Climate of the Past
Climate of the Past
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Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-689-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-689-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
Research article
 | 
30 Mar 2026
Research article |  | 30 Mar 2026

North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP)

Anni Zhao, Chris Brierley, Venni Arra-Kastrati, Xiaoxu Shi, and Yongyun Hu

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Short summary
The North Atlantic Oscillation has large impacts on the European climate, whose future behaviour remains uncertain. We assess the NAO response in three past experiments (midHolocene, lig127k, lgm) and an abrupt quadrupled CO2 experiment (abrupt4xCO2). Our results show that NAO weakens (enhances) in response to cooling (warming), while it is not sensitive to orbital configurations. The associated teleconnections change consistently with the theory and are sensitive to the change in NAO amplitude.
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