, we investigated the core archive, making large-scale observations using computed tomography (CT) scans and micron-scale observations observing physical and chemical characteristics of individual grains. We find evidence of past ice-free conditions, weathering processes during warmer periods, and past glaciations.

During the past 260 000 years, rains over southern South Africa underwent many fluctuations which could have affected the behaviour and innovations of humans living there. In this study we reconstruct the rainfall during this period in this area using X-ray analysis of a sediment core retrieved in the ocean south of South Africa. We confirmed that a 23 000-year cycle of the orbit of the Earth affected rainfall and that rainfall was higher around 117 000, 93 000 and 72 000 years ago.

Our study is aimed at understanding the processes driving seasonal monsoonal change in the Arabian Sea in relation to the well-known millennial-scale climate change dominating during glacial periods. Our results suggest that sediments from the Arabian Sea have chronicled influence from both the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. This suggests that the Arabian Sea is potentially a “melting pot” with periodically alternating hemispheric influence affecting monsoon circulation in the region.

Aeolian diatoms and dust in the Antarctic Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution project (RICE) ice core allow the reconstruction of atmospheric circulation and climate variability in the Eastern Ross Sea over the past 2 millennia. Since about 1470 CE and during the Little Ice Age, the site experienced a rapid atmospheric circulation reorganization related to the development of the Roosevelt Island polynya, the eastward protrusion of the Ross Sea polynya that significantly impacted the regional climate dynamics of the Ross Sea area.

Extratropical cyclones are crucial systems in the Mediterranean. While extensively studied, their late Holocene variability is poorly understood. Using a climate model spanning 3350-years, we find Mediterranean cyclones show significant multi-decadal variability. Extreme cyclones tend to be more extreme in the central Mediterranean in terms of wind speed. Our work creates a reference baseline to better understand the impact of climate change on Mediterranean cyclones.

New bottom water reconstructions in the deep Norwegian Sea show higher [CO₃^2-] values in Marine Isotope Stages 5 and 4 than in the Holocene. This suggests modern-like/persistent deep-water formation in this region, even when Atlantic overturning weakened and/or shoaled. Our data put new constraints on the endmember [CO₃^2-] composition of northern component waters emerging from the Nordic Seas, with implications for the chemical characteristics and carbon storage capacity of the Atlantic Ocean.

For 1 century, the hemispheric summer insolation is proposed as a key pacemaker of astronomical climate change. However, an increasing number of geologic records reveal that the low-latitude hydrological cycle shows asynchronous precessional evolutions that are very often out of phase with the summer insolation. Here, we propose that the astronomically driven low-latitude hydrological cycle is not paced by summer insolation but by shifting perihelion.

In this paper we present  a record of temperature changes during the last deglaciation and the Holocene using isotopes of fluid inclusions in stalagmites from the northeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula. This innovative climate proxy for this study region provides a quantitative understanding of the abrupt temperature changes in southern Europe in the last 16 500 years before present.

This research explores the connection between the mid-Holocene northward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and Hadley cell changes and effects on terrestrial hydroclimate. Our findings show that the ITCZ shift coincides with a contraction and weakening of the northern Hadley cell and an expansion and intensification of the southern cell, leading to reduced (increased) terrestrial aridity and dryland contraction (expansion) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere.

Geochronological, cryolithological, paleoecological, and modeling data reconstruct the Last Interglacial (LIG) climate around the New Siberian Islands and reveal significantly warmer conditions compared to today. The critical challenges in predicting future ecosystem responses lie in the fact that the land–ocean distribution during the LIG was markedly different from today, affecting the degree of continentality, which played a major role in modulating climate and ecosystem dynamics.

This modeling study examines how the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets interact with oceans during the last glacial period. Amplified melting beneath the ice shelves results in increased freshwater release, cooling the Northern Hemisphere and slowing  ocean circulation. Freshwater release and localized ocean cooling dampen ice discharges, showing complex feedback at the interface. This study emphasizes the need for additional modeling studies to clarify the role of the ocean in past abrupt events.

We use an earth system model to simulate ocean oxygen during two past warm periods, the Last Interglacial (∼ 129–115 ka) and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 9e (∼ 336–321 ka). The global ocean is overall less oxygenated compared to the preindustrial simulation. Large regions in the Mediterranean Sea are oxygen deprived in the Last Interglacial simulation, and to a lesser extent in the MIS 9e simulation, due to an intensification and expansion of the African monsoon and enhanced river runoff.

El Niño events are the main drivers of year-to-year climate variability. Understanding how El Niño activity is affected by different climate states is of great relevance to agriculture, water, ecosystem, and climate risk management. Through analysis of past and future climate simulations, we show that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sensitivity to mean state changes is nonlinear and, to some extent, shaped by atmospheric CO₂ levels.

Glacial cycle duration changed from 41 000 to 100 000 years during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), but the cause is still under debate. We simulate the MPT with an ice sheet model forced by prescribed CO₂ and insolation and simple ice–climate interactions. Before the MPT, glacial cycles follow insolation. After the MPT, low CO₂ levels may compensate for warming at insolation maxima, increasing the length of glacial cycles until the North American ice sheet becomes large and thereby unstable.

Using a carbon cycle model, I show that the 405 kyr periodicity found in marine δ¹³C during the last 5 million years and the offset in atmospheric δ¹³CO₂ between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Penultimate Glacial Maximum are probably related to each other. They can be explained by variations in the δ¹³C signature of weathered carbonate rock or of volcanically degassed CO₂, which vary mainly with obliquity (41 kyr), suggesting that Northern Hemispheric land ice sheets are their ultimate drivers.

We report palaeoclimate and sediment provenance records for the last 220 kyr from a sediment core from the northern Red Sea. They comprise high-resolution grain size, clay mineral, and geochemical data, together with Nd and Sr isotope data. The data sets document a strong temporal variability in dust influx on glacial–interglacial timescales and several shorter-term strong fluvial episodes. A key finding is that the Nile delta became a major dust source during glacioeustatic sea-level lowstands.

We present global megabiome dynamics and distributions derived from pollen-based reconstructions over the last 21 000 years, which are suitable for the evaluation of Earth-system-model-based paleo-megabiome simulations. We identified strong deviations between pollen- and model-derived megabiome distributions in the circum-Arctic and Tibetan Plateau areas during the Last Glacial Maximum and early deglaciation and in northern Africa and the Mediterranean region during the Holocene.