Climate of the Past
Climate of the Past
CP
Articles | Volume 21, issue 1
Articles | Volume 21, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-161-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-161-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 21, issue 1
Research article
 | 
27 Jan 2025
Research article |  | 27 Jan 2025

Last-millennium volcanic forcing and climate response using SO2 emissions

Lauren R. Marshall, Anja Schmidt, Andrew P. Schurer, Nathan Luke Abraham, Lucie J. Lücke, Rob Wilson, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Ben Johnson, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady, Myriam Khodri, and Kohei Yoshida

Supplement

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-161-2025-supplement

Data sets

Vol-Clim data for Marshall et al. 2024 Lauren Marshall et al. https://doi.org/10.5285/756571adbea845f3a78e75e2aef9d968

Reconstructed volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth, 500 BCE to 1900 CE, version 2 M. Toohey and M. Sigl https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/eVolv2k_v2

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Northern Hemisphere 1250 Year N-TREND Summer Temperature Reconstructions R. Wilson et al. https://doi.org/10.25921/KZTR-JD59

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Northern Hemisphere 2,000 Year Tree-Ring Ensemble Temperature Reconstructions U. Büntgen https://doi.org/10.25921/9986-r929

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Northern Hemisphere 1,500 Year Summer Temperature Reconstructions S. Guillet et al. https://doi.org/10.25921/42GH-Z167

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Northern Hemisphere Extratropics 1400 Year MXD Summer Temperature Reconstruction L. Schneider et al. https://doi.org/10.25921/6MDT-5246

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Short summary
Large volcanic eruptions have caused temperature deviations over the past 1000 years; however, climate model results and reconstructions of surface cooling using tree rings do not match. We explore this mismatch using the latest models and find a better match to tree-ring reconstructions for some eruptions. Our results show that the way in which eruptions are simulated in models matters for the comparison to tree-rings, particularly regarding the spatial spread of volcanic aerosol.

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