Articles | Volume 8, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-59-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-59-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Pollen, vegetation change and climate at Lake Barombi Mbo (Cameroon) during the last ca. 33 000 cal yr BP: a numerical approach
J. Lebamba
Université de Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Département de Biologie, BP 913, Franceville, Gabon, Central Africa
CEREGE, UMR6635, CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille/IRD/CdF, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 04, France
ISE-M, UMR5554, CNRS/Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, cc61, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
A. Vincens
CEREGE, UMR6635, CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille/IRD/CdF, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 04, France
J. Maley
ISE-M, UMR5554, CNRS/Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, cc61, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
Related subject area
Subject: Vegetation Dynamics | Archive: Terrestrial Archives | Timescale: Holocene
Refining data–data and data–model vegetation comparisons using the Earth mover's distance (EMD)
Palynological evidence reveals an arid early Holocene for the northeast Tibetan Plateau
Holocene wildfire regimes in western Siberia: interaction between peatland moisture conditions and the composition of plant functional types
2400 years of climate and human-induced environmental change recorded in sediments of Lake Młynek in northern Poland
Climate impacts on vegetation and fire dynamics since the last deglaciation at Moossee (Switzerland)
The 4.2 ka event in the vegetation record of the central Mediterranean
Vegetation and geochemical responses to Holocene rapid climate change in the Sierra Nevada (southeastern Iberia): the Laguna Hondera record
Response of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica to water change and drought history reconstruction in the past 260 years, northeast China
Vegetation history and paleoclimate at Lake Dojran (FYROM/Greece) during the Late Glacial and Holocene
Holocene climate aridification trend and human impact interrupted by millennial- and centennial-scale climate fluctuations from a new sedimentary record from Padul (Sierra Nevada, southern Iberian Peninsula)
Dendrochronologically dated pine stumps document phase-wise bog expansion at a northwest German site between ca. 6700 and ca. 3400 BC
Autumn–winter minimum temperature changes in the southern Sikhote-Alin mountain range of northeastern Asia since 1529 AD
Postglacial fire history and interactions with vegetation and climate in southwestern Yunnan Province of China
Precipitation changes in the Mediterranean basin during the Holocene from terrestrial and marine pollen records: a model–data comparison
Environmental changes, climate and anthropogenic impact in south-east Tunisia during the last 8 kyr
Climate variability and human impact in South America during the last 2000 years: synthesis and perspectives from pollen records
Holocene Asian monsoon evolution revealed by a pollen record from an alpine lake on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China
7300 years of vegetation history and climate for NW Malta: a Holocene perspective
Climate-driven expansion of blanket bogs in Britain during the Holocene
Late Holocene vegetation changes in relation with climate fluctuations and human activity in Languedoc (southern France)
Effects of past climate variability on fire and vegetation in the cerrãdo savanna of the Huanchaca Mesetta, NE Bolivia
Environmental and climatic changes in central Chilean Patagonia since the Late Glacial (Mallín El Embudo, 44° S)
Quantitative reconstruction of precipitation changes on the NE Tibetan Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum – extending the concept of pollen source area to pollen-based climate reconstructions from large lakes
The last 7 millennia of vegetation and climate changes at Lago di Pergusa (central Sicily, Italy)
Contrasting patterns of climatic changes during the Holocene across the Italian Peninsula reconstructed from pollen data
Climate and vegetation changes during the Lateglacial and early–middle Holocene at Lake Ledro (southern Alps, Italy)
The Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes
Palynological evidence for gradual vegetation and climate changes during the African Humid Period termination at 13°N from a Mega-Lake Chad sedimentary sequence
Climate, people, fire and vegetation: new insights into vegetation dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean since the 1st century AD
Pollen-based reconstruction of Holocene vegetation and climate in southern Italy: the case of Lago Trifoglietti
Vegetation history of central Chukotka deduced from permafrost paleoenvironmental records of the El'gygytgyn Impact Crater
A seesaw in Mediterranean precipitation during the Roman Period linked to millennial-scale changes in the North Atlantic
Hydroclimate variability in the low-elevation Atacama Desert over the last 2500 yr
Late Holocene plant and climate evolution at Lake Yoa, northern Chad: pollen data and climate simulations
Holocene vegetation and biomass changes on the Tibetan Plateau – a model-pollen data comparison
Vegetation response to the "African Humid Period" termination in Central Cameroon (7° N) – new pollen insight from Lake Mbalang
Putting the rise of the Inca Empire within a climatic and land management context
Manuel Chevalier, Anne Dallmeyer, Nils Weitzel, Chenzhi Li, Jean-Philippe Baudouin, Ulrike Herzschuh, Xianyong Cao, and Andreas Hense
Clim. Past, 19, 1043–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1043-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1043-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Data–data and data–model vegetation comparisons are commonly based on comparing single vegetation estimates. While this approach generates good results on average, reducing pollen assemblages to single single plant functional type (PFT) or biome estimates can oversimplify the vegetation signal. We propose using a multivariate metric, the Earth mover's distance (EMD), to include more details about the vegetation structure when performing such comparisons.
Nannan Wang, Lina Liu, Xiaohuan Hou, Yanrong Zhang, Haicheng Wei, and Xianyong Cao
Clim. Past, 18, 2381–2399, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2381-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2381-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the vegetation and climate change since the last 14.2 ka BP from a fossil pollen record together with multiple proxies (grain size, contents of total organic carbon and total nitrogen) on the northeast Tibetan Plateau. The results reveal that an arid climate occurs in the early Holocene and the vegetation could be disturbed by human activities to some extent after ca. 0.24 ka BP (1710 CE).
Angelica Feurdean, Andrei-Cosmin Diaconu, Mirjam Pfeiffer, Mariusz Gałka, Simon M. Hutchinson, Geanina Butiseaca, Natalia Gorina, Spassimir Tonkov, Aidin Niamir, Ioan Tantau, Hui Zhang, and Sergey Kirpotin
Clim. Past, 18, 1255–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1255-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1255-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We used palaeoecological records from peatlands in southern Siberia. We showed that warmer climate conditions have lowered the water level and increased the fuel amount and flammability, consequently also increasing the frequency and severity of fires as well as the composition of tree types.
Fabian Welc, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Leszek Marks, Krzysztof Bińka, Anna Rogóż-Matyszczak, Milena Obremska, and Abdelfattah Zalat
Clim. Past, 17, 1181–1198, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Młynek Lake, located near the village of Janiki Wielkie (in the Warmia and Masuria region of north-east Poland) has been selected for multi-faceted palaeoenvironmental research based on a precise radiocarbon scale. Bottom sediments of this reservoir also contain unique information about anthropogenic activity and climate changes during last 2400 years.
Fabian Rey, Erika Gobet, Christoph Schwörer, Albert Hafner, Sönke Szidat, and Willy Tinner
Clim. Past, 16, 1347–1367, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1347-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1347-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel post Last Glacial Maximum sediment record from Moossee (Swiss Plateau, southern central Europe). For the first time, five major reorganizations of vegetation could be definitely linked to paramount postglacial temperature and/or moisture changes. Present-day beech-dominated forests have been resilient to long-term climate change and human land use. They may prevail in future if climate warming does not exceed the amplitude of Mid Holocene temperature and moisture variability.
Federico Di Rita and Donatella Magri
Clim. Past, 15, 237–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-237-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-237-2019, 2019
Jose M. Mesa-Fernández, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Marta Rodrigo-Gámiz, Antonio García-Alix, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo, Francisca Martínez-Ruiz, R. Scott Anderson, Jon Camuera, and María J. Ramos-Román
Clim. Past, 14, 1687–1706, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1687-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1687-2018, 2018
Liangjun Zhu, Qichao Yao, David J. Cooper, Shijie Han, and Xiaochun Wang
Clim. Past, 14, 1213–1228, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1213-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1213-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a 260-year tree-ring-based PDSI reconstruction for the central Daxing'an Mountains, northeast China. A warm–wet pattern was identified for the Daxing'an Mountains in recent decades, while a warm–dry pattern was found for the Mongolian Plateau. Overall, the dry/wet variability of the Daxing'an Mountains and its relationship with the surrounding areas might be driven by Pacific and Atlantic Ocean oscillations.
Alessia Masi, Alexander Francke, Caterina Pepe, Matthias Thienemann, Bernd Wagner, and Laura Sadori
Clim. Past, 14, 351–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-351-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-351-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The first high-resolution Lake Dojran pollen record for the last 12 500 years is presented. The ecological succession shows Late Glacial steppe vegetation gradually replaced, since 11 500 yr BP, by Holocene mesophilous forests. The first human traces are recorded around 5000 yr BP and increased considerably since the Bronze Age. Pollen data and sedimentological, biomarker and diatom data available from the same core contribute to an understanding of the environmental history of the Balkans.
María J. Ramos-Román, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Jon Camuera, Antonio García-Alix, R. Scott Anderson, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo, and José S. Carrión
Clim. Past, 14, 117–137, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-117-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-117-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we carried out a multiproxy high-resolution analysis on a sediment record from the Padul Basin in the Sierra Nevada (southern Iberian Peninsula). Padul is a classical and very unique site from the Mediterranean area as it contains a very long and continuous Quaternary sedimentary record. However, the uppermost part of the record was never recovered. In this study we focus on the last 4700 cal yr BP of Holocene climate variability and human activity in the Mediterranean area.
Inke Elisabeth Maike Achterberg, Jan Eckstein, Bernhard Birkholz, Andreas Bauerochse, and Hanns Hubert Leuschner
Clim. Past, 14, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-85-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-85-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
At a bog site at Totes Moor in northwest Germany a layer of pine tree stumps at the fen–bog transition was exposed by peat mining. The lateral expansion of ombrotrophic bog between 6703 BC and 3403 BC was reconstructed using the locations and dendrochronological dates of the tree stumps. The spatial pattern relates to the elevation a.s.l. of the mineral base beneath the peat. The temporal distribution of bog expansion pulses relates to climatic variation.
Olga N. Ukhvatkina, Alexander M. Omelko, Alexander A. Zhmerenetsky, and Tatyana Y. Petrenko
Clim. Past, 14, 57–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-57-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-57-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the minimum temperature for 505 years and found cold and warm periods, which correlate with reconstructed data for the Northern Hemisphere and neighboring territories. Our reconstructions are reflected in the fluctuations in ENSO, the short-term solar cycle, PDO, and the de Vries 200-year solar activity cycle. This is the first temperature reconstruction for this region and it is important for studying the climatic processes in the study region and in all of northeastern Asia.
Xiayun Xiao, Simon G. Haberle, Ji Shen, Bin Xue, Mark Burrows, and Sumin Wang
Clim. Past, 13, 613–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-613-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-613-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of the past fire activity is a key for making sustainable management policies for forest ecosystems. A high-resolution macroscopic charcoal record from southwestern China reveals the postglacial fire history. Combined with the regional climate records and vegetation histories, it is concluded that fire was mainly controlled by climate before 4.3 ka and by combined action of climate and humans after 4.3 ka, and the relationship between fire activity and vegetation were also examined.
Odile Peyron, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, David Brayshaw, Simon Goring, Valérie Andrieu-Ponel, Stéphanie Desprat, Will Fletcher, Belinda Gambin, Chryssanthi Ioakim, Sébastien Joannin, Ulrich Kotthoff, Katerina Kouli, Vincent Montade, Jörg Pross, Laura Sadori, and Michel Magny
Clim. Past, 13, 249–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-249-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-249-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to reconstruct the climate evolution of the Mediterranean region during the Holocene from pollen data and model outputs. The model- and pollen-inferred precipitation estimates show overall agreement: the eastern Medit. experienced wetter-than-present summer conditions during the early–late Holocene. This regional climate model highlights how the patchy nature of climate signals and data in the Medit. may lead to stronger local signals than the large-scale pattern suggests.
Sahbi Jaouadi, Vincent Lebreton, Viviane Bout-Roumazeilles, Giuseppe Siani, Rached Lakhdar, Ridha Boussoffara, Laurent Dezileau, Nejib Kallel, Beya Mannai-Tayech, and Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout
Clim. Past, 12, 1339–1359, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1339-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1339-2016, 2016
S. G. A. Flantua, H. Hooghiemstra, M. Vuille, H. Behling, J. F. Carson, W. D. Gosling, I. Hoyos, M. P. Ledru, E. Montoya, F. Mayle, A. Maldonado, V. Rull, M. S. Tonello, B. S. Whitney, and C. González-Arango
Clim. Past, 12, 483–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-483-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-483-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper serves as a guide to high-quality pollen records in South America that capture environmental variability during the last 2 millennia. We identify the pollen records suitable for climate modelling and discuss their sensitivity to the spatial signature of climate modes. Furthermore, evidence for human land use in pollen records is useful for archaeological hypothesis testing and important in distinguishing natural from anthropogenically driven vegetation change.
Enlou Zhang, Yongbo Wang, Weiwei Sun, and Ji Shen
Clim. Past, 12, 415–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-415-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-415-2016, 2016
B. Gambin, V. Andrieu-Ponel, F. Médail, N. Marriner, O. Peyron, V. Montade, T. Gambin, C. Morhange, D. Belkacem, and M. Djamali
Clim. Past, 12, 273–297, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-273-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-273-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the study of ancient microfossils, such as pollen and spores, this paper explores climate change in a Mediterranean island context. Using a multi-disciplinary approach this original research corroborates existing archaeological and historical data. It also uses comparative data from elsewhere in the central Mediterranean to ensure that the current research is placed within the appropriate geographic context.
A. V. Gallego-Sala, D. J. Charman, S. P. Harrison, G. Li, and I. C. Prentice
Clim. Past, 12, 129–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-129-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-129-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
It has become a well-established paradigm that blanket bog landscapes in the British Isles are a result of forest clearance by early human populations. We provide a novel test of this hypothesis using results from bioclimatic modelling driven by cimate reconstructions compared with a database of peat initiation dates. Both results show similar patterns of peat initiation over time and space. This suggests that climate was the main driver of blanket bog inception and not human disturbance.
J. Azuara, N. Combourieu-Nebout, V. Lebreton, F. Mazier, S. D. Müller, and L. Dezileau
Clim. Past, 11, 1769–1784, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1769-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1769-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution pollen analyses undertaken on two cores from southern France allow us to separate anthropogenic effects from climatic impacts on environments over the last 4500 years. A long-term aridification trend is highlighted during the late Holocene, and three superimposed arid events are recorded around 4400, 2600 and 1200cal BP coinciding in time with Bond events. Human influence on vegetation is attested since the Bronze Age and became dominant at the beginning of the High Middle Ages.
S. Y. Maezumi, M. J. Power, F. E. Mayle, K. K. McLauchlan, and J. Iriarte
Clim. Past, 11, 835–853, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-835-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-835-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A 14,500-year, high-resolution, sedimentary record from Huanchaca Mesetta, a palm swamp located in the cerrãdo savanna in northeastern Bolivia, was analyzed for phytoliths, stable isotopes and charcoal. A non-analogue, cold-adapted vegetation community dominated the Late Glacial-Early Holocene period (14.5-9ka), which included trees and C3 Pooideae and C4 Panicoideae grasses. The Late Glacial vegetation was fire sensitive and fire activity during this period was low, likely responding to fuel av
M. E. de Porras, A. Maldonado, F. A. Quintana, A. Martel-Cea, O. Reyes, and C. Méndez
Clim. Past, 10, 1063–1078, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1063-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1063-2014, 2014
Y. Wang, U. Herzschuh, L. S. Shumilovskikh, S. Mischke, H. J. B. Birks, J. Wischnewski, J. Böhner, F. Schlütz, F. Lehmkuhl, B. Diekmann, B. Wünnemann, and C. Zhang
Clim. Past, 10, 21–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-21-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-21-2014, 2014
L. Sadori, E. Ortu, O. Peyron, G. Zanchetta, B. Vannière, M. Desmet, and M. Magny
Clim. Past, 9, 1969–1984, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1969-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1969-2013, 2013
O. Peyron, M. Magny, S. Goring, S. Joannin, J.-L. de Beaulieu, E. Brugiapaglia, L. Sadori, G. Garfi, K. Kouli, C. Ioakim, and N. Combourieu-Nebout
Clim. Past, 9, 1233–1252, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1233-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1233-2013, 2013
S. Joannin, B. Vannière, D. Galop, O. Peyron, J. N. Haas, A. Gilli, E. Chapron, S. B. Wirth, F. Anselmetti, M. Desmet, and M. Magny
Clim. Past, 9, 913–933, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-913-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-913-2013, 2013
M.-P. Ledru, V. Jomelli, P. Samaniego, M. Vuille, S. Hidalgo, M. Herrera, and C. Ceron
Clim. Past, 9, 307–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-307-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-307-2013, 2013
P. G. C. Amaral, A. Vincens, J. Guiot, G. Buchet, P. Deschamps, J.-C. Doumnang, and F. Sylvestre
Clim. Past, 9, 223–241, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-223-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-223-2013, 2013
J. Bakker, E. Paulissen, D. Kaniewski, J. Poblome, V. De Laet, G. Verstraeten, and M. Waelkens
Clim. Past, 9, 57–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-57-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-57-2013, 2013
S. Joannin, E. Brugiapaglia, J.-L. de Beaulieu, L. Bernardo, M. Magny, O. Peyron, S. Goring, and B. Vannière
Clim. Past, 8, 1973–1996, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1973-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1973-2012, 2012
A. A. Andreev, E. Morozova, G. Fedorov, L. Schirrmeister, A. A. Bobrov, F. Kienast, and G. Schwamborn
Clim. Past, 8, 1287–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1287-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1287-2012, 2012
B. J. Dermody, H. J. de Boer, M. F. P. Bierkens, S. L. Weber, M. J. Wassen, and S. C. Dekker
Clim. Past, 8, 637–651, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-637-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-637-2012, 2012
E. M. Gayo, C. Latorre, C. M. Santoro, A. Maldonado, and R. De Pol-Holz
Clim. Past, 8, 287–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-287-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-287-2012, 2012
A.-M. Lézine, W. Zheng, P. Braconnot, and G. Krinner
Clim. Past, 7, 1351–1362, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1351-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1351-2011, 2011
A. Dallmeyer, M. Claussen, U. Herzschuh, and N. Fischer
Clim. Past, 7, 881–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-881-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-881-2011, 2011
A. Vincens, G. Buchet, M. Servant, and ECOFIT Mbalang collaborators
Clim. Past, 6, 281–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-281-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-281-2010, 2010
A. J. Chepstow-Lusty, M. R. Frogley, B. S. Bauer, M. J. Leng, K. P. Boessenkool, C. Carcaillet, A. A. Ali, and A. Gioda
Clim. Past, 5, 375–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-375-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-375-2009, 2009
Cited articles
African Pollen Database: http://medias.obs-mip.fr/apd, last access: September 2008, 2008.
Assi-Kaudjhis, C., Lézine, A.-M., and Roche, E.: Dynamique de la végétation d'altitude en Afrique centrale atlantique depuis 17 000 ans BP. Analyses préliminaires de la carotte de Bambili (Nord-Ouest du Cameroun), Geo-Eco-Trop, 32, 131–143, 2008.
Bard, E. and Kromer, B.: The Younger Dryas: absolute and radiocarbon chronology, in: The Younger Dryas, edited by: Troelstra, S. R., van Hinte, J. E., and Ganssen, G. M., Proceedings of the Royal Dutch Academy of Science, 161–166, 1995.
Bergonzini, L., Chalié, F., and Gasse, F.: Paleoevaporation and paleoprecipitation in the Tanganyika Basin at 18 000 yr B.P. inferred from hydrologic and vegetation proxies, Quaternary Res., 47, 295–305, 1997.
Bonnefille, R.: Rainforest responses to past climatic changes in tropical Africa, in: Tropical rainforest responses to climate change, edited by: Bush, M. D. and Flenley, J. R., Praxis Publishing,Chichester, 117–170, 2007.
Bonnefille, R. and Chalié, F.: Pollen inferred precipitation time-series from equatorial mountains, Africa, the last 40 kyr BP, Global Planet. Change, 26, 25–50, 2000.
Bonnefille, R., Roeland, J. C. and Guiot, J.: Temperatures and rainfall estimates for the past 40 000 years in equatorial Africa, Nature, 346, 347–349, 1990.
Bonnefille, R., Chalié, F., Guiot, J. and Vincens, A.: Quantitative estimates of full glacial temperatures in equatorial Africa from palynological data, Clim. Dynam., 6, 251–257, 1992.
Caratini, C., Tissot, C., and Frédoux, A.: Caractérisation des aérosols désertiques à Niamey (Niger) par le contenu pollinique, Institut français de Pondichéry, Travaux de la Section Scientifique et Technique, 25, 251–268, 1988.
Chalié, F.: Paléoclimats du bassin Tanganyika sud au cours des 25 derniers mille ans: reconstitutions quantitatives par le traitement de données polliniques, C. R. Acad. Sci., 320, 206–208, 1995.
Cornen, G., Bandet, Y., Giresse, P., and Maley, J.: The nature and chronostratigraphy of Quaternary pyroclastic accumulations from lake Barombi Mbo (West Cameroon), J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 51, 357–374, 1992.
Davis, B. A. S., Brewer, S., Stevenson, A. C., and Guiot, J.: The temperature of Europe during the Holocene reconstructed from pollen data, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 1701–1716, 2003.
DeMenocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Adkins,J., Sarnthein, M., Baker, L., and Yarusinsky, M.: Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 347–361, 2000.
Elenga, H., Vincens, A., and Schwartz, D. : Présence d'éléments forestiers montagnards sur les plateaux Batéké (Congo) au Pléistocène supérieur, nouvelles données palynologiques, Palaeoeco. A., 22, 239,-252, 1991.
Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., and Vincens, A. : Changements climatiques et action anthropique sur le littoral congolais au cours de l'Holocène, B. Soc. Géol. Fr., 163, 83–90, 1992.
Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., and Vincens, A.: Pollen evidence of Late Quaternary vegetation and inferred climate changes in Congo, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., 109, 345–356, 1994.
Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., Vincens, A., Bertaux, J., de Namur, C., Martin, L., Wirrmann, D., and Servant, M. : Diagramme pollinique holocène du lac Kitina (Congo): mise en évidence de changements paléobotaniques et paléoclimatiques dans le massif forestier du Mayombe, C. R. Acad. Sci. 323, 345–356, 1996.
Elenga, H., Peyron, O., Bonnefille, R., Jolly, D., Cheddadi, R., Guiot, J., Andrieu, V., Bottema, S., Buchet, G., de Beaulieu, J.-L., Hamilton, A., Maley, J., Marchant, R., Perez-Obiol, R., Reille, M., Riollet, G., Scott, L., Straka, H., Taylor, D., Van Campo, E., Vincens, A., Laarif, F., and Jonson, H.: Pollen-based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa at 18 000 yr BP, J. Biogeogr., 27, 621–634, 2000a.
Elenga, H., de Namur, C., Vincens, A., Roux, M., and Schwartz, D.: Use of plots to define pollen-vegetation relationships in densely forested ecosystems of tropical Africa, Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 112, 79–96, 2000b.
Elenga, H., Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Fabing, A., Bertaux, J., Wirrmann, D., Martin, L., and Servant, M. : Le marais estuarien de la Songolo (Sud Congo) à l'Holocène moyen et récent, B. Soc. Géol. Fr., 3, 359–366, 2001.
Elenga, H., Maley, J., Vincens, A., and Reynaud-Farrera, I.: Palaeoenvironments, palaeoclimates and landscape development in Central Equatorial Africa. A review of major terrestrial keys sites covering the last 25 kyrs, in: Past climate variability through Europe and Africa, edited by: Battarbee, R. W., Gasse F., and Stickley C. E., Springer, 181–198, 2004.
FAO: http://www.fao.org/sd/locclim/srv/en/locclim.home, last access: September 2009, 2009.
Gasse, F.: Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 189–211, 2000.
Gasse, F., Chalié, F., Vincens, A., Williams, M. A. J., and Williamson, D.: Climatic patterns in equatorial and southern Africa from 30 000 to 10 000 years ago reconstructed from terrestrial and near-shore proxy data, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 2316–2340, 2008.
Giresse, P., Maley, J., and Kelts, K.: Sedimentation and palaeoenvironments in crater Lake Barombi Mbo, Cameroon, during the last 25,000 years, Sediment. Geol., 71, 151–175, 1991.
Giresse, P., Maley, J., and Brenac, P.: Late Quaternary paleoenvironments in Lake Barombi Mbo (West Cameroon) deduced from pollen and carbon isotopes of organic matter, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., 107, 65–78, 1994.
Giresse, P., Maley, J., and Kossoni A.: Sedimentary environmental changes and millenial climatic variability in a tropical shallow lake (Lake Ossa, Cameroon) during the Holocene, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., 218, 257–285, 2005.
Giresse, P., Mvoubou, M., Maley, J., and Ngomanda, A.: Late-Holocene equatorial environments inferred from deposition processes, carbon isotopes of organic matter, and pollen in three shallow lakes of Gabon, West-Central Africa, J. Paleolimnol., 41, 369–392, 2009.
Guiot, J.: Methodology of the last climatic cycle reconstruction in France from pollen data, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., 80, 49–69, 1990.
Guiot, J., de Beaulieu, J.-L., Cheddadi, R., David, F., Ponel, P., and Reille, M.: The climate in Western Europe during the last Glacial/Interglacial cycle derived from pollen and insect remains, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., 103, 73–93, 1993.
Guiot, J., Cheddadi, R., Prentice, I. C., and Jolly, D.: A method of biome and climate mapping from pollen data: application to Europe 6000 years ago, Palaeoclimates: Data and Modelling, 1, 311–324, 1996.
Guiot, J., Torre, F., Jolly, D., Peyron, O., Boreux, J.-J., and Cheddadi, R.: Inverse vegetation modeling by Monte Carlo sampling to reconstructe palaeoclimate under changed precipitation seasonality and CO2 conditions: application to glacial climate in Mediterranean region, Ecol. Modell., 127, 119–140, 2000.
Hély, C., Braconnot, P., Watrin, J., and Zheng, W.: Climate and vegetation: Simulating the African humid period, C. R., Geoscience, 341, 671–688, 2009.
Huntley, B. and Prentice, I. C.: July temperatures in Europe from pollen data, 6000 years before present, Science, 241, 687–690, 1988.
IPCC: Climate change: synthesis Report (http://www.ipcc.ch), last access: September 2010, 2010.
Jolly, D., Bonnefille, R., Burcq, S., and Roux, M.: Représentation pollinique de la forêt dense humide du Gabon, tests statistiques, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 322, 63–70, 1996.
Jolly, D., Prentice, I. C., Bonnefille, R., Ballouche, A., Bengo, M., Brenac, P., Buchet, G., Burney, D., Cazet, J.-P., Cheddadi, R., Edorh, T., Elenga, H., Elmoutaki, S., Guiot, J., Laarif, F., Lamb, H., Lezine, A.-M., Maley, J., Mbenza, M., Peyron, O., Reille, M., Reynaud-Farrera, I., Riollet, G., Ritchie, J. C., Roche, E., Scott, L., Ssemmanda, I., Straka, H., Umer, M., Van Campo, E., Vilimumbalo, S., Vincens, A., and Waller, M.: Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6000 years, J. Biogeogr., 25, 1007–1027, 1998a.
Jolly, D., Harrison, S. P., Damnati, B., and Bonnefille, R.: Simulated climate and biomes of Africa during the Late Quaternary: a comparison with pollen and lake status data, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 17, 629–657, 1998b.
Kahn, F. : La reconstitution de la forêt tropicale humide. Sud-Ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire, ORSTOM, Paris, mémoire 97, 1982.
Köhler, P., Ditzer, T., and Huth, A.: Concepts for the aggregation of tropical tree species into functional types and the application to Shaba's lowland rain forests, J. Trop. Ecol., 16, 591–602, 2000
Lebamba, J., Vincens, A., Jolly, D., Ngomanda, A., Schevin, P., Maley, J., Bentaleb, I., and REGAB members: Modern pollen rain in savanna and forest ecosystems of Gabon and Cameroon, Central Atlantic Africa, Rev$. $Palaeobot. Palyno., 153, 34–45, 2009a.
Lebamba, J., Ngomanda, A., Vincens, A., Jolly, D., Favier, C., Elenga, H., and Bentaleb, I.: Central African biomes and forest succession stages derived from modern pollen data and plant functional types, Clim. Past, 5, 403–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-403-2009, 2009b.
Leroux, M.: Le climat de l'Afrique tropicale, Champion, Paris, 1983.
Letouzey, R.: Etude phytogéographique du Cameroun, Lechevalier, Paris, 1968.
Letouzey, R.: Notice de la carte phytogéographique du Cameroun au 1 : 500 000, Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Végétation, Toulouse, France, 1985.
Lézine, A.-M: Paléoenvironnements végétaux d'Afrique nord tropicale depuis 12 000 B.P$.,$ Unpublished PhD thesis, University Aix-Marseille II, France, 180 pp., 1987.
Lézine, A.-M.: Postglacial pollen records of Africa, in: Encyclopaedia of Quaternary Sciences 4, Scott A. Elias, Elsevier, 2682–2698, 2007.
Lézine, A.-M. and Edorth, T. M.: Modern pollen deposition in West African Sudanian environnements, Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 67, 41–58, 1991.
Lézine, A.-M., Watrin, J., Vincens, A. and Hély, C. : Are modern pollen data representative of west African vegetation? Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 156, 265–276, 2009.
Maley, J.: Fragmentation de la forêt dense humide ouest-africaine et extension d'une végétation montagnarde à basse altitude au Quaternaire récent: nouvelles données polliniques et chronologiques. Implications paléoclimatiques et biogéographiques, Palaeoeco. A., 18, 307–334, 1987.
Maley, J.: The African rain forest vegetation and palaeoenvironments during the Late Quaternary, Climatic Change, 19, 79–98, 1991.
Maley, J.: The African rain forest: main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary, Proceeding of the Royal Society of Edinburg, Biological Sciences, 104B, 31–74, 1996.
Maley, J.: A catastrophic destruction of African forests about 2500 years ago still exerts a major influence on present vegetation formations, IDS Bulletin, 33, 13–30, 2002.
Maley, J. and Brenac, P.: Vegetation dynamics, paleoenvironments and climatic changes in the forests of western Cameroon during the last 28,000 years B.P, Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 99, 157–187, 1998.
Maley, J., Livingstone, D.A., Giresse, P., Thouveny, N., Brenac, P., Kelts, K., Kling, G., Stager, C., Haag, M., Fournier, M., Bandet, Y., and Zogning, A.: Lithostratigraphy, volcanism, paleomagnetism and palynology of Quaternary lacustrine deposits from Barombi Mbo (West Cameroon): preliminary results, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 42, 319–335, 1990.
Marchant, R., Berrio, J. C., Behling, H., Boom, A., and Hooghiemstra, H.: Colombian dry moist forest transitions in the Llanos Orientales – A comparison of model and pollen-based biome reconstructions, Paleoecol. Palaeoclim., 234, 28–44, 2006.
Ngomanda, A.: Dynamique des écosystèmes forestiers du Gabon au cours des cinq derniers millénaires, Unpublished PhD thesis, University Montpellier II, France, 2005.
Ngomanda, A., Chepstow-Lusty, A., Makaya, M., Schevin, P., Maley, J., Fontugne, M., Oslisly, R., Rabenkogo, N., and Jolly, D. : Vegetation changes during the past 1300 years in Western Equatorial Africa: a high-resolution pollen record from Lake Kamalété, Lopé Reserve, Central Gabon, Holocene, 15, 1021–1031, 2005.
Ngomanda, A., Jolly, D., Bentaleb, I., Chepstow-Lusty, A., M'Voubou, M., Maley, J., Fontugne, M., Oslisly, R., and Rabenkogo, N.: Lowland rainforest response to hydrological changes during the last 1500 years in Gabon, Western Equatorial Africa, Quaternary Res., 67, 411–425, 2007.
Ngomanda, A., Neumann, K., Schweizer, A., and Maley, J.: Seasonality change and the third millennium BP rainforest crisis in southern Cameroon (Central Africa), Quaternary Res., 71, 307–318, 2009a.
Ngomanda, A., Chepstow-Lusty, A., Makaya, M., Favier, C., Schevin, P., Maley, J., Fontugne, M., Oslisly, R., and Jolly, D.: Western equatorial African forest-savanna mosaics: a legacy of late Holocene climatic change?, Clim. Past, 5, 647–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-647-2009, 2009b.
Nicholson, S. E.: The nature of rainfall variability over Africa on time scales of decades to millennia, Global Planet. Change, 26, 137–158, 2000.
Overpeck, J. T., Webb III, T., and Prentice, I. C.: Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: dissimilarity coefficients and method of modern analogs, Quaternary Res., 23, 87–108, 1985.
Peyron, O.: Le climat de l'Europe et de l'Afrique au dernier maximum glaciaire et à l'Holocène moyen, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Université Aix-Marseille III, France, 194 pp., 1998.
Peyron, O., Guiot, J., Cheddadi, R., Tarasov, P., Reille, M., de Beaulieu, J.-L., Bottema, S., and Andrieu, V. : Climatic reconstruction in Europe for 18,000 yr B.P. from pollen data, Quaternary Res., 49, 183–196, 1998.
Peyron, O., Jolly, D., Bonnefille, R., Vincens, A., and Guiot, J.: Climate of East Africa 6000 14C yr B.P. as inferred from pollen data, Quaternary Res., 54, 90–101, 2000.
Peyron, O., Bégeot, C., Brewer, S., Heiri, O., Magny, M., Millet, L., Ruffaldi, P., Van Campo E., and Yu, G.: Late-Glacial climatic changes in Eastern France (Lake Lautrey) from pollen, lake-levels, and chironomids, Quaternary Res., 64, 197–211, 2005.
Peyron, O., Jolly, D., Braconnot, P., Bonnefille, R., Guiot, J., Wirmann, D., and Chalié, F.: Quantitative reconstructions of annual rainfall in Africa 6000 years ago: model-data comparison, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007396, 2006.
Prentice, I. C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S. P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R. A., and Solomon, A. M.: A global biome model base of physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate, J. Biogeogr., 19, 117–154, 1992.
Prentice, I. C., Guiot, J., Huntley, B., Jolly, D., and Cheddadi, R.: Reconstructing biomes from paleoecological data: a general method and its application to European pollen data at 0 and 6 ka, Clim. Dynam., 12, 185–194, 1996.
Puig, H. : La Forêt Tropicale Humide. Belin, Paris, 2001.
Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C. E., Burr, G. S., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes,P.M., Guilderson, T. P., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T. J., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Manning, S. W., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Southon, J. R., Talamo, S., Turney, C. S. M., van der Plicht, J., and Weyhenmeyer, C. E.: IntCal09 and Marine 09 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve, 0–50,000 years Cal BP:Radiocarbon, 51, 1111–1150, 2009.
Reynaud, I.: Introduction à l'étude des relations Homme-Milieu naturel dans les forêts du Cameroun. Etude palynologique des sédiments du lac Ossa au cours des derniers siècles, Mémoire de DEA, University Montpellier II, France, 1991.
Reynaud, I. and Maley, J. : Histoire récente d'une formation forestière du sud-ouest Cameroun à partir de l'analyse pollinique, C. R. Acad. Sci., 317, 575–580, 1994.
Reynaud-Farrera, I.: Histoire des paléoenvironnements forestiers du Sud-Cameroun à partir d'analyses palynologiques et statistiques de dépôts holocènes et actuels, Unpublished PhD thesis, University Montpellier II, France, 1995.
Reynaud-Farrera, I., Maley, J., and Wirrmann, D. : Végétation et climat dans les forêts du sud-ouest Cameroun depuis 4770 ans B.P.: analyse pollinique des sédiments du lac Ossa, C. R. Acad. Sci., 322, 749–755, 1996.
Richards, K.: Preliminary results of pollen analysis of a 6,000 year core from Mboandong, a crater lake in Cameroon, Hull University, Geography Department, Miscellianous Series$ 32$, 14–28, 1986.
Richards, P. W.: The tropical forest. An ecological study, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981.
Salzmann, U. and Hoelzmann, P.: The Dahomey Gap: an abrupt climatically induced rain forest fragmentation in West Africa during the Late Holocene, Holocene, 15, 190–199, 2005.
Shanahan, T. M., Overpeck, J.T., Wheeler, C. W., Beck, J. W., Pigati, J. S., Talbot, M. R., Scholz, C. A., Peck, J. and King, J. W.: Paleoclimatic variations in West Africa from a record of late Pleistocene and Holocene lake level stands of Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol., 242, 287–302, 2006.
Smith, T. M., Shugart, H. H., and Woodward, F. I.: Plant functional types, their relevance to ecosystem properties and global change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P. J.: Extended 14C database and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program, Radiocarbon, 35, 215–230, 1993.
Suchel, J. B.: La répartition des pluies et les régimes pluviométriques au Cameroun, CEGET/CNRS Bordeaux 5, 287 pp., 1972.
Suchel, J. B.: Les climats du Cameroun, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Université Saint-Etienne, France, 1988.
Thouveny, N. and Williamson, D.: Paleomagnetic study of the Holocene and Upper Pleistocene sediments from Lake Barombi Mbo, Cameroon: first results, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 52, 193–206, 1988.
Tyson, P. D., Gasse, F., Bergonzini, L., and d'Abreton, P.: Aerosols, atmospheric transmissivity and hydrological modelling of climate change over Africa South of the Equator, Int. J. Climatology, 17, 1651–1665, 1997.
Vincens, A., Chalié, F., Bonnefille, R., Guiot, J., and Tiercelin, J.-J. : Pollen-derived rainfall and temperature estimates from Lake Tanganyika and their implication for Late Pleistocene water Levels, Quaternary Res., 40, 343–350, 1993.
Vincens, A., Buchet, G., Elenga, H., Fournier, M., Martin, L., de Namur, C., Schwartz, D., Servant, M., and Wirrmann, D. : Changement majeur de la végétation du lac Sinnda (vallée du Niari, Sud Congo) consécutif à l'assèchement climatique holocène supérieur: apport de la palynologie, C. R. Acad. Sci., 318, 1521–1526, 1994.
Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Bertaux, J., Elenga, H., and de Namur, C.: Late Holocene climatic changes in Western Equatorial Africa inferred from pollen from Lake Sinnda, Southern Congo, Quaternary Res., 50, 34–45, 1998.
Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Elenga, H., Reynaud-Farrera, I., Alexandre, A., Bertaux, J., Mariotti, A., Martin, L., Meunier, J.-D., Nguetsop, F., Servant, M., Servant-Vildary, S., and Wirrmann, D.: Forest response to climate changes in Atlantic Equatorial Africa during the last 4000 years BP and inheritance on the modern landscapes, J. Biogeogr., 26, 879–885, 1999.
Vincens, A., Dubois, M. A., Guillet, B., Achoundong, G., Buchet, G., Kamgang Kabeyene Beyala, V., de Namur, C., and Riéra, B.: Pollen-rain-vegetation relationships along a forest-savanna transect in southeastern Cameroon, Rev. Palaeobota. Palyno., 110, 191–208, 2000.
Vincens, A., Bremond, L., Brewer, S. Buchet, G., and Dussouillez, P.: Modern pollen-based biome reconstructions in East Africa expanded to southern Tanzania, Rev. Palaeobota. Palyno., 140, 187–212, 2006.
Vincens, A., Lezine, A.-M., Buchet, G., Lewden, D., Le Thomas, A., and contributors : African Pollen Database inventory of tree and shrub pollen types, Rev. Palaeobota. Palyno., 145, 135–141, 2007.
Vincens, A., Buchet, G., Servant, M., and ECOFIT Mbalang collaborators: Vegetation response to the "African Humid Period" termination in Central Cameroon (7° N) - new pollen insight from Lake Mbalang, Clim. Past, 6, 281–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-281-2010, 2010.
White, F.: Vegetation of Africa, UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO, Paris, 1983.
Wu, H., Guiot, J., and Brewer, S.: Climatic changes in Eurasia and Africa at the last glacial maximum and mid-Holocene: reconstruction from polen data using inverse vegetation modeling, Clim. Dynam., 29, 211–229, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0231-3, 2007.
Ybert, J. P. : Emissions polliniques actuelles dans la zone du contact forêt-savane en Côte d'Ivoire, Soc. Botanique de France, Colloque de Palynologie, 251–265, 1975.
Yokoyama, Y., Lambeck, K., De Deckker, P., Johnston, P., and Fifield, L. K.: Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima, Nature, 406, 713–716, 2000.