Climate of the Past
Climate of the Past
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Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1079-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1079-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
Rapid communication
 | 
25 Jun 2025
Rapid communication |  | 25 Jun 2025

Rapid communication: Nonlinear sensitivity of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation across climate states

Gabriel M. Pontes, Pedro L. da Silva Dias, and Laurie Menviel

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Latest update: 28 Oct 2025
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Short summary
El Niño events are the main drivers of year-to-year climate variability. Understanding how El Niño activity is affected by different climate states is of great relevance to agriculture, water, ecosystem, and climate risk management. Through analysis of past and future climate simulations, we show that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sensitivity to mean state changes is nonlinear and, to some extent, shaped by atmospheric CO2 levels.
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