Bony, S. and Emanuel, K. A.: A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection, evaluation using TOGA COARE data, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3158–3183, 2001.
Bony, S., Risi, C., and Vimeux, F.: Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition ($\delta O^18$ and $\delta D$) of precipitation and water vapor in the Tropics, Part 1: radiative-convective equilibrium and TOGA-COARE simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009942, 2008.
Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Peterchmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt, C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., Laîné, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti, O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, S. L., Yu, Y., and Zhao, Y.: Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum – Part 1: experiments and large-scale features, Clim. Past, 3, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-261-2007, 2007.
Cappa, C., Hendricks, M., DePaolo, D., and Cohen, R.: Isotopic fractionation of water during re-evaporation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4525–4542, 2003.
Ciais, P. and Jouzel, J.: Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: isotopic model, including cloud processes, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16793–16803, 1994.
CLIMAP project members: Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum, Geol. Soc. Am., Map Chart Ser. MC-36, 1981.
Craig, H. and Gordon, L. I.: Deuterium and oxygen-18 variations in the ocean and marine atmosphere, Stable Isotope in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, edidted by: E. Tongiorgi, 9-130, Pisa: Lab. Geol. Nucl., 1965.
Dansgaard, W: Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, 16, 436–468, 1964.
Delaygue, G.: Relations entre surface océanique et composition isotopique des précipitations antarctiques: simulations pour différents climats, Ph. D. thesis, Université d'Aix-Marseille III, France, 2000.
Franz, P. and Roeckmann, T.: High-precision isotope measurements of h2o, h2o17, h2o18 and delta17o of water vapour in the southern lowermost stratosphere. Atmos. Chem. Physics, 5, 2949–2959, 2005.
Delmotte, M., Masson, V., Jouzel, J., and Morgan, V.: A seasonal deuterium excess signal at Law Dome, coastal Eastern Antarctica: a southern ocean signature, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7187–7197, 2000.
Dutton, A. L., Wilkinson, B., Welker, J. M., and Lohmann, K. C.: Comparison of river water and precipitation δ
18O across the 48 contiguous United States, Hydrol. Processes, 19, 3551–3572, 2005.
Ehhalt, D. H.: Vertical profiles of hto, hdo, and h2o in the troposphere, NCAR technical note, NCAR-TN-STR-100, 1974.
Ekaykin, A. A., Hondoh, T., Lipenkov, V. Y., and Miyamoto, A.: Post-depositional changes in snow isotope content: preliminary results of laboratory experiments, Clim. Past Discuss., 5, 2239–2267, 2009.
Ellehoej, M.: Ice-vapor equilibrium fractionation factor experimental investigations and possible impacts on the understanding of the hydrological cycles on Earth and Mars, Ph. D. thesis, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 2011.
Emanuel, K. A.: A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2313–2329, 1991.
Farrera, I., Harrison, S. P., Prentice, I. C., Ramstein, G., Guiot, J., Bartlein, P. J., Bonnefille, R., Bush, M., Cramer, W., von Grafenstein, U., Holmgren, K., Hoohiemstra, H., Hope, G., Jolly, D., Lauritzen, S.-E., Ono, Y., Pinot, S., Stute, M., and Yu, G.: Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: a new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data, part I: vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry, Clim. Dynam., 15, 823–856, 1999.
Fekete, B., Gibson, J., Aggarwal, P., and Vorosmarty, C. J.: Application of isotope tracers in continental scale hydrological modeling, J. Hydrol., 330, 444–456, 2006.
Frankenberg, C., Yoshimura, K., Warneke, T., Aben, I., Butz, A., Deutscher, N., Griffith, D., Hase, F., Notholt, J., Schneider, M., Schrijver, H., and Röckmann, T.: Dynamic processes governing lower-tropospheric HDO/H
2O ratios as observed from space and ground, Science, 325, 1374–1377, 2009.
Galewsky, J. and Hurley, J. V.: An advection-condensation model for subtropical water vapor isotopic ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013651, 2010.
Gat, J. R.: Atmospheric water balance-the isotopic perspective, Hydrol. Process., 14, 1357–1369, 2000.
Gat, J. R. and Matsui, E.: Atmospheric water balance in the Amazon Basin: an isotopic evapotranspiration model, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13179–13188, 1991.
Gat, J. R., Shemesh, A., Tziperman, E., Hecht, A., Georgopoulos, D., and Basturk, O.: The stable water isotope composition of waters in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6441–6451, 1996.
Gates, W. L.: AMIP: the atmospheric model intercomparison project, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1962–1970, 1992.
Gibson, J. J., Edwards, T. W. D., Birks, S. J., Amour, N. A. S., Buhay, W. M., McEachern, P., Wolfe, B. B., and Peters1, D. L.: Progress in isotope tracer hydrology in Canada, Hydrol. Processes, 19, 303–327, 2005.
Gurney, S. D. and Lawrence, D. S. L.: Seasonal trends in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater runoff in a subarctic catchment at okstindan, Nord. Hydrol., 35, 119–137, 2004.
Hoffmann, G., Werner, M., and Heimann, M.: Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: a study on timescales from days to several years, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16871–16896, 1991.
Hourdin, F. and Armengaud, A.: The use of finite-volume methods for atmospheric advection of trace species, Part I: test of various formulations in a general circulation model, Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 822–837, 1999.
Hourdin, F., Musat, I., Bony, S., Braconnot, P., Codron, F., Dufresne, J.-L., Fairhead, L., Filiberti, M.-A., Friedlingstein, P., Grandpeix, J.-Y., Krinner, G., Levan, P., Li, Z.-X., and Lott, F.: The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection, Clim. Dynam., 27, 787–813, 2006.
Johnsen, S., Dansgaard, W., Clausen, H., and Langway, J. C.: Oxygen isotope profiles through the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, Nature, 235, 429–434, 1972.
Johnson, D. G., Jucks, K. W., Traub, W. A., and Chance, K. V.: Isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapor: implications for transport, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12219–12226, 2001.
Joussaume, S. and Taylor, K. E.: Status of the paleoclimate modeling intercomparison project, in: Proceedings of the first international AMIP scientific conference, WCRP-92, Monterey, 15–19 May 1995, USA, 425–430, 1995.
Jouzel, J.: Isotopes in cloud physics: Multiphase and multistage condensation processes. Elsevier, 1986.
Jouzel, J.: Water stable isotopes: atmospheric composition and applications in polar ice core studies, Treatise on Geochemistry, 4, 213–243, 2003.
Jouzel, J. and Koster, R. D.: A reconsideration of the initial conditions used for stable water isotope models, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22933–22938, 1996.
Jouzel, J. and Merlivat, L.: Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 11749–11757, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD089iD07p11749, 1984.
Jouzel, J., Merlivat, L., and Lorius, C.: Deuterium excess in an East Antarctic ice core suggests higher relative humidity at the oceanic surface during the last glacial maximum, Nature, 299, 688–691, 1982.
Kendall, C. and Coplen, T. B.: Distribution of oxygen-18 and deuterium in river waters across the United States, Hydrol. Process., 15, 1363–1393, 2001.
Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Ogee, J., Polcher, J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., and Prentice, I. C.: A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB1015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002199, 2005.
Lai, C.-T. and Ehleringer, J. R.: Deuterium excess reveals diurnal sources of water vapor in forest air, Oecologia, 165, 213–223, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1721-2, 2011..
Landais, A., Barkan, E., and Luz, B.: Record of δ
18O and
17O-excess in ice from Vostock Antarctica during the last 150 000 years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02709, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032096, 2008.
Landais, A., Risi, C., Bony, S., Vimeux, F., Descroix, L., Falourd, S., and Bouygues, A.: Combined measurements of
17O-excess and d-excess in African monsoon precipitation: implications for evaluating convective parameterizations, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 298, 104–112, 2010.
Landais, A., Ekaykin, A., Barkan, E., Winkler, R., and Luz, B.: Seasonal variations of
17O-excess and d-excess in snow precipitation at Vostok station, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 58, 725–733, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J237, 2012a.
Landais, A., Steen-Larsen, H.-C., Guillevic, M., Masson-Delmotte, V., Vinther, B., and Winkler, R.: Triple isotopic composition of oxygen in surface snow and water vapor at NEEM (Greenland), Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 77, 304–316, 2012b.
Lawrence, J. R., Gedzelman, S. D., Dexheimer, D., Cho, H.-K., Carrie, G. D., Gasparini, R., Anderson, C. R., Bowman, K. P., and Biggerstaff, M. I.: Stable isotopic composition of water vapor in the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004046, 2004.
Lee, J.-E. and Fung, I.: "Amount effect" of water isotopes and quantitative analysis of post-condensation processes, Hydrol. Process., 22, 1–8, 2008.
Lee, J.-E., Fung, I., DePaolo, D. J., and Otto-Bliesner, B.: Water isotopes during the Last Glacial Maximum: new general circulation model calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009859, 2008.
Lee, J., Feng, X., Faiia, A. M., Posmentier, E. S., Kirchner, J. W., Osterhuber, R., and Taylor, S.: (2010). Isotopic evolution of a seasonal snowcover and its melt by isotopic exchange between liquid water and ice. Chemical Geology, 270, 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.11.011, 2010.
Letreut, H. and Li, Z.-X.: Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to prescribed sst changes: feedback effects associated with the simulation of cloud optical properties. Cli, 5, 175–187, 1991.
Lorius, C., Merlivat, L., Jouzel, J., and Pourchet, M.: A 30000 yr isotope climatic record from Antarctic ice, Nature, 280, 644–648, 1979.
Luz, B. and Barkan, E.: Variations of
17O/
16O and
18O/
16O in meteoric waters, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 6276–6286, 2010.
Luz, B., Barkan, E., Yam, R., and Shemesh, A.: Fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in evaporating water, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 73, 6697–6703, 2009.
Majoube, M.: Fractionnement en
18O entre la glace et la vapeur d'eau, J. Chim. Phys., 68, 625–636, 1971a.
Majoube, M.: Fractionnement en Oxygène 18 et en Deutérium entre l'eau et sa vapeur, J. Chim. Phys., 10, 1423–1436, 1971b.
MARGO project members: Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum, Nat. Geosci., 2, 127–132, 2008.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Jouzel, J., Landais, A., Stievenard, M., Johnsen, S. J., White, J. W. C., Werner, M., Sveinbjornsdottir, A., and Fuhrer, K.: GRIP Deuterium excess reveals rapid and orbital-scale changes in Greenland moisture origin, Science, 309, 118–121, 2005.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Braconnot, P., Hoffmann, G., Jouzel, J., Kageyama, M., Landais, A., Lejeune, Q., Risi, C., Sime, L., Sjolte, J., Swingedouw, D., and Vinther, B.: Sensitivity of interglacial Greenland temperature and δ
18O: ice core data, orbital and increased CO
2 climate simulations, Clim. Past, 7, 1041–1059, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1041-2011, 2011.
Meehl, G. A., Covey, K., Delworth, T., Latif, M., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, J. F. B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K.: The WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset: a new era in climate change research, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 7, 1383–1394, 2007.
Merlivat, L. and Jouzel, J.: Global climatic interpretation of the Deuterium-Oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 5029–5332, 1979.
Merlivat, L. and Nief, G.: Fractionnement isotopique lors des changements d'états solide-vapeur et liquide-vapeur de l'eau à des températures inférieures à 0C, Tellus, 19, 122–127, 1967.
Noone, D.: The influence of midlatitude and tropical overturning circulation on the isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapor and Antarctic precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D04102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008892, 2008.
Polcher, J.: Les processus de surface à l'échelle globale et leurs interactions avec l'atmosphère, in: Thèse d'habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris 6, 2003.
Risi, C., Bony, S., and Vimeux, F.: Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (
18O and D) of precipitation and water vapor in the Tropics, Part 2: Physical interpretation of the amount effect, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009943, 2008a.
Risi, C., Bony, S., Vimeux, F., Descroix, L., Ibrahim, B., Lebreton, E., Mamadou, I., and Sultan, B.: What controls the isotopic composition of the African monsoon precipitation? Insights from event-based precipitation collected during the 2006 AMMA campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035920, 2008b.
Risi, C.: \em Les isotopes stables de l'eau: applications à l'étude du cycle de l'eau et des variations du climat, PhD thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 2009.
Risi, C., Bony, S., Vimeux, F., Chong, M., and Descroix, L.: Evolution of the water stable isotopic composition of the rain sampled along Sahelian squall lines, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 227–242, 2010a.
Risi, C., Bony, S., Vimeux, F., and Jouzel, J.: Water stable isotopes in the LMDZ4 general circulation model: model evaluation for present day and past climates and applications to climatic interpretation of tropical isotopic records, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D12118, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013255, 2010b.
Risi, C., Landais, A., Bony, S., Masson-Delmotte, V., Jouzel, J., and Vimeux, F.: Understanding the
17O-excess glacial-interglacial variations in Vostok precipitation, J. Geophys. Res, 115, D10112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011535, 2010c.
Risi, C., Noone, D., Worden, J., Frankenberg, C., Stiller, G., Kiefer, M., Funke, B., Walker, K., Bernath, P., Schneider, M., Wunch, D., Sherlock, V., Deutscher, N., Griffith, D., Wernberg, P., Bony, S., Lee, J., Brown, D., Uemura, R., and Sturm, C.: Process-evaluation of tropical and subtropical tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopic observations. Part 2: an isotopic diagnostic of the mid and upper tropospheric moist bias, J. Geophy. Res., 117, D05304, 2012.
Rozanski, K., Araguas-Araguas, L., and Gonfiantini, R.: Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation, Geophysical Monographs Series, AGU, Climate Change in Continental Isotopic records, vol. 78, edited by: Swart, P. K., Lohwan, K. L., McKenzie, J. A., and Savin, S., 1–36, AGU, Washington, D. C., \https://doi.org/10.1029/GM078p00011993, 1993.
Sayres, D. S., Pfister, L., Hanisco, T. F., Moyer, E. J., Smith, J. B., Clair, J. M. S., O'Brien, A. S., Witinski, M. F., Legg, M., and Anderson, J. G.: Influence of convection on the water isotopic composition of the tropical tropopause layer and tropical stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 11, D00J20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013100, 2010.
Sherwood, S. C.: Maintenance of the free tropospheric tropical water vapor distribution, part II: simulation of large-scale advection, J. Climate, 11, 2919–2934, 1996.
Sodemann, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., Schwierz, C., Vinther, B. M., and Wernli, H.: Interannual variability of Greenland winter precipitation sources: 2. Effects of North Atlantic Oscillation variability on stable isotopes in precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009416, 2008.
Steen-Larsen, H.-C., Johnsen, S., Masson-Delmotte, V., Stenni, B., Risi, C., Sodemann, H., Balslev-Clausen, D., Blunier, T., Dahl-Jensen, D., Ellehoej, M., Falourd, S., Gkinis, V., Grindsted, A., Jouzel, J., Popp, T., Sheldon, S., Simonsen, S., Sjolte, J., Steffensen, J., Sperlich, P., Sveinbjornsdottir, A., Vinther, B., and White, J.: Continuous monitoring of summer surface water vapour isotopic composition above the greenland ice sheet, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4815–4828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4815-2013, 2013.
Stenni, B., Masson-Delmotte, V., Johnsen, S., Jouzel, J., Longinelli, A., Monnin, E., Röthlisberger, R., and Selmo, E.: An oceanic cold reversal during the last deglaciation, Science, 293, 2074–2077, 2001.
Stenni, B., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Röthlisberger, R., Castellano, E., Cattani, O., Falourd, S., Johnsen, S., Longinelli, A., Sachs, J., Selmo, E., Souchez, R., Steffensen, J., and Udisti, R.: A late-glacial high-resolution site and source temperature record derived from the epica dome c isotope records (East Antarctica), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 217, 183–195, 2004.
Stewart, M. K.: Stable isotope fractionation due to evaporation and isotopic exchange of falling waterdrops: applications to atmospheric processes and evaporation of lakes, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 1133–1146, 1975.
Uemura, R., Matsui, Y., Yoshimura, K., Motoyama, H., and Yoshida, N.: Evidence of deuterium-excess in water vapour as an indicator of ocean surface conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010209, 2008.
Uemura, R., Barkan, E., Abe, O., and Luz, B.: Triple isotope composition of oxygen in atmospheric water vapor, Geophy. Res. Lett., 37, L04402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041960, 2010.
Van Hook, A.: Vapor pressures of the isotopic waters and ices. J. Phys. Chem., 1234, 1968.
Van Leer, B.: Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme, IV: a new approach to numerical convection, J. Comput. Phys., 23, 276–299, 1977.
Vimeux, F., Masson, V., Jouzel, J., Stievenard, M., and Petit, J. R.: Glacial-interglacial changes in ocean surface conditions in the Southern Hemisphere, Nature, 398, 410–413, 1999.
Vimeux, F., Masson, V., Delaygue, G., Jouzel, J., Petit, J. R., and Stievenard, M.: A 420 000 year deuterium excess record from East Antarctica: information on past changes in the origin of precipitation at Vostok, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 31863–31873, 2001a.
Vimeux, F., Masson, V., Jouzel, J., Petit, J.-R., Steig, E., Stievenard, M., Vaikmae, R., and White, J. W.: Holocene hydrological cycle changes in the Southern Hemisphere documented in East antarctic deuterium excess records, Clim. Dynam., 17, 503–513, 2001b.
Vimeux, F., Cuffey, K., and Jouzel, J.: New insights into Southern Hemisphere temperature changes from Vostok ice cores using deuterium excess correction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 203, 829–843, 2002.
Vimeux, F., Gallaire, R., Bony, S., Hoffmann, G., and Chiang, J. C. H.: What are the climate controls on deltaD in precipitation in the Zongo Valley (Bolivia)? Implications for the Illimani ice core interpretation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 240, 205–220, 2005.
Welp, L., Lee, W., Griffis, T. J., Wen, X.-F., Xiao, W., Li, S., Sun, X., Hu, Z., Val Martin, M., and Huang, J.: A meta-analysis of water vapor deuterium-excess in the midlatitude atmospheric surface layer, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 26, GB3021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004246, 2012.
Wen, X.-F., Zhang, S.-C., Sun, X.-M., Yu, G.-R., and Lee, X.: Water vapor and precipitation isotope ratios in Beijing, China. J. Geophys. Res, 115, D01103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012408, 2010.
Winkler, R., Landais, A., Sodemann, H., Dümbgen, L., Prié, F., Masson-Delmotte, V., Stenni, B., and Jouzel, J.: Deglaciation records of
17O-excess in East Antarctica: reliable reconstruction of oceanic normalized relative humidity from coastal sites, Clim. Past, 8, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1-2012, 2012.
Winkler, R., Landais, Risi, C., A., Baroni, M., Ekaykin, A., Jouzel, J., Petit, J. R., Prie, F., Minster, B., Falourd, S.:Interannual variation of water isotopologues at Vostok indicates a contribution from stratospheric water vapor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Ssi., accepted, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215209110, 2013.
Zahn, A., Franz, P., Bechtel, C., Grooß, J.-U., and Röckmann, T.: Modelling the budget of middle atmospheric water vapour isotopes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2073–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2073-2006, 2006.
