Climate of the Past
Climate of the Past
CP
Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-517-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-517-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
Research article
 | Highlight paper
 | 
05 Mar 2026
Research article | Highlight paper |  | 05 Mar 2026

Evaluation of nine gridded daily weather reconstructions for the European heatwave summer of 1807

Peter Stucki, Stefan Brönnimann, Noemi Imfeld, Lucas Pfister, Conall E. Ruth, Yannis V. Schmutz, Yuri Brugnara, Martin Wegmann, Rajmund Przybylak, and Janusz Filipiak

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Editorial statement
This study uses historical weather observations rescued from across Europe, as well as machine learning techniques to improve our understanding of a series of heatwaves in 1806. The results indicate that while machine learning models can do a good job of reproducing historical weather observations, they can't capture the physics behind why a heatwave would occur.
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Short summary
We test nine reconstructions of Europe’s hot summer of 1807, using weather records, reanalyses, machine-learning (ML), and data assimilation. Most approaches match observed temperature and pressure well. Approaches based on physics of atmospheric flow capture weather patterns well, while ML approaches better reflect station records. Ingestion of accurate records from new regions improves the reconstructions markedly. In all, the approaches provide new insights to pre-industrial extreme weather.
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