Articles | Volume 20, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
25 Jul 2024
Review article |
| 25 Jul 2024
| 25 Jul 2024
Climate variability, heat distribution, and polar amplification in the warm unipolar “icehouse” of the Oligocene
Dominique K. L. L. Jenny
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Tammo Reichgelt
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1045, USA
Charlotte L. O'Brien
Department of Geography, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
Xiaoqing Liu
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Peter K. Bijl
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Matthew Huber
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Appy Sluijs
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Appy Sluijs and Henk Brinkhuis
J. Micropalaeontol., 43, 441–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present intrinsic details of dinocyst taxa and assemblages from the sole available central Arctic late Paleocene–early Eocene sedimentary succession recovered at the central Lomonosov Ridge by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 302. We develop a pragmatic taxonomic framework, document critical biostratigraphic events, and propose two new genera and seven new species.
Mark Vinz Elbertsen, Erik van Sebille, and Peter Kristian Bijl
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1596, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1596, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work verifies the remarkable finds of late Eocene Antarctic-sourced iceberg-rafted debris found on South Orkney. We find that these icebergs must have been on the larger end of the size scale compared to today’s icebergs due to faster melting in the warmer Eocene climate. The study was performed using a high-resolution model in which individual icebergs were followed through time.
Chris D. Fokkema, Tobias Agterhuis, Danielle Gerritsma, Myrthe de Goeij, Xiaoqing Liu, Pauline de Regt, Addison Rice, Laurens Vennema, Claudia Agnini, Peter K. Bijl, Joost Frieling, Matthew Huber, Francien Peterse, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 20, 1303–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Polar amplification (PA) is a key uncertainty in climate projections. The factors that dominantly control PA are difficult to separate. Here we provide an estimate for the non-ice-related PA by reconstructing tropical ocean temperature variability from the ice-free early Eocene, which we compare to deep-ocean-derived high-latitude temperature variability across short-lived warming periods. We find a PA factor of 1.7–2.3 on 20 kyr timescales, which is somewhat larger than model estimates.
Suning Hou, Leonie Toebrock, Mart van der Linden, Fleur Rothstegge, Martin Ziegler, Lucas J. Lourens, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-33, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblage and sea surface temperature record west offshore Tasmania, we find a northward migration and freshening of the subtropical front, not at the M2 glacial maximum but at its deglaciation phase. This oceanographic change aligns well with the trends in pCO2. We propose that iceberg discharge from the M2 deglaciation freshened the subtropical front, which together with the other oceanographic changes, affected atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchange in the Southern Ocean.
Marci M. Robinson, Kenneth G. Miller, Tali L. Babila, Timothy J. Bralower, James V. Browning, Marlow J. Cramwinckel, Monika Doubrawa, Gavin L. Foster, Megan K. Fung, Sean Kinney, Maria Makarova, Peter P. McLaughlin, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Morgan F. Schaller, Jean M. Self-Trail, Appy Sluijs, Thomas Westerhold, James D. Wright, and James C. Zachos
Sci. Dril., 33, 47–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-47-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is the closest geological analog to modern anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but its causes and the responses remain enigmatic. Coastal plain sediments can resolve this uncertainty, but their discontinuous nature requires numerous sites to constrain events. Workshop participants identified 10 drill sites that target the PETM and other interesting intervals. Our post-drilling research will provide valuable insights into Earth system responses.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1447–1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1447-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1447-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This new version release of DINOSTRAT, version 2.1, aligns stratigraphic ranges of dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts), a microfossil group, to the latest Geologic Time Scale. In this release I present the evolution of dinocyst subfamilies from the Middle Triassic to the modern period.
Michiel Baatsen, Peter Bijl, Anna von der Heydt, Appy Sluijs, and Henk Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 20, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work introduces the possibility and consequences of monsoons on Antarctica in the warm Eocene climate. We suggest that such a monsoonal climate can be important to understand conditions in Antarctica prior to large-scale glaciation. We can explain seemingly contradictory indications of ice and vegetation on the continent through regional variability. In addition, we provide a new mechanism through which most of Antarctica remained ice-free through a wide range of global climatic changes.
Peter K. Bijl and Henk Brinkhuis
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 309–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-309-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-309-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an online, open-access database for taxonomic descriptions, stratigraphic information and images of organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst species. With this new resource for applied and academic research, teaching and training, we open up organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts for the academic era of open science. We expect that palsys.org represents a starting point to improve taxonomic concepts, and we invite the community to contribute.
Joost Frieling, Linda van Roij, Iris Kleij, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 20, 4651–4668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a first species-specific evaluation of marine core-top dinoflagellate cyst carbon isotope fractionation (εp) to assess natural pCO2 dependency on εp and explore its geological deep-time paleo-pCO2 proxy potential. We find that εp differs between genera and species and that in Operculodinium centrocarpum, εp is controlled by pCO2 and nutrients. Our results highlight the added value of δ13C analyses of individual micrometer-scale sedimentary organic carbon particles.
Frida S. Hoem, Adrián López-Quirós, Suzanna van de Lagemaat, Johan Etourneau, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Carlota Escutia, Henk Brinkhuis, Francien Peterse, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 19, 1931–1949, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1931-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1931-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present two new sea surface temperature (SST) records in comparison with available SST records to reconstruct South Atlantic paleoceanographic evolution. Our results show a low SST gradient in the Eocene–early Oligocene due to the persistent gyral circulation. A higher SST gradient in the Middle–Late Miocene infers a stronger circumpolar current. The southern South Atlantic was the coldest region in the Southern Ocean and likely the main deep-water formation location in the Middle Miocene.
William Rush, Jean Self-Trail, Yang Zhang, Appy Sluijs, Henk Brinkhuis, James Zachos, James G. Ogg, and Marci Robinson
Clim. Past, 19, 1677–1698, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1677-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene contains several brief warming periods referred to as hyperthermals. Studying these events and how they varied between locations can help provide insight into our future warmer world. This study provides a characterization of two of these events in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. The records of climate that we measured demonstrate significant changes during this time period, but the type and timing of these changes highlight the complexity of climatic changes.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-169, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-169, 2023
Publication in ESSD not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
This new version release of DINOSTRAT, version 2.0, aligns stratigraphic ranges of dinoflagellate cysts, a microfossil group, to the Geologic Time Scale. In this release we present the evolution of dinocyst subfamilies from the mid-Triassic to the modern.
Lena Mareike Thöle, Peter Dirk Nooteboom, Suning Hou, Rujian Wang, Senyan Nie, Elisabeth Michel, Isabel Sauermilch, Fabienne Marret, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter Kristian Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 42, 35–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-35-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-42-35-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dinoflagellate cysts can be used to infer past oceanographic conditions in the Southern Ocean. This requires knowledge of their present-day ecologic affinities. We add 66 Antarctic-proximal surface sediment samples to the Southern Ocean data and derive oceanographic conditions at those stations. Dinoflagellate cysts are clearly biogeographically separated along latitudinal gradients of temperature, sea ice, nutrients, and salinity, which allows us to reconstruct these parameters for the past.
Suning Hou, Foteini Lamprou, Frida S. Hoem, Mohammad Rizky Nanda Hadju, Francesca Sangiorgi, Francien Peterse, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 19, 787–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-787-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Neogene climate cooling is thought to be accompanied by increased Equator-to-pole temperature gradients, but mid-latitudes are poorly represented. We use biomarkers to reconstruct a 23 Myr continuous sea surface temperature record of the mid-latitude Southern Ocean. We note a profound mid-latitude cooling which narrowed the latitudinal temperature gradient with the northward expansion of subpolar conditions. We surmise that this reflects the strengthening of the ACC and the expansion of sea ice.
Yord W. Yedema, Francesca Sangiorgi, Appy Sluijs, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Francien Peterse
Biogeosciences, 20, 663–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Terrestrial organic matter (TerrOM) is transported to the ocean by rivers, where its burial can potentially form a long-term carbon sink. This burial is dependent on the type and characteristics of the TerrOM. We used bulk sediment properties, biomarkers, and palynology to identify the dispersal patterns of plant-derived, soil–microbial, and marine OM in the northern Gulf of Mexico and show that plant-derived OM is transported further into the coastal zone than soil and marine-produced TerrOM.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Koen J. van der Laan, Francien Peterse, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, Stefan Schouten, Tjerk J. T. Veenstra, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 1947–1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The TEX86 proxy is often used by paleoceanographers to reconstruct past sea-surface temperatures. However, the origin of the TEX86 signal in marine sediments has been debated since the proxy was first proposed. In our paper, we show that TEX86 carries a mixed sea-surface and subsurface temperature signal and should be calibrated accordingly. Using our 15-million-year record, we subsequently show how a TEX86 subsurface temperature record can be used to inform us on past sea-surface temperatures.
Karen M. Brandenburg, Björn Rost, Dedmer B. Van de Waal, Mirja Hoins, and Appy Sluijs
Biogeosciences, 19, 3305–3315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructions of past CO2 concentrations rely on proxy estimates, with one line of proxies relying on the CO2-dependence of stable carbon isotope fractionation in marine phytoplankton. Culturing experiments provide insights into which processes may impact this. We found, however, that the methods with which these culturing experiments are performed also influence 13C fractionation. Caution should therefore be taken when extrapolating results from these experiments to proxy applications.
Carolien M. H. van der Weijst, Josse Winkelhorst, Wesley de Nooijer, Anna von der Heydt, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 18, 961–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-961-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A hypothesized link between Pliocene (5.3–2.5 million years ago) global climate and tropical thermocline depth is currently only backed up by data from the Pacific Ocean. In our paper, we present temperature, salinity, and thermocline records from the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Surprisingly, the Pliocene thermocline evolution was remarkably different in the Atlantic and Pacific. We need to reevaluate the mechanisms that drive thermocline depth, and how these are tied to global climate change.
Michael Amoo, Ulrich Salzmann, Matthew J. Pound, Nick Thompson, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 18, 525–546, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-525-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Late Eocene to earliest Oligocene (37.97–33.06 Ma) climate and vegetation dynamics around the Tasmanian Gateway region reveal that changes in ocean circulation due to accelerated deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway may not have been solely responsible for the changes in terrestrial climate and vegetation; a series of regional and global events, including a change in stratification of water masses and changes in pCO2, may have played significant roles.
Peter D. Nooteboom, Peter K. Bijl, Christian Kehl, Erik van Sebille, Martin Ziegler, Anna S. von der Heydt, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 357–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-357-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-357-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Having descended through the water column, microplankton in ocean sediments represents the ocean surface environment and is used as an archive of past and present surface oceanographic conditions. However, this microplankton is advected by turbulent ocean currents during its sinking journey. We use simulations of sinking particles to define ocean bottom provinces and detect these provinces in datasets of sedimentary microplankton, which has implications for palaeoclimate reconstructions.
Peter K. Bijl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 579–617, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using microfossils to gauge the age of rocks and sediments requires an accurate age of their first (origination) and last (extinction) appearances. But how do you know such ages can then be applied worldwide? And what causes regional differences? This paper investigates the regional consistency of ranges of species of a specific microfossil group, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts. This overview helps in identifying regional differences in the stratigraphic ranges of species and their causes.
Nick Thompson, Ulrich Salzmann, Adrián López-Quirós, Peter K. Bijl, Frida S. Hoem, Johan Etourneau, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Sabine Roignant, Emma Hocking, Michael Amoo, and Carlota Escutia
Clim. Past, 18, 209–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
New pollen and spore data from the Antarctic Peninsula region reveal temperate rainforests that changed and adapted in response to Eocene climatic cooling, roughly 35.5 Myr ago, and glacially related disturbance in the early Oligocene, approximately 33.5 Myr ago. The timing of these events indicates that the opening of ocean gateways alone did not trigger Antarctic glaciation, although ocean gateways may have played a role in climate cooling.
Peter K. Bijl, Joost Frieling, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Christine Boschman, Appy Sluijs, and Francien Peterse
Clim. Past, 17, 2393–2425, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we use the latest insights for GDGT and dinocyst-based paleotemperature and paleoenvironmental reconstructions in late Cretaceous–early Oligocene sediments from ODP Site 1172 (East Tasman Plateau, Australia). We reconstruct strong river runoff during the Paleocene–early Eocene, a progressive decline thereafter with increased wet/dry seasonality in the northward-drifting hinterland. Our critical review leaves the anomalous warmth of the Eocene SW Pacific Ocean unexplained.
Frida S. Hoem, Isabel Sauermilch, Suning Hou, Henk Brinkhuis, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 40, 175–193, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-175-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-40-175-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use marine microfossil (dinocyst) assemblage data as well as seismic and tectonic investigations to reconstruct the oceanographic history south of Australia 37–20 Ma as the Tasmanian Gateway widens and deepens. Our results show stable conditions with typically warmer dinocysts south of Australia, which contrasts with the colder dinocysts closer to Antarctica, indicating the establishment of modern oceanographic conditions with a strong Southern Ocean temperature gradient and frontal systems.
Gerrit Müller, Jack J. Middelburg, and Appy Sluijs
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3565–3575, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers are major freshwater resources, connectors and transporters on Earth. As the composition of river waters and particles results from processes in their catchment, such as erosion, weathering, environmental pollution, nutrient and carbon cycling, Earth-spanning databases of river composition are needed for studies of these processes on a global scale. While extensive resources on water and nutrient composition exist, we provide a database of river particle composition.
Frida S. Hoem, Luis Valero, Dimitris Evangelinos, Carlota Escutia, Bella Duncan, Robert M. McKay, Henk Brinkhuis, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 17, 1423–1442, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present new offshore palaeoceanographic reconstructions for the Oligocene (33.7–24.4 Ma) in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Our study of dinoflagellate cysts and lipid biomarkers indicates warm-temperate sea surface conditions. We posit that warm surface-ocean conditions near the continental shelf during the Oligocene promoted increased precipitation and heat delivery towards Antarctica that led to dynamic terrestrial ice sheet volumes in the warmer climate state of the Oligocene.
David K. Hutchinson, Helen K. Coxall, Daniel J. Lunt, Margret Steinthorsdottir, Agatha M. de Boer, Michiel Baatsen, Anna von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Alan T. Kennedy-Asser, Lutz Kunzmann, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Caroline H. Lear, Karolin Moraweck, Paul N. Pearson, Emanuela Piga, Matthew J. Pound, Ulrich Salzmann, Howie D. Scher, Willem P. Sijp, Kasia K. Śliwińska, Paul A. Wilson, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 17, 269–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene–Oligocene transition was a major climate cooling event from a largely ice-free world to the first major glaciation of Antarctica, approximately 34 million years ago. This paper reviews observed changes in temperature, CO2 and ice sheets from marine and land-based records at this time. We present a new model–data comparison of this transition and find that CO2-forced cooling provides the best explanation of the observed global temperature changes.
Annique van der Boon, Klaudia F. Kuiper, Robin van der Ploeg, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Maryam Honarmand, Appy Sluijs, and Wout Krijgsman
Clim. Past, 17, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-229-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-229-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
40.5 million years ago, Earth's climate warmed, but it is unknown why. Enhanced volcanism has been suggested, but this has not yet been tied to a specific region. We explore an increase in volcanism in Iran. We dated igneous rocks and compiled ages from the literature. We estimated the volume of igneous rocks in Iran in order to calculate the amount of CO2 that could have been released due to enhanced volcanism. We conclude that an increase in volcanism in Iran is a plausible cause of warming.
Daniel J. Lunt, Fran Bragg, Wing-Le Chan, David K. Hutchinson, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Polina Morozova, Igor Niezgodzki, Sebastian Steinig, Zhongshi Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Helen K. Coxall, Yannick Donnadieu, Gavin Foster, Gordon N. Inglis, Gregor Knorr, Petra M. Langebroek, Caroline H. Lear, Gerrit Lohmann, Christopher J. Poulsen, Pierre Sepulchre, Jessica E. Tierney, Paul J. Valdes, Evgeny M. Volodin, Tom Dunkley Jones, Christopher J. Hollis, Matthew Huber, and Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
Clim. Past, 17, 203–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first modelling results from the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP), in which we focus on the early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO, 50 million years ago). We show that, in contrast to previous work, at least three models (CESM, GFDL, and NorESM) produce climate states that are consistent with proxy indicators of global mean temperature and polar amplification, and they achieve this at a CO2 concentration that is consistent with the CO2 proxy record.
Michiel Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Michael A. Kliphuis, Peter K. Bijl, Appy Sluijs, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 16, 2573–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Warm climates of the deep past have proven to be challenging to reconstruct with the same numerical models used for future predictions. We present results of CESM simulations for the middle to late Eocene (∼ 38 Ma), in which we managed to match the available indications of temperature well. With these results we can now look into regional features and the response to external changes to ultimately better understand the climate when it is in such a warm state.
Appy Sluijs, Joost Frieling, Gordon N. Inglis, Klaas G. J. Nierop, Francien Peterse, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Stefan Schouten
Clim. Past, 16, 2381–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We revisit 15-year-old reconstructions of sea surface temperatures in the Arctic Ocean for the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs (∼ 57–53 million years ago) based on the distribution of fossil membrane lipids of archaea preserved in Arctic Ocean sediments. We find that improvements in the methods over the past 15 years do not lead to different results. However, data quality is now higher and potential biases better characterized. Results confirm remarkable Arctic warmth during this time.
Gordon N. Inglis, Fran Bragg, Natalie J. Burls, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Matthew Huber, Daniel J. Lunt, Nicholas Siler, Sebastian Steinig, Jessica E. Tierney, Richard Wilkinson, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Tom Dunkley Jones, Kirsty M. Edgar, Christopher J. Hollis, David K. Hutchinson, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 16, 1953–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1953-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents estimates of global mean surface temperatures and climate sensitivity during the early Paleogene (∼57–48 Ma). We employ a multi-method experimental approach and show that i) global mean surface temperatures range between 27 and 32°C and that ii) estimates of
bulkequilibrium climate sensitivity (∼3 to 4.5°C) fall within the range predicted by the IPCC AR5 Report. This work improves our understanding of two key climate metrics during the early Paleogene.
Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Lineke Woelders, Emiel P. Huurdeman, Francien Peterse, Stephen J. Gallagher, Jörg Pross, Catherine E. Burgess, Gert-Jan Reichart, Appy Sluijs, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 16, 1667–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1667-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1667-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Phases of past transient warming can be used as a test bed to study the environmental response to climate change independent of tectonic change. Using fossil plankton and organic molecules, here we reconstruct surface ocean temperature and circulation in and around the Tasman Gateway during a warming phase 40 million years ago termed the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum. We find that plankton assemblages track ocean circulation patterns, with superimposed variability being related to temperature.
Tammo Reichgelt, William J. D'Andrea, Ailín del C. Valdivia-McCarthy, Bethany R. S. Fox, Jennifer M. Bannister, John G. Conran, William G. Lee, and Daphne E. Lee
Clim. Past, 16, 1509–1521, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1509-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1509-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are increasing in the atmosphere. CO2 has a direct fertilization effect on plants, meaning that plants can photosynthesize more and create more biomass under higher atmospheric CO2. This paper outlines the first direct evidence of a carbon fertilization effect on plants in Earth's past from 23 × 106 yr old fossil leaves, when CO2 was higher. This allowed the biosphere to extend into areas that are currently too dry or too cold for forests.
Carolien Maria Hendrina van der Weijst, Josse Winkelhorst, Anna von der Heydt, Gert-Jan Reichart, Francesca Sangiorgi, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-105, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-105, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Christopher K. West, David R. Greenwood, Tammo Reichgelt, Alexander J. Lowe, Janelle M. Vachon, and James F. Basinger
Clim. Past, 16, 1387–1410, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1387-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1387-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During the globally warm early Eocene 56 million years ago, lush forests extended up to the high Arctic. Fossil plants from the Canadian High Arctic and Pacific Northwest of North America are a window into this past
greenhouse world. We used an improved method for plant fossil climate reconstruction that provides a consensus reconstruction from all available proxies. Results show that the early Eocene climate in northern North America was similar across a broad range of latitudes.
Gabriel J. Bowen, Brenden Fischer-Femal, Gert-Jan Reichart, Appy Sluijs, and Caroline H. Lear
Clim. Past, 16, 65–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-65-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Past climate conditions are reconstructed using indirect and incomplete geological, biological, and geochemical proxy data. We propose that such reconstructions are best obtained by statistical inversion of hierarchical models that represent how multi–proxy observations and calibration data are produced by variation of environmental conditions in time and/or space. These methods extract new information from traditional proxies and provide robust, comprehensive estimates of uncertainty.
Johan Vellekoop, Lineke Woelders, Appy Sluijs, Kenneth G. Miller, and Robert P. Speijer
Biogeosciences, 16, 4201–4210, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4201-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4201-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our micropaleontological analyses on three cores from New Jersey (USA) show that the late Maastrichtian warming event (66.4–66.1 Ma), characterized by a ~ 4.0 °C warming of sea waters on the New Jersey paleoshelf, resulted in a disruption of phytoplankton communities and a stressed benthic ecosystem. This increased ecosystem stress during the latest Maastrichtian potentially primed global ecosystems for the subsequent mass extinction following the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary impact.
Christopher J. Hollis, Tom Dunkley Jones, Eleni Anagnostou, Peter K. Bijl, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Ying Cui, Gerald R. Dickens, Kirsty M. Edgar, Yvette Eley, David Evans, Gavin L. Foster, Joost Frieling, Gordon N. Inglis, Elizabeth M. Kennedy, Reinhard Kozdon, Vittoria Lauretano, Caroline H. Lear, Kate Littler, Lucas Lourens, A. Nele Meckler, B. David A. Naafs, Heiko Pälike, Richard D. Pancost, Paul N. Pearson, Ursula Röhl, Dana L. Royer, Ulrich Salzmann, Brian A. Schubert, Hannu Seebeck, Appy Sluijs, Robert P. Speijer, Peter Stassen, Jessica Tierney, Aradhna Tripati, Bridget Wade, Thomas Westerhold, Caitlyn Witkowski, James C. Zachos, Yi Ge Zhang, Matthew Huber, and Daniel J. Lunt
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3149–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP) is a model–data intercomparison of the early Eocene (around 55 million years ago), the last time that Earth's atmospheric CO2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Previously, we outlined the experimental design for climate model simulations. Here, we outline the methods used for compilation and analysis of climate proxy data. The resulting climate
atlaswill provide insights into the mechanisms that control past warm climate states.
Ilja J. Kocken, Marlow Julius Cramwinckel, Richard E. Zeebe, Jack J. Middelburg, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 15, 91–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-91-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-91-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Marine organic carbon burial could link the 405 thousand year eccentricity cycle in the long-term carbon cycle to that observed in climate records. Here, we simulate the response of the carbon cycle to astronomical forcing. We find a strong 2.4 million year cycle in the model output, which is present as an amplitude modulator of the 405 and 100 thousand year eccentricity cycles in a newly assembled composite record.
Robert McKay, Neville Exon, Dietmar Müller, Karsten Gohl, Michael Gurnis, Amelia Shevenell, Stuart Henrys, Fumio Inagaki, Dhananjai Pandey, Jessica Whiteside, Tina van de Flierdt, Tim Naish, Verena Heuer, Yuki Morono, Millard Coffin, Marguerite Godard, Laura Wallace, Shuichi Kodaira, Peter Bijl, Julien Collot, Gerald Dickens, Brandon Dugan, Ann G. Dunlea, Ron Hackney, Minoru Ikehara, Martin Jutzeler, Lisa McNeill, Sushant Naik, Taryn Noble, Bradley Opdyke, Ingo Pecher, Lowell Stott, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben, Yatheesh Vadakkeykath, and Ulrich G. Wortmann
Sci. Dril., 24, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, 2018
Julian D. Hartman, Peter K. Bijl, and Francesca Sangiorgi
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 445–497, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-445-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-445-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present an extensive overview of the organic microfossil remains found at Site U1357, Adélie Basin, East Antarctica. The organic microfossil remains are exceptionally well preserved and are derived from unicellular as well as higher organisms. We provide a morphological description, photographic images, and a discussion of the ecological preferences of the biological species from which the organic remains were derived.
Ethan G. Hyland, Katharine W. Huntington, Nathan D. Sheldon, and Tammo Reichgelt
Clim. Past, 14, 1391–1404, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1391-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1391-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Climate equability is a paradox in paleoclimate research, but modeling suggests that strong seasonality should be a feature of greenhouse Earth periods too. Records of temperature from floral assemblages, paleosol geochemistry, clumped isotope thermometry, and downscaled models during the early Eocene show that the mean annual range of temperature was high, and may have increased during warming events. This has implications for predicting future seasonal climate impacts in continental regions.
Julian D. Hartman, Francesca Sangiorgi, Ariadna Salabarnada, Francien Peterse, Alexander J. P. Houben, Stefan Schouten, Henk Brinkhuis, Carlota Escutia, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 14, 1275–1297, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1275-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1275-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed sea surface temperatures for the Oligocene and Miocene periods (34–11 Ma) based on archaeal lipids from a site close to the Wilkes Land coast, Antarctica. Our record suggests generally warm to temperate surface waters: on average 17 °C. Based on the lithology, glacial and interglacial temperatures could be distinguished, showing an average 3 °C offset. The long-term temperature trend resembles the benthic δ18O stack, which may have implications for ice volume reconstructions.
Peter K. Bijl, Alexander J. P. Houben, Julian D. Hartman, Jörg Pross, Ariadna Salabarnada, Carlota Escutia, and Francesca Sangiorgi
Clim. Past, 14, 1015–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1015-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We document Southern Ocean surface ocean conditions and changes therein during the Oligocene and Miocene (34–10 Myr ago). We infer profound long-term and short-term changes in ice-proximal oceanographic conditions: sea surface temperature, nutrient conditions and sea ice. Our results point to warm-temperate, oligotrophic, ice-proximal oceanographic conditions. These distinct oceanographic conditions may explain the high amplitude in inferred Oligocene–Miocene Antarctic ice volume changes.
Ariadna Salabarnada, Carlota Escutia, Ursula Röhl, C. Hans Nelson, Robert McKay, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo, Peter K. Bijl, Julian D. Hartman, Stephanie L. Strother, Ulrich Salzmann, Dimitris Evangelinos, Adrián López-Quirós, José Abel Flores, Francesca Sangiorgi, Minoru Ikehara, and Henk Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 14, 991–1014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-991-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-991-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we reconstruct ice sheet and paleoceanographic configurations in the East Antarctic Wilkes Land margin based on a multi-proxy study conducted in late Oligocene (26–25 Ma) sediments from IODP Site U1356. The new obliquity-forced glacial–interglacial sedimentary model shows that, under the high CO2 values of the late Oligocene, ice sheets had mostly retreated to their terrestrial margins and the ocean was very dynamic with shifting positions of the polar fronts and associated water masses.
Michiel Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Michael A. Kliphuis, Peter K. Bijl, Appy Sluijs, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-43, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2018-43, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene marks a period where the climate was in a hothouse state, without any continental-scale ice sheets. Such climates have proven difficult to reproduce in models, especially their low temperature difference between equator and poles. Here, we present high resolution CESM simulations using a new geographic reconstruction of the middle-to-late Eocene. The results provide new insights into a period for which knowledge is limited, leading up to a transition into the present icehouse state.
Helen M. Beddow, Diederik Liebrand, Douglas S. Wilson, Frits J. Hilgen, Appy Sluijs, Bridget S. Wade, and Lucas J. Lourens
Clim. Past, 14, 255–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-255-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-255-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present two astronomy-based timescales for climate records from the Pacific Ocean. These records range from 24 to 22 million years ago, a time period when Earth was warmer than today and the only land ice was located on Antarctica. We use tectonic plate-pair spreading rates to test the two timescales, which shows that the carbonate record yields the best timescale. In turn, this implies that Earth’s climate system and carbon cycle responded slowly to changes in incoming solar radiation.
Joost Frieling, Emiel P. Huurdeman, Charlotte C. M. Rem, Timme H. Donders, Jörg Pross, Steven M. Bohaty, Guy R. Holdgate, Stephen J. Gallagher, Brian McGowran, and Peter K. Bijl
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 317–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-317-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The hothouse climate of the early Paleogene and the associated violent carbon cycle perturbations are of particular interest to understanding current and future global climate change. Using dinoflagellate cysts and stable carbon isotope analyses, we identify several significant events, e.g., the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in sedimentary deposits from the Otway Basin, SE Australia. We anticipate that this study will facilitate detailed climate reconstructions west of the Tasmanian Gateway.
Joost Frieling, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jack J. Middelburg, Ursula Röhl, Thomas Westerhold, Steven M. Bohaty, and Appy Sluijs
Clim. Past, 14, 39–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-39-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Past periods of rapid global warming such as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum are used to study biotic response to climate change. We show that very high peak PETM temperatures in the tropical Atlantic (~ 37 ºC) caused heat stress in several marine plankton groups. However, only slightly cooler temperatures afterwards allowed highly diverse plankton communities to bloom. This shows that tropical plankton communities may be susceptible to extreme warming, but may also recover rapidly.
Peter K. Bijl, Alexander J. P. Houben, Anja Bruls, Jörg Pross, and Francesca Sangiorgi
J. Micropalaeontol., 37, 105–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-105-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-37-105-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In order to use ocean sediments as a recorder of past oceanographic changes, a critical first step is to stratigraphically date the sediments. The absence of microfossils with known stratigraphic ranges has always hindered dating of Southern Ocean sediments. Here we tie dinocyst ranges to the international timescale in a well-dated sediment core from offshore Antarctica. With this, we can now use dinocysts as a biostratigraphic tool in otherwise stratigraphically poorly dated sediments.
Gary Shaffer, Esteban Fernández Villanueva, Roberto Rondanelli, Jens Olaf Pepke Pedersen, Steffen Malskær Olsen, and Matthew Huber
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4081–4103, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4081-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4081-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We include methane cycling in the simplified but well-tested Danish Center for Earth System Science model. We now can deal with very large methane inputs to the Earth system that can lead to more methane in the atmosphere, extreme warming and ocean dead zones. We can now study ancient global warming events, probably forced by methane inputs. Some such events were accompanied by mass extinctions. We wish to understand such events, both for learning about the past and for looking into the future.
Stephanie L. Strother, Ulrich Salzmann, Francesca Sangiorgi, Peter K. Bijl, Jörg Pross, Carlota Escutia, Ariadna Salabarnada, Matthew J. Pound, Jochen Voss, and John Woodward
Biogeosciences, 14, 2089–2100, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2089-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2089-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
One of the main challenges in Antarctic vegetation reconstructions is the uncertainty in unambiguously identifying reworked pollen and spore assemblages in marine sedimentary records influenced by waxing and waning ice sheets. This study uses red fluorescence and digital imaging as a new tool to identify reworking in a marine sediment core from circum-Antarctic waters to reconstruct Cenozoic climate change and vegetation with high confidence.
Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Huber, Eleni Anagnostou, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Rodrigo Caballero, Rob DeConto, Henk A. Dijkstra, Yannick Donnadieu, David Evans, Ran Feng, Gavin L. Foster, Ed Gasson, Anna S. von der Heydt, Chris J. Hollis, Gordon N. Inglis, Stephen M. Jones, Jeff Kiehl, Sandy Kirtland Turner, Robert L. Korty, Reinhardt Kozdon, Srinath Krishnan, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Petra Langebroek, Caroline H. Lear, Allegra N. LeGrande, Kate Littler, Paul Markwick, Bette Otto-Bliesner, Paul Pearson, Christopher J. Poulsen, Ulrich Salzmann, Christine Shields, Kathryn Snell, Michael Stärz, James Super, Clay Tabor, Jessica E. Tierney, Gregory J. L. Tourte, Aradhna Tripati, Garland R. Upchurch, Bridget S. Wade, Scott L. Wing, Arne M. E. Winguth, Nicky M. Wright, James C. Zachos, and Richard E. Zeebe
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 889–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-889-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe the experimental design for a set of simulations which will be carried out by a range of climate models, all investigating the climate of the Eocene, about 50 million years ago. The intercomparison of model results is called 'DeepMIP', and we anticipate that we will contribute to the next IPCC report through an analysis of these simulations and the geological data to which we will compare them.
Michiel Baatsen, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Henk A. Dijkstra, Appy Sluijs, Hemmo A. Abels, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 12, 1635–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
One of the major difficulties in modelling palaeoclimate is constricting the boundary conditions, causing significant discrepancies between different studies. Here, a new method is presented to automate much of the process of generating the necessary geographical reconstructions. The latter can be made using various rotational frameworks and topography/bathymetry input, allowing for easy inter-comparisons and the incorporation of the latest insights from geoscientific research.
Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Appy Sluijs, Nina M. Papadomanolaki, A. Guy Plint, Darren R. Gröcke, Martin A. Pearce, James S. Eldrett, João Trabucho-Alexandre, Ireneusz Walaszczyk, Bas van de Schootbrugge, and Henk Brinkhuis
Biogeosciences, 13, 2859–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2859-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades large changes have been observed in the biogeographical dispersion of marine life resulting from climate change. To better understand present and future trends it is important to document and fully understand the biogeographical response of marine life during episodes of environmental change in the geological past.
Here we investigate the response of phytoplankton, the base of the marine food web, to a rapid cold spell, interrupting greenhouse conditions during the Cretaceous.
Willem P. Sijp, Anna S. von der Heydt, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 12, 807–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-807-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-807-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The timing and role in ocean circulation and climate of the opening of Southern Ocean gateways is as yet elusive. Here, we present the first model results specific to the early-to-middle Eocene where, in agreement with the field evidence, a southerly shallow opening of the Tasman Gateway does indeed cause a westward flow across the Tasman Gateway, in agreement with recent micropalaeontological studies.
Matthew J. Carmichael, Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Huber, Malte Heinemann, Jeffrey Kiehl, Allegra LeGrande, Claire A. Loptson, Chris D. Roberts, Navjit Sagoo, Christine Shields, Paul J. Valdes, Arne Winguth, Cornelia Winguth, and Richard D. Pancost
Clim. Past, 12, 455–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-455-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-455-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we assess how well model-simulated precipitation rates compare to those indicated by geological data for the early Eocene, a warm interval 56–49 million years ago. Our results show that a number of models struggle to produce sufficient precipitation at high latitudes, which likely relates to cool simulated temperatures in these regions. However, calculating precipitation rates from plant fossils is highly uncertain, and further data are now required.
N. A. G. M. van Helmond, A. Sluijs, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, G.-J. Reichart, S. Voigt, J. Erbacher, J. Pross, and H. Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 11, 495–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-495-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the chemistry and microfossils preserved in sediments deposited in a shallow sea, in the current Lower Saxony region (NW Germany), we conclude that changes in Earth’s orbit around the Sun led to enhanced rainfall and organic matter production. The additional supply of organic matter, depleting oxygen upon degradation, and freshwater, inhibiting the mixing of oxygen-rich surface waters with deeper waters, caused the development of oxygen-poor waters about 94 million years ago.
B. S. Slotnick, V. Lauretano, J. Backman, G. R. Dickens, A. Sluijs, and L. Lourens
Clim. Past, 11, 473–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-473-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-473-2015, 2015
J. R. Buzan, K. Oleson, and M. Huber
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 151–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-151-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-151-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented the HumanIndexMod, which calculates 13 diagnostic heat stress metrics, into the Community Land Model (CLM4.5). The goal of this module is to have a common predictive framework for measuring heat stress globally. These metrics are in operational use by weather forecasters, industry, and agriculture. We show metric-dependent results of regional partitioning of extreme moisture and temperature levels in a 1901-2010 simulation.
N. Herold, J. Buzan, M. Seton, A. Goldner, J. A. M. Green, R. D. Müller, P. Markwick, and M. Huber
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2077–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, 2014
A. Sluijs, L. van Roij, G. J. Harrington, S. Schouten, J. A. Sessa, L. J. LeVay, G.-J. Reichart, and C. P. Slomp
Clim. Past, 10, 1421–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014, 2014
L. Contreras, J. Pross, P. K. Bijl, R. B. O'Hara, J. I. Raine, A. Sluijs, and H. Brinkhuis
Clim. Past, 10, 1401–1420, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1401-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1401-2014, 2014
J. S. Eldrett, D. R. Greenwood, M. Polling, H. Brinkhuis, and A. Sluijs
Clim. Past, 10, 759–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-759-2014, 2014
A. Goldner, N. Herold, and M. Huber
Clim. Past, 10, 523–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-523-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-523-2014, 2014
E. Gasson, D. J. Lunt, R. DeConto, A. Goldner, M. Heinemann, M. Huber, A. N. LeGrande, D. Pollard, N. Sagoo, M. Siddall, A. Winguth, and P. J. Valdes
Clim. Past, 10, 451–466, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-451-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-451-2014, 2014
A. Goldner, M. Huber, and R. Caballero
Clim. Past, 9, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-173-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-173-2013, 2013
R. L. Sriver, M. Huber, and L. Chafik
Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-1-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-1-2013, 2013
I. G. M. Wientjes, R. S. W. Van de Wal, G. J. Reichart, A. Sluijs, and J. Oerlemans
The Cryosphere, 5, 589–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-589-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-589-2011, 2011
Related subject area
Subject: Climate Modelling | Archive: Marine Archives | Timescale: Cenozoic
The role of atmospheric CO2 in controlling sea surface temperature change during the Pliocene
Bayesian multi-proxy reconstruction of early Eocene latitudinal temperature gradients
Resilient Antarctic monsoonal climate prevented ice growth during the Eocene
Amplified surface warming in the south-west Pacific during the mid-Pliocene (3.3–3.0 Ma) and future implications
Sea surface temperature evolution of the North Atlantic Ocean across the Eocene–Oligocene transition
The Eocene–Oligocene transition: a review of marine and terrestrial proxy data, models and model–data comparisons
DeepMIP: model intercomparison of early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO) large-scale climate features and comparison with proxy data
The middle to late Eocene greenhouse climate modelled using the CESM 1.0.5
Sensitivity of Pliocene climate simulations in MRI-CGCM2.3 to respective boundary conditions
Could the Pliocene constrain the equilibrium climate sensitivity?
Palaeogeographic controls on climate and proxy interpretation
On the effect of orbital forcing on mid-Pliocene climate, vegetation and ice sheets
Large-scale features of Pliocene climate: results from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project
A model–data comparison for a multi-model ensemble of early Eocene atmosphere–ocean simulations: EoMIP
Lauren E. Burton, Alan M. Haywood, Julia C. Tindall, Aisling M. Dolan, Daniel J. Hill, Erin L. McClymont, Sze Ling Ho, and Heather L. Ford
Clim. Past, 20, 1177–1194, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Pliocene (~ 3 million years ago) is of interest because its warm climate is similar to projections of the future. We explore the role of atmospheric carbon dioxide in forcing sea surface temperature during the Pliocene by combining climate model outputs with palaeoclimate proxy data. We investigate whether this role changes seasonally and also use our data to suggest a new estimate of Pliocene climate sensitivity. More data are needed to further explore the results presented.
Kilian Eichenseer and Lewis A. Jones
Clim. Past, 20, 349–362, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large-scale palaeoclimate reconstructions are often based on sparse and unevenly sampled records, inviting potential biases. Here, we present a Bayesian hierarchical model that combines geochemical with ecological proxy data to model the latitudinal sea surface temperature gradient. Applying this model to the early Eocene climatic optimum highlights how our integrated approach can improve palaeoclimate reconstructions from datasets with limited sampling.
Michiel Baatsen, Peter Bijl, Anna von der Heydt, Appy Sluijs, and Henk Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 20, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work introduces the possibility and consequences of monsoons on Antarctica in the warm Eocene climate. We suggest that such a monsoonal climate can be important to understand conditions in Antarctica prior to large-scale glaciation. We can explain seemingly contradictory indications of ice and vegetation on the continent through regional variability. In addition, we provide a new mechanism through which most of Antarctica remained ice-free through a wide range of global climatic changes.
Georgia R. Grant, Jonny H. T. Williams, Sebastian Naeher, Osamu Seki, Erin L. McClymont, Molly O. Patterson, Alan M. Haywood, Erik Behrens, Masanobu Yamamoto, and Katelyn Johnson
Clim. Past, 19, 1359–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1359-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1359-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Regional warming will differ from global warming, and climate models perform poorly in the Southern Ocean. We reconstruct sea surface temperatures in the south-west Pacific during the mid-Pliocene, a time 3 million years ago that represents the long-term outcomes of 3 °C warming, which is expected for the future. Comparing these results to climate model simulations, we show that the south-west Pacific region will warm by 1 °C above the global average if atmospheric CO2 remains above 350 ppm.
Kasia K. Śliwińska, Helen K. Coxall, David K. Hutchinson, Diederik Liebrand, Stefan Schouten, and Agatha M. de Boer
Clim. Past, 19, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a sea surface temperature record from the Labrador Sea (ODP Site 647) based on organic geochemical proxies across the late Eocene and early Oligocene. Our study reveals heterogenic cooling of the Atlantic. The cooling of the North Atlantic is difficult to reconcile with the active Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). We discuss possible explanations like uncertainty in the data, paleogeography and atmospheric CO2 boundary conditions, model weaknesses, and AMOC activity.
David K. Hutchinson, Helen K. Coxall, Daniel J. Lunt, Margret Steinthorsdottir, Agatha M. de Boer, Michiel Baatsen, Anna von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Alan T. Kennedy-Asser, Lutz Kunzmann, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Caroline H. Lear, Karolin Moraweck, Paul N. Pearson, Emanuela Piga, Matthew J. Pound, Ulrich Salzmann, Howie D. Scher, Willem P. Sijp, Kasia K. Śliwińska, Paul A. Wilson, and Zhongshi Zhang
Clim. Past, 17, 269–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene–Oligocene transition was a major climate cooling event from a largely ice-free world to the first major glaciation of Antarctica, approximately 34 million years ago. This paper reviews observed changes in temperature, CO2 and ice sheets from marine and land-based records at this time. We present a new model–data comparison of this transition and find that CO2-forced cooling provides the best explanation of the observed global temperature changes.
Daniel J. Lunt, Fran Bragg, Wing-Le Chan, David K. Hutchinson, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Polina Morozova, Igor Niezgodzki, Sebastian Steinig, Zhongshi Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Eleni Anagnostou, Agatha M. de Boer, Helen K. Coxall, Yannick Donnadieu, Gavin Foster, Gordon N. Inglis, Gregor Knorr, Petra M. Langebroek, Caroline H. Lear, Gerrit Lohmann, Christopher J. Poulsen, Pierre Sepulchre, Jessica E. Tierney, Paul J. Valdes, Evgeny M. Volodin, Tom Dunkley Jones, Christopher J. Hollis, Matthew Huber, and Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
Clim. Past, 17, 203–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first modelling results from the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP), in which we focus on the early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO, 50 million years ago). We show that, in contrast to previous work, at least three models (CESM, GFDL, and NorESM) produce climate states that are consistent with proxy indicators of global mean temperature and polar amplification, and they achieve this at a CO2 concentration that is consistent with the CO2 proxy record.
Michiel Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Matthew Huber, Michael A. Kliphuis, Peter K. Bijl, Appy Sluijs, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Clim. Past, 16, 2573–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Warm climates of the deep past have proven to be challenging to reconstruct with the same numerical models used for future predictions. We present results of CESM simulations for the middle to late Eocene (∼ 38 Ma), in which we managed to match the available indications of temperature well. With these results we can now look into regional features and the response to external changes to ultimately better understand the climate when it is in such a warm state.
Youichi Kamae, Kohei Yoshida, and Hiroaki Ueda
Clim. Past, 12, 1619–1634, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1619-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1619-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Climate model simulations conducted in previous studies tended to underestimate the late-Pliocene higher-latitude warming suggested by proxy evidences. We explore how prescribed trace gases, ice sheets, vegetation, lakes and orography affect the Pliocene climate simulation based on a protocol of the PlioMIP Phase 2. The revised boundary forcing data lead to amplified higher-latitude warming that is qualitatively consistent with the paleoenvironment reconstructions.
J. C. Hargreaves and J. D. Annan
Clim. Past, 12, 1591–1599, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1591-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1591-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The mid-Pliocene Warm Period, 3 million years ago, was the most recent interval with high greenhouse gases. By modelling the period with the same models used for future projections, we can link the past and future climates. Here we use data from the mid-Pliocene to produce a tentative result for equilibrium climate sensitivity. We show that there are considerable uncertainties that strongly influence the result, but we are optimistic that these may be reduced in the next few years.
Daniel J. Lunt, Alex Farnsworth, Claire Loptson, Gavin L. Foster, Paul Markwick, Charlotte L. O'Brien, Richard D. Pancost, Stuart A. Robinson, and Neil Wrobel
Clim. Past, 12, 1181–1198, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1181-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1181-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the influence of changing geography from the period ~ 150 million years ago to ~ 35 million years ago, using a set of 19 climate model simulations. We find that without any CO2 change, the global mean temperature is remarkably constant, but that regionally there are significant changes in temperature which we link back to changes in ocean circulation. Finally, we explore the implications of our findings for the interpretation of geological indicators of past temperatures.
M. Willeit, A. Ganopolski, and G. Feulner
Clim. Past, 9, 1749–1759, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1749-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1749-2013, 2013
A. M. Haywood, D. J. Hill, A. M. Dolan, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, F. Bragg, W.-L. Chan, M. A. Chandler, C. Contoux, H. J. Dowsett, A. Jost, Y. Kamae, G. Lohmann, D. J. Lunt, A. Abe-Ouchi, S. J. Pickering, G. Ramstein, N. A. Rosenbloom, U. Salzmann, L. Sohl, C. Stepanek, H. Ueda, Q. Yan, and Z. Zhang
Clim. Past, 9, 191–209, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-191-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-191-2013, 2013
D. J. Lunt, T. Dunkley Jones, M. Heinemann, M. Huber, A. LeGrande, A. Winguth, C. Loptson, J. Marotzke, C. D. Roberts, J. Tindall, P. Valdes, and C. Winguth
Clim. Past, 8, 1717–1736, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1717-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1717-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Askin, R. A. and Raine, J. I.: Oligocene and Early Miocene Terrestrial Palynology of the Cape Roberts Drillhole CRP-2/2A, Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica, Terra Antartica, 7, 493–501, 2000.
Awasthi, N. and Mehrotra, R.: Oligocene flora from Makum Coalfield, Assam, India|Journal of Palaeosciences, Palaeobotanist, 44, 157–188, 1995.
Axelrod, D. I.: The Oligocene Haynes Creek Flora of Eastern Idaho, University of California Press, 164 pp., ISBN 9780520098244, 1998.
Baatsen, M., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., von der Heydt, A. S., Dijkstra, H. A., Sluijs, A., Abels, H. A., and Bijl, P. K.: Reconstructing geographical boundary conditions for palaeoclimate modelling during the Cenozoic, Clim. Past, 12, 1635–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, 2016.
Baatsen, M., von der Heydt, A. S., Huber, M., Kliphuis, M. A., Bijl, P. K., Sluijs, A., and Dijkstra, H. A.: The middle to late Eocene greenhouse climate modelled using the CESM 1.0.5, Clim. Past, 16, 2573–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020, 2020.
Baatsen, M., Bijl, P., von der Heydt, A., Sluijs, A., and Dijkstra, H.: Resilient Antarctic monsoonal climate prevented ice growth during the Eocene, Clim. Past, 20, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-77-2024, 2024.
Barker, P. F. and Burrell, J.: The opening of Drake Passage, Mar. Geol., 25, 15–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(77)90045-7, 1977.
Barrera, E. C. and Huber, B. T.: Paleogene and early Neogene oceanography of the southern Indian Ocean: Leg 119 foraminifer stable isotope results, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Barron, J., Larsen, B., Anderson, J., and Baldauf, J. Q., Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 693–717, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.119.167.1991, 1991.
Barron, J. A., Baldauf, J. G., Barrera, E., Caulet, J. P., Huber, B. T., Keating, B. T., Lazarus, D., Sakai, H., Thierstein, H. R., and Wei, W.: Biochronologic and magnetochronologic synthesis of Leg 119 sediments from the Kerguelen Plateau and Prydz Bay, Antarctica, Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 119, 813–847, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.119.188.1991, 1991.
Becker, H. F.: Additions to and Revision of the Oligocene Ruby Paper Shale Flora of Southwestern Montana, Contrib. Museum Paleontol., 20, 89–119, 1966.
Beddow, H. M., Liebrand, D., Wilson, D. S., Hilgen, F. J., Sluijs, A., Wade, B. S., and Lourens, L. J.: Astronomical tunings of the Oligocene-Miocene transition from Pacific Ocean Site U1334 and implications for the carbon cycle, Clim. Past, 14, 255–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-255-2018, 2018.
Bijl, P. K., Bendle, J. A. P., Bohaty, S. M., Pross, J., Schouten, S., Tauxe, L., Stickley, C. E., McKay, R. M., Röhl, U., Olney, M., Sluijs, A., Escutia, C., and Brinkhuis, H.: Eocene cooling linked to early flow across the Tasmanian Gateway, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 9645–9650, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220872110, 2013.
Bijl, P. K., Frieling, J., Cramwinckel, M. J., Boschman, C., Sluijs, A., and Peterse, F.: Maastrichtian–Rupelian paleoclimates in the southwest Pacific – a critical re-evaluation of biomarker paleothermometry and dinoflagellate cyst paleoecology at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1172, Clim. Past, 17, 2393–2425, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2393-2021, 2021.
Billups, K., Channell, J. E. T., and Zachos, J.: Late Oligocene to early Miocene geochronology and paleoceanography from the subantarctic South Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 17, 4-1–4-11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000568, 2002.
Briard, J., Pucéat, E., Vennin, E., Daëron, M., Chavagnac, V., Jaillet, R., Merle, D., and de Rafélis, M.: Seawater paleotemperature and paleosalinity evolution in neritic environments of the Mediterranean margin: Insights from isotope analysis of bivalve shells, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 543, 109582, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109582, 2020.
Burke, K. D., Williams, J. W., Chandler, M. A., Haywood, A. M., Lunt, D. J., and Otto-Bliesner, B. L.: Pliocene and Eocene provide best analogs for near-future climates, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 13288–13293, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809600115, 2018.
Burls, N. J., Bradshaw, C. D., De Boer, A. M., Herold, N., Huber, M., Pound, M. J., Donnadieu, Y., Farnsworth, A., Frigola, A., Gasson, E., Von Der Heydt, A. S., Hutchinson, D. K., Knorr, G., Lawrence, K. T., Lear, C. H., Li, X., Lohmann, G., Lunt, D. J., Marzocchi, A., Prange, M., Riihimaki, C. A., Sarr, A. C., Siler, N., and Zhang, Z.: Simulating Miocene Warmth: Insights From an Opportunistic Multi-Model Ensemble (MioMIP1), Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 36, 40, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004054, 2021.
Cabrera, L., Hagemann, H. W., Pickel, W., and Sáez, A.: The coal-bearing, Cenozoic As Pontes basin (northwestern Spain): geological influence on coal characteristics, Int. J. Coal Geol., 27, 201–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(94)00021-Q, 1995.
CenCO2PIP – The Cenozoic CO2 Proxy Integration Project Consortium: Toward a Cenozoic history of atmospheric CO2, Science, 382, eadi5177, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi5177, 2023.
Clark, P. U., Shakun, J. D., Marcott, S. A., Mix, A. C., Eby, M., Kulp, S., Levermann, A., Milne, G. A., Pfister, P. L., Santer, B. D., Schrag, D. P., Solomon, S., Stocker, T. F., Strauss, B. H., Weaver, A. J., Winkelmann, R., Archer, D., Bard, E., Goldner, A., Lambeck, K., Pierrehumbert, R. T., and Plattner, G.-K.: Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multi-millennial climate and sea-level change, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 360–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2923, 2016.
Coccioni, R., Montanari, A., Bice, D., Brinkhuis, H., Deino, A., Frontalini, F., Lirer, F., Maiorano, P., Monechi, S., Pross, J., Rochette, P., Sagnotti, L., Sideri, M., Sprovieri, M., Tateo, F., Touchard, Y., Simaeys, S. V., and Williams, G. L.: The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian Stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy, Episodes, 41, 17–32, https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003, 2018.
Conran, J. G., Mildenhall, D. C., Lee, D. E., Lindqvist, J. K., Shepherd, C., Beu, A. G., Bannister, J. M., and Stein, J. K.: Subtropical rainforest vegetation from Cosy Dell, Southland: Plant fossil evidence for Late Oligocene terrestrial ecosystems, N. Zeal. J. Geol. Geophys., 57, 236–252, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2014.888357, 2014.
Couvreur, T. L. P., Dauby, G., Blach-Overgaard, A., Deblauwe, V., Dessein, S., Droissart, V., Hardy, O. J., Harris, D. J., Janssens, S. B., Ley, A. C., Mackinder, B. A., Sonké, B., Sosef, M. S. M., Stévart, T., Svenning, J., Wieringa, J. J., Faye, A., Missoup, A. D., Tolley, K. A., Nicolas, V., Ntie, S., Fluteau, F., Robin, C., Guillocheau, F., Barboni, D., and Sepulchre, P.: Tectonics, climate and the diversification of the tropical African terrestrial flora and fauna, Biol. Rev., 96, 16–51, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12644, 2021.
Cox, M. D.: An Idealized Model of the World Ocean. Part I: The Global-Scale Water Masses, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1730–1752, 1989.
Coxall, H. K. and Pearson, P. N.: The Eocene – Oligocene Transition, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 2, 351–387, 2007.
Coxall, H. K. and Wilson, P. A.: Early Oligocene glaciation and productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Insights into global carbon cycling, Paleoceanography, 26, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA002021, 2011.
Crameri, F., Magni, V., Domeier, M., Shephard, G. E., Chotalia, K., Cooper, G., Eakin, C. M., Grima, A. G., Gürer, D., Király, Á., Mulyukova, E., Peters, K., Robert, B., and Thielmann, M.: A transdisciplinary and community-driven database to unravel subduction zone initiation, Nat. Commun., 11, 3750, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17522-9, 2020.
Cramwinckel, M., Burls, N. J., Fahad, A. A., Knapp, S., West, C. K., Reichgelt, T., Greenwood, D. R., Chan, W.-L., Donnadieu, Y., Hutchinson, D., De Boer, A. M., Ladant, J.-B., Morozova, P., Niezgodzki, I., Knorr, G., Steinig, S., Zhang, Z., Zhu, J., Feng, R., Lunt, D. J., Abe-Ouchi, A., and Inglis, G. N.: Global- and regional-scale hydrological response to early Eocene warmth, ESS Open Archive, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10512308.1, 2022.
Cramwinckel, M. J., Huber, M., Kocken, I. J., Agnini, C., Bijl, P. K., Bohaty, S. M., Frieling, J., Goldner, A., Hilgen, F. J., Kip, E. L., Peterse, F., van der Ploeg, R., Röhl, U., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.: Synchronous tropical and polar temperature evolution in the Eocene, Nature, 559, 382–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0272-2, 2018.
Creech, J. B., Baker, J. A., Hollis, C. J., Morgans, H. E. G., and Smith, E. G. C.: Eocene sea temperatures for the mid-latitude southwest Pacific from
DeConto, R. M., Pollard, D., Wilson, P. A., Pälike, H., Lear, C. H., and Pagani, M.: Thresholds for Cenozoic bipolar glaciation, Nature, 455, 652–656, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07337, 2008.
De Man, E. and Simaeys, S. V.: Late Oligocene Warming Event in the southern North Sea Basin: benthic foraminifera as paleotemperature proxies, Neth. J. Geosci., 83, 227–239, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600020291, 2004.
De Man, E., Van Simaeys, S., Vandenberghe, N., Harris, W. B., and Wampler, J. M.: On the nature and chronostratigraphic position of the Rupelian and Chattian stratotypes in the southern North Sea basin, Episodes, 33, 3–14, https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i1/002, 2010.
De Vleeschouwer, D., Vahlenkamp, M., Crucifix, M., and Pälike, H.: Alternating Southern and Northern Hemisphere climate response to astronomical forcing during the past 35 m.y., Geology, 45, 375–378, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38663.1, 2017.
DeConto, R. M. and Pollard, D.: Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2, Nature, 421, 245–249, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01290, 2003.
Dielforder, A.: Constraining the strength of megathrusts from fault geometries and application to the Alpine collision zone, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 474, 49–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.021, 2017.
Diester-Haass, L. and Zahn, R.: Eocene-Oligocene transition in the Southern Ocean: History of water mass circulation and biological productivity, Geology, 24, 163–166, 1996.
Ding, L., Spicer, R. A., Yang, J., Xu, Q., Cai, F., Li, S., Lai, Q., Wang, H., Spicer, T. E. V., Yue, Y., Shukla, A., Srivastava, G., Khan, M. A., Bera, S., and Mehrotra, R.: Quantifying the rise of the Himalaya orogen and implications for the South Asian monsoon, Geology, 45, 215–218, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38583.1, 2017.
Douglas, P. M. J., Affek, H. P., Ivany, L. C., Houben, A. J. P., Sijp, W. P., Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., and Pagani, M.: Pronounced zonal heterogeneity in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 6582–6587, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321441111, 2014.
Dumont, M. A.: Rapport sur la carte géologique du Royaume, Belgiquede l'Académie royales des Sciences et des Lettres de la Belgique, 16, 351–373, 1849.
Dupont-Nivet, G., Krijgsman, W., Langereis, C. G., Abels, H. A., Dai, S., and Fang, X.: Tibetan plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene–Oligocene transition, Nature, 445, 635–638, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05516, 2007.
Eagles, G.: Tectonic Reconstructions of the Southernmost Andes and the Scotia Sea During the Opening of the Drake Passage, in: Geodynamic Evolution of the Southernmost Andes, edited by: Ghiglione, C. M., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 75–108, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39727-6_4, 2016.
Eagles, G. and Jokat, W.: Tectonic reconstructions for paleobathymetry in Drake Passage, Tectonophysics, 611, 28–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.11.021, 2014.
Ehrmann, W. U. and Mackensen, A.: Sedimentological Evidence for the Formation of an East Antarctic Ice Sheet in Eocene/Oligocene Time, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoecol., 93, 85–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90185-8, 1992.
Eldrett, J. S., Harding, I. C., Wilson, P. A., Butler, E., and Roberts, A. P.: Continental ice in Greenland during the Eocene and Oligocene, Nature, 446, 176–179, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05591, 2007.
Eldrett, J. S., Greenwood, D. R., Harding, I. C., and Huber, M.: Increased seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high latitudes, Nature, 459, 969–973, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08069, 2009.
Erdei, B., Utescher, T., Hably, L., Tamás, J., Roth-Nebelsick, A., and Grein, M.: Early Oligocene Continental Climate of the Palaeogene Basin (Hungary and Slovenia) and the Surrounding Area, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 21, 153–186, https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1005-29, 2012.
Evangelinos, D., Escutia, C., Etourneau, J., Hoem, F., Bijl, P., Boterblom, W., van de Flierdt, T., Valero, L., Flores, J.-A., Rodriguez-Tovar, F. J., Jimenez-Espejo, F. J., Salabarnada, A., and López-Quirós, A.: Late Oligocene-Miocene proto-Antarctic Circumpolar Current dynamics off the Wilkes Land margin, East Antarctica, Global Planet. Change, 191, 103221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103221, 2020.
Evangelinos, D., Escutia, C., van de Flierdt, T., Valero, L., Flores, J.-A., Harwood, D. M., Hoem, F. S., Bijl, P., Etourneau, J., Kreissig, K., Nilsson-Kerr, K., Holder, L., López-Quirós, A., and Salabarnada, A.: Absence of a strong, deep-reaching Antarctic Circumpolar Current zonal flow across the Tasmanian gateway during the Oligocene to early Miocene, Global Planet. Change, 208, 103718, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103718, 2022.
Evans, D., Sagoo, N., Renema, W., Cotton, L. J., Müller, W., Todd, J. A., Saraswati, P. K., Stassen, P., Ziegler, M., Pearson, P. N., Valdes, P. J., and Affek, H. P.: Eocene greenhouse climate revealed by coupled clumped isotope-Mg/Ca thermometry, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 1174–1179, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714744115, 2018.
Farnsworth, A., Lunt, D. J., O'Brien, C. L., Foster, G. L., Inglis, G. N., Markwick, P., Pancost, R. D., and Robinson, S. A.: Climate Sensitivity on Geological Timescales Controlled by Nonlinear Feedbacks and Ocean Circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 9880–9889, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083574, 2019.
Fenero, R., Cotton, L., Molina, E., and Monechi, S.: Micropalaeontological evidence for the late Oligocene Oi-2b global glaciation event at the Zarabanda section, Spain, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 369, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.08.020, 2013.
Ferguson, D. K., Lee, D. E., Bannister, J. M., Zetter, R., Jordan, G. J., Vavra, N., and Mildenhall, D. C.: The taphonomy of a remarkable leaf bed assemblage from the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Gore Lignite Measures, southern New Zealand, Int. J. Coal Geol., 83, 173–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2009.07.009, 2010.
Fischer, H., Meissner, K. J., Mix, A. C., Abram, N. J., Austermann, J., Brovkin, V., Capron, E., Colombaroli, D., Daniau, A. L., Dyez, K. A., Felis, T., Finkelstein, S. A., Jaccard, S. L., McClymont, E. L., Rovere, A., Sutter, J., Wolff, E. W., Affolter, S., Bakker, P., Ballesteros-Cánovas, J. A., Barbante, C., Caley, T., Carlson, A. E., Churakova, O., Cortese, G., Cumming, B. F., Davis, B. A. S., De Vernal, A., Emile-Geay, J., Fritz, S. C., Gierz, P., Gottschalk, J., Holloway, M. D., Joos, F., Kucera, M., Loutre, M. F., Lunt, D. J., Marcisz, K., Marlon, J. R., Martinez, P., Masson-Delmotte, V., Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Raible, C. C., Risebrobakken, B., Sánchez Goñi, M. F., Arrigo, J. S., Sarnthein, M., Sjolte, J., Stocker, T. F., Velasquez Alvárez, P. A., Tinner, W., Valdes, P. J., Vogel, H., Wanner, H., Yan, Q., Yu, Z., Ziegler, M., and Zhou, L.: Palaeoclimate constraints on the impact of 2 °C anthropogenic warming and beyond, Nat. Geosci., 11, 474–485, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0146-0, 2018.
Flower, B. P., Zachos, J. C. C., and Paul, H.: Milankovitch-scale climate variability recorded near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, 154, 433–439, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.154.141.1997, 1997.
Fokkema, C. D., Agterhuis, T., Gerritsma, D., de Goeij, M., Liu, X., de Regt, P., Rice, A., Vennema, L., Agnini, C., Bijl, P. K., Frieling, J., Huber, M., Peterse, F., and Sluijs, A.: Polar Amplification of Orbital-Scale Climate Variability in the Early Eocene Greenhouse World, Clim. Past, 20, 1303–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1303-2024, 2024.
Fordyce, R. E.: Whale evolution and Oligocene southern ocean environments, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 31, 319–336, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(80)90024-3, 1980.
Foster, G. L., Royer, D. L., and Lunt, D. J.: Future climate forcing potentially without precedent in the last 420 million years, Nat. Commun., 8, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14845, 2017.
Fuchs, T.: Tertiärfossilien aus den kohlenführenden Miocaenablagerungen der Umgebung von Krapina und Radoboj und über die Stellung der sogenannten “Aquitanische Stufe”, Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der Kgl. Ungarischen Geologischen Anstalt, 10, 161–175, 1894.
Galeotti, S., DeConto, R., Naish, T., Stocchi, P., Florindo, F., Pagani, M., Barrett, P., Bohaty, S. M., Lanci, L., Pollard, D., Sandroni, S., Talarico, F. M., and Zachos, J. C.: Antarctic Ice Sheet variability across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary climate transition, Science, 352, 76–80, 2016.
Gaskell, D. E., Huber, M., O'Brien, C. L., Inglis, G. N., Acosta, R. P., Poulsen, C. J., and Hull, P. M.: The latitudinal temperature gradient and its climate dependence as inferred from foraminiferal δ18O over the past 95 million years, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2111332119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111332119, 2022.
Gastaldo, R. A., Riegel, W., Püttmann, W., Linnemann, U. G., and Zetter, R.: A multidisciplinary approach to reconstruct the Late Oligocene vegetation in central Europe, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 101, 71–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(97)00070-5, 1998.
Goldner, A., Herold, N., and Huber, M.: Antarctic glaciation caused ocean circulation changes at the Eocene-Oligocene transition, Nature, 511, 574–577, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13597, 2014.
Gradstein, F. M.: Introduction, in: Geologic Time Scale 2020, Elsevier, 3–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00001-2, 2020.
Greenop, R., Sosdian, S. M., Henehan, M. J., Wilson, P. A., Lear, C. H., and Foster, G. L.: Orbital Forcing, Ice Volume, and CO2 Across the Oligocene-Miocene Transition, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 34, 316–328, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003420, 2019.
Gregory, K. M. and McIntosh, W. C.: Paleoclimate and paleoelevation of the Oligocene Pitch-Pinnacle flora, Sawatch Range, Colorado, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 545–561, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0545:PAPOTO>2.3.CO;2, 1996.
Guitián, J. and Stoll, H. M.: Evolution of Sea Surface Temperature in the Southern Mid-latitudes From Late Oligocene Through Early Miocene, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 36, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004199, 2021.
Guitián, J., Phelps, S., Polissar, P. J., Ausín, B., Eglinton, T. I., and Stoll, H. M.: Midlatitude Temperature Variations in the Oligocene to Early Miocene, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 34, 1328–1343, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003638, 2019.
Hardenbol, J. and Berggren, W. A.: A New Paleogene Numerical Time Scale, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Stud. Geol., 6, 213–234, 1978.
Hartman, J. D., Sangiorgi, F., Salabarnada, A., Peterse, F., Houben, A. J. P., Schouten, S., Brinkhuis, H., Escutia, C., and Bijl, P. K.: Paleoceanography and ice sheet variability offshore Wilkes Land, Antarctica – Part 3: Insights from Oligocene-Miocene TEX86-based sea surface temperature reconstructions, Clim. Past, 14, 1275–1297, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1275-2018, 2018.
Heureux, A. M. C. and Rickaby, R. E. M.: Refining our estimate of atmospheric CO2 across the Eocene–Oligocene climatic transition, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 409, 329–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.036, 2015.
Hill, D. J., Haywood, A. M., Valdes, P. J., Francis, J. E., Lunt, D. J., Wade, B. S., and Bowman, V. C.: Paleogeographic controls on the onset of the Antarctic circumpolar current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5199–5204, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50941, 2013.
Ho, S. L. and Laepple, T.: Flat meridional temperature gradient in the early Eocene in the subsurface rather than surface ocean, Nat. Geosci., 9, 606–610, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2763, 2016.
Hoem, F. S., Valero, L., Evangelinos, D., Escutia, C., Duncan, B., McKay, R. M., Brinkhuis, H., Sangiorgi, F., and Bijl, P. K.: Temperate Oligocene surface ocean conditions offshore of Cape Adare, Ross Sea, Antarctica, Clim. Past, 17, 1423–1442, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1423-2021, 2021.
Hoem, F. S., Sauermilch, I., Aleksinski, A. K., Huber, M., Peterse, F., Sangiorgi, F., and Bijl, P. K.: Strength and variability of the Oligocene Southern Ocean surface temperature gradient, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00666-5, 2022.
Holland, M. M. and Bitz, C. M.: Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models, Clim. Dynam., 21, 221–232, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0332-6, 2003.
Hollis, C. J., Dunkley Jones, T., Anagnostou, E., Bijl, P. K., Cramwinckel, M. J., Cui, Y., Dickens, G. R., Edgar, K. M., Eley, Y., Evans, D., Foster, G. L., Frieling, J., Inglis, G. N., Kennedy, E. M., Kozdon, R., Lauretano, V., Lear, C. H., Littler, K., Lourens, L., Meckler, A. N., Naafs, B. D. A., Pälike, H., Pancost, R. D., Pearson, P. N., Röhl, U., Royer, D. L., Salzmann, U., Schubert, B. A., Seebeck, H., Sluijs, A., Speijer, R. P., Stassen, P., Tierney, J., Tripati, A., Wade, B., Westerhold, T., Witkowski, C., Zachos, J. C., Zhang, Y. G., Huber, M., and Lunt, D. J.: The DeepMIP contribution to PMIP4: methodologies for selection, compilation and analysis of latest Paleocene and early Eocene climate proxy data, incorporating version 0.1 of the DeepMIP database, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3149–3206, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3149-2019, 2019.
Houben, A. J. P., van Mourik, C. A., Montanari, A., Coccioni, R., and Brinkhuis, H.: The Eocene-Oligocene transition: Changes in sea level, temperature or both?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 335–336, 75–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.04.008, 2012.
Houben, A. J. P., Bijl, P. K., Pross, J., Bohaty, S. M., Passchier, S., Stickley, C. E., Röhl, U., Sugisaki, S., Tauxe, L., van de Flierdt, T., Olney, M., Sangiorgi, F., Sluijs, A., Escutia, C., Brinkhuis, H., and the Expedition 318 Scientists: Reorganization of Southern Ocean Plankton Ecosystem at the Onset of Antarctic Glaciation, Science, 340, 341–344, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223646, 2013.
Houben, A. J. P., Bijl, P. K., Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., and Brinkhuis, H.: Late Eocene Southern Ocean Cooling and Invigoration of Circulation Preconditioned Antarctica for Full-Scale Glaciation, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 20, 2019GC008182, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008182, 2019.
Huang, B., Banzon, V. F., Freeman, E., Lawrimore, J., Liu, W., Peterson, T. C., Smith, T. M., Thorne, P. W., Woodruff, S. D., and Zhang, H.-M.: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature Version 4 (ERSST.v4). Part I: Upgrades and Intercomparisons, J. Climate, 28, 911–930, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00006.1, 2015.
Huber, M. and Caballero, R.: The early Eocene equable climate problem revisited, Clim. Past, 7, 603–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-603-2011, 2011.
Huber, M., Brinkhuis, H., Stickley, C. E., Döös, K., Sluijs, A., Warnaar, J., Schellenberg, S. A., and Williams, G. L.: Eocene circulation of the Southern Ocean: Was Antarctica kept warm by subtropical waters?, Paleoceanography, 19, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001014, 2004.
Hurley, S. J., Lipp, J. S., Close, H. G., Hinrichs, K.-U., and Pearson, A.: Distribution and export of isoprenoid tetraether lipids in suspended particulate matter from the water column of the Western Atlantic Ocean, Org. Geochem., 116, 90–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.11.010, 2018.
Hutchinson, D. K., de Boer, A. M., Coxall, H. K., Caballero, R., Nilsson, J., and Baatsen, M.: Climate sensitivity and meridional overturning circulation in the late Eocene using GFDL CM2.1, Clim. Past, 14, 789–810, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-789-2018, 2018.
Hutchinson, D. K., Coxall, H. K., Lunt, D. J., Steinthorsdottir, M., de Boer, A. M., Baatsen, M., von der Heydt, A., Huber, M., Kennedy-Asser, A. T., Kunzmann, L., Ladant, J.-B., Lear, C. H., Moraweck, K., Pearson, P. N., Piga, E., Pound, M. J., Salzmann, U., Scher, H. D., Sijp, W. P., Śliwińska, K. K., Wilson, P. A., and Zhang, Z.: The Eocene–Oligocene transition: a review of marine and terrestrial proxy data, models and model–data comparisons, Clim. Past, 17, 269–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-269-2021, 2021.
Inglis, G. N., Farnsworth, A., Lunt, D. J., Foster, G. L., Hollis, C. J., Pagani, M., Jardine, P. E., Pearson, P. N. P., Markwick, P., Galsworthy, A. M. J., Raynham, L., Taylor, K. W. R., and Pancost, R. D.: Descent toward the Icehouse: Eocene sea surface cooling inferred from GDGT distributions, Paleoceanography, 30, 1000–1020, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002723, 2015.
IPCC: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, in: Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1st Edn., edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E. S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., and Rama, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 3056 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844, 2022.
Jaramillo, C., Rueda, M. J., and Mora, G.: Cenozoic Plant Diversity in the Neotropics, Science, 311, 1893–1896, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121380, 2006.
Jenny, D., Reichgelt, T., O'Brien, C., Liu, X., Bijl, P., Huber, M., and Sluijs, A.: Climate variability, heat distribution, and polar amplification in the warm unipolar “icehouse” of the Oligocene, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10144091, 2023b.
Jenny, D., Reichgelt, T., O'Brien, C., Liu, X., Bijl, P., Huber, M., and Sluijs, A.: Climate variability, heat distribution, and polar amplification in the warm unipolar “icehouse” of the Oligocene [Data set], Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10143889, 2023b.
Kast, E. R., Stolper, D. A., Auderset, A., Higgins, J. A., Ren, G. H., Wang, X., Martinez-Garcia, A., Haug, G. H., and Sigman, D. M.: Nitrogen isotope evidence for expanded ocean suboxia in the early Cenozoic, Paleoceanography, 364, 386–389, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5784, 2019.
Kvaček, Z., Hably, L., and Manchester, S. R.: Sloanea (Elaeocarpaceae) fruits and foliage from the Early Oligocene of Hungary and Slovenia, Palaeontographica Abt. B, 259, 113–124, https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/259/2001/113, 2001.
Kennedy, A. T., Farnsworth, A., Lunt, D. J., Lear, C. H., and Markwick, P. J.: Atmospheric and oceanic impacts of Antarctic glaciation across the Eocene–Oligocene transition, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 373, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0419, 2015.
Kennedy-Asser, A. T., Lunt, D. J., Farnsworth, A., and Valdes, P. J.: Assessing Mechanisms and Uncertainty in Modeled Climatic Change at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 34, 16–34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003380, 2019.
Kennett, J. P.: Cenozoic evolution of Antarctic glaciation, the circum-Antarctic Ocean, and their impact on global paleoceanography, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 3843–3860, https://doi.org/10.1029/jc082i027p03843, 1977.
Kim, J.-H., van der Meer, J., Schouten, S., Helmke, P., Willmott, V., Sangiorgi, F., Koç, N., Hopmans, E. C., and Damsté, J. S. S.: New indices and calibrations derived from the distribution of crenarchaeal isoprenoid tetraether lipids: Implications for past sea surface temperature reconstructions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 4639–4654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.027, 2010.
Kim, S.-T. and O'Neil, J. R.: Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 3461–3475, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00169-5, 1997.
Köhler, P., de Boer, B., von der Heydt, A. S., Stap, L. B., and van de Wal, R. S. W.: On the state dependency of the equilibrium climate sensitivity during the last 5 million years, Clim. Past, 11, 1801–1823, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1801-2015, 2015.
Kohn, M. J., Strömberg, C. A. E., Madden, R. H., Dunn, R. E., Evans, S., Palacios, A., and Carlini, A. A.: Quasi-static Eocene–Oligocene climate in Patagonia promotes slow faunal evolution and mid-Cenozoic global cooling, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoeco., 435, 24–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.05.028, 2015.
Kotthoff, U., Greenwood, D. R., McCarthy, F. M. G., Müller-Navarra, K., Prader, S., and Hesselbo, S. P.: Late Eocene to middle Miocene (33 to 13 million years ago) vegetation and climate development on the North American Atlantic Coastal Plain (IODP Expedition 313, Site M0027), Clim. Past, 10, 1523–1539, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1523-2014, 2014.
Kováč, M.: The Central Paratethys Palaeoceanography: A Water Circulation Model Based on Microfossil Proxies, Climate, and Changes of Depositional Environment, Acta Geolog. Slovaca, 9, 75–114, 2017.
Kovar-Eder, J.: Early Oligocene plant diversity along the Upper Rhine Graben: The fossil flora of Rauenberg, Germany, Acta Palaeobot., 56, 329–440, https://doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2016-0011, 2016.
Kunzmann, L. and Walther, H.: Early Oligocene plant taphocoenoses of the Haselbach megafloral complex and the reconstruction of palaeovegetation, Palaeobiol. Palaeoenviron., 92, 295–307, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-012-0078-4, 2012.
Kvaček, Z. and Walther, H.: The Oligocene Volcanic Flora of Suletice-Berand Near Ústí Nad Labem, North Bohemia – A review, Acta Mus. Nat. Pragae, 50, 25–54, 1995.
Kvaček, Z., Teodoridis, V., Mach, K., Přikryl, T., and Dvořák, Z.: Tracing the Eocene-Oligocene transition: A case study from North Bohemia, Bull. Geosci., 89, 1411, https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1411, 2014.
Kvaček, Z., Teodoridis, V., and Zajícová, J.: Revision of the early Oligocene flora of Hrazený hill (formerly Pirskenberg) in Knížecí near Šluknov, North Bohemia, Acta Mus. Nat. Pragae Ser. B, 71, 55–102, https://doi.org/10.14446/AMNP.2015.55, 2015.
Ladant, J.-B., Donnadieu, Y., Lefebvre, V., and Dumas, C.: The respective role of atmospheric carbon dioxide and orbital parameters on ice sheet evolution at the Eocene-Oligocene transition: Ice sheet evolution at the EOT, Paleoceanography, 29, 810–823, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002593, 2014.
Laepple, T., Ziegler, E., Weitzel, N., Hébert, R., Ellerhoff, B., Schoch, P., Martrat, B., Bothe, O., Moreno-Chamarro, E., Chevalier, M., Herbert, A., and Rehfeld, K.: Regional but not global temperature variability underestimated by climate models at supradecadal timescales, Nat. Geosci., 16, 958–966, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01299-9, 2023.
Lagabrielle, Y., Goddéris, Y., Donnadieu, Y., Malavieille, J., and Suarez, M.: The tectonic history of Drake Passage and its possible impacts on global climate, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 279, 197–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.037, 2009.
Laskarev, V.: Sur les équivalens du sarmatiien supérieur en Serbie, in: Receuil de traveaux offert ŕ M. Jovan Cvijic par ses amis et collaborateurs, edited by: Vujević, P., Državna štamparija kraljevine srba, Belgrade, Imprimerie de l'État royaume des Serbes, Croates et Slovenes, 73–85, 1924.
Levy, R. H., Meyers, S. R., Naish, T. R., Golledge, N. R., McKay, R. M., Crampton, J. S., DeConto, R. M., De Santis, L., Florindo, F., Gasson, E. G. W., Harwood, D. M., Luyendyk, B. P., Powell, R. D., Clowes, C., and Kulhanek, D. K.: Antarctic ice-sheet sensitivity to obliquity forcing enhanced through ocean connections, Nat. Geosci., 12, 132–137, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0284-4, 2019.
Liebrand, D., Beddow, H. M., Lourens, L. J., Pälike, H., Raffi, I., Bohaty, S. M., Hilgen, F. J., Saes, M. J. M., Wilson, P. A., van Dijk, A. E., Hodell, D. A., Kroon, D., Huck, C. E., and Batenburg, S. J.: Cyclostratigraphy and eccentricity tuning of the early Oligocene through early Miocene (30.1–17.1 Ma): Cibicides mundulus stable oxygen and carbon isotope records from Walvis Ridge Site 1264, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 450, 392–405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.007, 2016.
Liebrand, D., De Bakker, A. T. M., Beddow, H. M., Wilson, P. A., Bohaty, S. M., Ruessink, G., Pälike, H., Batenburg, S. J., Hilgen, F. J., Hodell, D. A., Huck, C. E., Kroon, D., Raffi, I., Saes, M. J. M., Van Dijk, A. E., and Lourens, L. J.: Evolution of the early Antarctic ice ages, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 3867–3872, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615440114, 2017.
Liu, Z., Tuo, S., Zhao, Q., Cheng, X., and Huang, W.: Deep-water Earliest Oligocene Glacial Maximum (EOGM) in South Atlantic, Chinese Sci. Bull., 49, 2190–2197, https://doi.org/10.1360/04wd0228, 2004.
Liu, Z., Pagani, M., Zinniker, D., DeConto, R., Huber, M., Brinkhuis, H., Shah, S. R., Leckie, R. M., and Pearson, A.: Global Cooling During the Eocene-Oligocene Climate Transition, Science, 323, 1187–1190, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166368, 2009.
Liu, Z., He, Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, H., Liu, W., Bohaty, S. M., and Wilson, P. A.: Transient temperature asymmetry between hemispheres in the Palaeogene Atlantic Ocean, Nat. Geosci., 11, 656–660, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0182-9, 2018.
Lunt, D. J., Farnsworth, A., Loptson, C., Foster, G. L., Markwick, P., O'Brien, C. L., Pancost, R. D., Robinson, S. A., and Wrobel, N.: Palaeogeographic controls on climate and proxy interpretation, Clim. Past, 12, 1181–1198, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1181-2016, 2016.
Lunt, D. J., Bragg, F., Chan, W.-L., Hutchinson, D. K., Ladant, J.-B., Morozova, P., Niezgodzki, I., Steinig, S., Zhang, Z., Zhu, J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Anagnostou, E., de Boer, A. M., Coxall, H. K., Donnadieu, Y., Foster, G., Inglis, G. N., Knorr, G., Langebroek, P. M., Lear, C. H., Lohmann, G., Poulsen, C. J., Sepulchre, P., Tierney, J. E., Valdes, P. J., Volodin, E. M., Dunkley Jones, T., Hollis, C. J., Huber, M., and Otto-Bliesner, B. L.: DeepMIP: model intercomparison of early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO) large-scale climate features and comparison with proxy data, Clim. Past, 17, 203–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021, 2021.
Ma, X., Jiang, H., Cheng, J., and Xu, H.: Spatiotemporal evolution of Paleogene palynoflora in China and its implication for development of the extensional basins in East China, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 184, 24–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.07.013, 2012.
Macphail, M. K., Hill, R. S., Forsyth, S. M., and Wells, P. M.: A Late Oligocene-Early Miocene cool climate flora in Tasmania, Alcheringa, 15, 87–106, https://doi.org/10.1080/03115519108619011, 1991.
Mai, D. H.: Contribution to the flora of the middle Oligocene Calau Beds in Brandenburg, Germany, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 101, 43–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(97)00069-9, 1998.
Maldonado, A., Bohoyo, F., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Hernández-Molina, F. J., Lobo, F. J., Lodolo, E., Martos, Y. M., Pérez, L. F., Schreider, A. A., and Somoza, L.: A model of oceanic development by ridge jumping: Opening of the Scotia Sea, Global Planet. Change, 123, 152–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.06.010, 2014.
Manchester, S. R., Herrera, F., Fourtanier, E., Barron, J., and Martinez, J.-N.: Oligocene Age of the Classic Belén Fruit and Seed Assemblage of North Coastal Peru based on Diatom Biostratigraphy, J. Geol., 120, 467–476, https://doi.org/10.1086/665797, 2012.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Schulz, M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Beer, J., Ganopolski, A., Fidel, J., Rouco, G., Jansen, E., Lambeck, K., Luterbacher, J., Naish, T., Ramesh, R., Rojas, M., Shao, X., Anchukaitis, K., Arblaster, J., Bartlein, P. J., Benito, G., Clark, P., Comiso, J. C., Crowley, T., Deckker, P. D., de Vernal, A., Delmonte, B., DiNezio, P., Dowsett, H. J., Edwards, R. L., Fischer, H., Fleitmann, D., Foster, G., Fröhlich, C., Hall, A., Hargreaves, J., Haywood, A., Hollis, C., Krinner, G., Landais, A., Li, C., Lunt, D., Mahowald, N., McGregor, S., Meehl, G., Mitrovica, J. X., Moberg, A., Mudelsee, M., Muhs, D. R., Mulitza, S., Müller, S., Overland, J., Parrenin, F., Pearson, P., Robock, A., Rohling, E., Salzmann, U., Savarino, J., Sedláčcek, J., Shindell, D., Smerdon, J., Solomina, O., Tarasov, P., Vinther, B., Waelbroeck, C., Wolf, D., Yokoyama, Y., Yoshimori, M., Zachos, J., Zwartz, D., Gupta, A. K., Rahimzadeh, F., Raynaud, D., and Wanner, H.: Information from Paleoclimate Archives, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 383–464, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.013, 2013.
Matsuura, K. and Willmott, C. J.: Terrestrial Air Temperature: 1900–2017 Gridded Monthly Time Series, https://climate.geog.udel.edu/ (last access: 17 July 2024), 2018.
Meckler, A. N., Sexton, P. F., Piasecki, A. M., Leutert, T. J., Marquardt, J., Ziegler, M., Agterhuis, T., Lourens, L. J., Rae, J. W. B., Barnet, J., Tripati, A., and Bernasconi, S. M.: Cenozoic evolution of deep ocean temperature from clumped isotope thermometry, Science, 377, 86–90, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk0604, 2022.
Meschede, M. and Warr, L. N.: The Geology of Germany: A Process-Oriented Approach, Springer International Publishing, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76102-2, 2019.
Miller, K. G., Feigenson, M. D., Kent, D. V., and Olsson, R. K.: Upper Eocene to Oligocene isotope (87Sr/86 Sr, δ18 O, δ13C) standard section, Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 522, Paleoceanography, 3, 223–233, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA003i002p00223, 1988.
Miller, K. G., Wright, J. D., and Fairbanks, R. G.: Unlocking the Ice House: Oligocene-Miocene oxygen isotopes, eustasy, and margin erosion, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6829–6848, https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02015, 1991.
Moraweck, K., Grein, M., Konrad, W., Kvaček, J., Kova-Eder, J., Neinhuis, C., Traiser, C., and Kunzmann, L.: Leaf traits of long-ranging Paleogene species and their relationship with depositional facies, climate and atmospheric CO2 level, Palaeontographica, 298, 93–172, https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2019/0062, 2019.
Müller, P. J., Kirst, G., Ruhland, G., von Storch, I., and Rosell-Melé, A.: Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index U
Murphy, M. G. and Kennett, J. P.: Development of Latitudinal Thermal Gradients During the Oligocene: Oxygen Isotope Evidence from the Soutwest Pacific, Initial Reports of the DeepSea Drilling Project 90, Ocean Drilling Program, 1347–1360, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.90.1986, 1986.
Naish, T. R., Woolfe, K. J., Barrett, P. J., Wilson, G. S., Atkins, C., Bohaty, S. M., Bücker, C. J., Claps, M., Davey, F. J., Dunbar, G. B., Dunn, A. G., Fielding, C. R., Florindo, F., Hannah, M. J., Harwood, D. M., Henrys, S. A., Krissek, L. A., Lavelle, M., van der Meer, J., McIntosh, W. C., Niessen, F., Passchier, S., Powell, R. D., Roberts, A. P., Sagnotti, L., Scherer, R. P., Strong, C. P., Talarico, F., Verosub, K. L., Villa, G., Watkins, D. K., Webb, P.-N., and Wonik, T.: Orbitally induced oscillations in the East Antarctic ice sheet at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary, Nature, 413, 719–723, https://doi.org/10.1038/35099534, 2001.
O'Brien, C. L., Robinson, S. A., Pancost, R. D., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Schouten, S., Lunt, D. J., Alsenz, H., Bornemann, A., Bottini, C., Brassell, S. C., Farnsworth, A., Forster, A., Huber, B. T., Inglis, G. N., Jenkyns, H. C., Linnert, C., Littler, K., Markwick, P., McAnena, A., Mutterlose, J., Naafs, B. D. A., Püttmann, W., Sluijs, A., van Helmond, N. A. G. M., Vellekoop, J., Wagner, T., and Wrobel, N. E.: Cretaceous sea-surface temperature evolution: Constraints from TEX86 and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes, Earth-Sci. Rev., 172, 224–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.012, 2017.
O'Brien, C. L., Huber, M., Thomas, E., Pagani, M., Super, J. R., and Elder, L. E.: The enigma of Oligocene climate and global surface temperature evolution, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 25302–25309, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003914117, 2020.
Pagani, M., Zachos, J. C., Freeman, K. H., Tipple, B., and Bohaty, S.: Marked Decline in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations During the Paleogene, Science, 309, 600–603, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110063, 2005.
Pagani, M., Huber, M., Liu, Z., Bohaty, S. M., Henderiks, J., Sijp, W., Krishnan, S., and DeConto, R. M.: The Role of Carbon Dioxide During the Onset of Antarctic Glaciation, Science, 334, 1261–1264, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1203909, 2011.
Palaeosens Project Members: Making sense of palaeoclimate sensitivity, Nature, 491, 683–691, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11574, 2012.
Palazzesi, L. and Barreda, V.: Major vegetation trends in the Tertiary of Patagonia (Argentina): A qualitative paleoclimatic approach based on palynological evidence, Flora: Morphology, Distribution, Funct. Ecol. Plants, 202, 328–337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2006.07.006, 2007.
Palcu, D. V. and Krijgsman, W.: The dire straits of Paratethys: gateways to the anoxic giant of Eurasia, Geological Society London Special Publications, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-73, 2023.
Pälike, H., Frazier, J., and Zachos, J. C.: Extended orbitally forced palaeoclimatic records from the equatorial Atlantic Ceara Rise, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3138–3149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.02.011, 2006a.
Pälike, H., Norris, R. D., Herrle, J. O., Wilson, P. A., Coxall, H. K., Lear, C. H., Shackleton, N. J., Tripati, A. K., and Wade, B. S.: The heartbeat of the Oligocene climate system, Science, 314, 1894–1898, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133822, 2006b.
Pan, A. D.: The late Oligocene (28–27 Ma) Guang River Flora from the Northwestern Plateau of Ethiopia, unpublished D. Phil. Thesis, Southern Methodist Univeristy, 2007.
Paull, R. and Hill, R. S.: Early oligocene Callitris and Fitzroya (Cupressaceae) from Tasmania, Am. J. Bot., 97, 809–820, https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900374, 2010.
Pavlyutkin, B. I.: New species of thermophilic plants from the Early Oligocene flora of Kraskino (Primorski Region) as evidence of its subtropic type, Paleontol. J., 45, 698–704, https://doi.org/10.1134/S003103011106013X, 2011.
Pearson, P. N., Foster, G. L., and Wade, B. S.: Atmospheric carbon dioxide through the Eocene–Oligocene climate transition, Nature, 461, 1110–1113, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08447, 2009.
Petersen, S. V. and Schrag, D. P.: Antarctic ice growth before and after the Eocene-Oligocene transition: New estimates from clumped isotope paleothermometry, Paleoceanography, 30, 1305–1317, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002769, 2015.
Pierrehumbert, R. T., Brogniez, H., and Roca, R.: On the Relative Humidity of the Atmosphere, in: The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere, 143–185, ISBN 9780691242392 2002.
Plancq, J., Mattioli, E., Pittet, B., Simon, L., and Grossi, V.: Productivity and sea-surface temperature changes recorded during the late Eocene–early Oligocene at DSDP Site 511 (South Atlantic), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 407, 34–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.04.016, 2014.
Pole, M., Hill, R., Green, N., and Macphail, M.: The Oligocene Berwick Quarry Flora – Rainforest in a Drying Environment, Aust. Systematic Bot., 6, 399–427, https://doi.org/10.1071/SB9930399, 1993.
Popov, S. V., Sychevskaya, E. K., Akhmet'ev, M. A., Zaporozhets, N. I., and Golovina, L. A.: Stratigraphy of the Maikop Group and Pteropoda Beds in northern Azerbaijan, Stratigr. Geol. Correl., 16, 664–677, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593808060063, 2008.
Prahl, F. G. and Wakeham, S. G.: Calibration of unsaturation patterns in long-chain ketone compositions for palaeotemperature assessment, Nature, 330, 367–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/330367a0, 1987.
Prebble, M., Sim, R., Finn, J., and Fink, D.: A Holocene Pollen and Diatom Record from Vanderlin Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, Lowland Tropical Australia, Quatern. Res., 64, 357–371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.005, 2005.
Rae, J. W. B., Zhang, Y. G., Liu, X., Foster, G. L., Stoll, H. M., and Whiteford, R. D. M.: Atmospheric CO 2 over the Past 66 Million Years from Marine Archives, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 49, 609–641, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082420-063026, 2021.
Raine, J. I. and Askin, R. A.: Terrestrial Palynology of Cape Roberts Project Drillhole CRP-3, Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica, Terra Antartica, 8, 389–400, 2001.
Raymo, M. E. and Ruddiman, W. F.: Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate, Nature, 359, 117–122, https://doi.org/10.1038/359117a0, 1992.
Reichgelt, T., Baumgartner, A., Feng, R., and Willard, D. A.: Poleward amplification, seasonal rainfall and forest heterogeneity in the Miocene of the eastern USA, Global Planet. Change, 222, 104073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104073, 2023.
Rögl, V. F.: Palaeogeographic Considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys Seaways (Oligocene to Miocene), Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 99, 279–310, 1998.
Roth-Nebelsick, A., Oehm, C., Grein, M., Utescher, T., Kunzmann, L., Friedrich, J.-P., and Konrad, W.: Stomatal density and index data of Platanus neptuni leaf fossils and their evaluation as a CO2 proxy for the Oligocene, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 206, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.03.001, 2014.
Salamy, K. A. and Zachos, J. C.: Latest Eocene-Early Oligocene climate change and Southern Ocean fertility: Inferences from sediment accumulation and stable isotope data, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 145, 61–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00093-5, 1999.
Salard-Cheboldaeff, M.: Palynologie maestrichtienne et tertiaire du cameroun. Etude qualitative et repartition verticale des principales especes, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 28, 365–388, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(79)90032-0, 1979.
Sangiorgi, F., Bijl, P. K., Passchier, S., Salzmann, U., Schouten, S., McKay, R., Cody, R. D., Pross, J., van de Flierdt, T., Bohaty, S. M., Levy, R., Williams, T., Escutia, C., and Brinkhuis, H.: Southern Ocean warming and Wilkes Land ice sheet retreat during the mid-Miocene, Nat. Commun., 9, 317, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02609-7, 2018.
Sauermilch, I., Whittaker, J. M., Klocker, A., Munday, D. R., Hochmuth, K., Bijl, P. K., and LaCasce, J. H.: Gateway-driven weakening of ocean gyres leads to Southern Ocean cooling, Nat. Commun., 12, 6465, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26658-1, 2021.
Scher, H. D. and Martin, E. E.: Timing and Climatic Consequences of the Opening of Drake Passage, Science, 312, 428–430, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120044, 2006.
Scher, H. D. and Martin, E. E.: Oligocene deep water export from the North Atlantic and the development of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current examined with neodymium isotopes, Paleoceanography, 23, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001400, 2008.
Scher, H. D., Whittaker, J. M., Williams, S. E., Latimer, J. C., Kordesch, W. E. C., and Delaney, M. L.: Onset of Antarctic Circumpolar Current 30 million years ago as Tasmanian Gateway aligned with westerlies, Nature, 523, 580–583, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14598, 2015.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Schefuß, E., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 204, 265–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00979-2, 2002.
Schulz, H., Bechtel, A., and Sachsenhofer, R.: The birth of the Paratethys during the Early Oligocene: From Tethys to an ancient Black Sea analogue?, Global Planet. Change, 49, 163–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.07.001, 2005.
Scotese, C. and Wright, N. M.: PaleoDEM Resource, EarthByte, https://www.earthbyte.org/paleodem-resource-scotese-and-wright-2018/ (last access: 17 July 2024), 2018.
Shackleton, N. J.: Attainment of Isotopic Equilibrium Between Ocean Water and the Benthic Formainifera genus Uvigerina: Isotopic Changes in the Ocean During the Last Glacial, Colloques Internationaux du C.N.R.S., 219, 203–209, 1974.
Silva, I. P. and Jenkins, D. G.: Decision on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary stratotype, Episodes, 16, 379–382, https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/1993/v16i3/002, 1993.
Śliwińska, K. K., Clausen, O. R., and Heilmann-Clausen, C.: A mid-Oligocene cooling (Oi-2b) reflected in the dinoflagellate record and in depositional sequence architecture. An integrated study from the eastern North Sea Basin, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 27, 1424–1430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.03.008, 2010.
Sluiter, I. R. K., Holdgate, G. R., Reichgelt, T., Greenwood, D. R., Kershaw, A. P., and Schultz, N. L.: A new perspective on Late Eocene and Oligocene vegetation and paleoclimates of South-eastern Australia, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 596, 110985, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110985, 2022.
Solé, F., Fischer, V., Denayer, J., Speijer, R. P., Fournier, M., Le Verger, K., Ladevèze, S., Folie, A., and Smith, T.: The upper Eocene-Oligocene carnivorous mammals from the Quercy Phosphorites (France) housed in Belgian collections, Geol. Belg., 24, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2020.006, 2020.
Spero, H. J. and Williams, D. F.: Extracting environmental information from planktonic foraminiferal δ13C data, Nature, 335, 717–719, https://doi.org/10.1038/335717a0, 1988.
Spero, H. J., Bijma, J., Lea, D. W., and Bemis, B. E.: Effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes, Nature, 390, 497–500, https://doi.org/10.1038/37333, 1997.
Spicer, R. A., Farnsworth, A., and Su, T.: Cenozoic topography, monsoons and biodiversity conservation within the Tibetan Region: An evolving story, Plant Divers., 42, 229–254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2020.06.011, 2020.
Spicer, R. A., Su, T., Valdes, P. J., Farnsworth, A., Wu, F.-X., Shi, G., Spicer, T. E. V., and Zhou, Z.: The topographic evolution of the Tibetan Region as revealed by palaeontology, Palaeobiol. Palaeoenviron., 101, 213–243, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-020-00452-1, 2021a.
Spicer, R. A., Su, T., Valdes, P. J., Farnsworth, A., Wu, F.-X., Shi, G., Spicer, T. E. V., and Zhou, Z.: Why `the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau' is a myth, Natl. Sci. Rev., 8, nwaa091, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa091, 2021b.
Steininger, F. F. and Wessely, G.: From the Tethyan Ocean to the Paratethys Sea: Oligocene to Neogene Stratigraphy, Paleogeography and Paleobiogeography of the circum-Mediterranean region and the Oligocene to Neogene Basin evolution in Austria, Mitt. Österr. Geol. Ges., 92, 95–116, 1999.
Steininger, F. F., Aubry, M. P., Berggren, W. A., Biolzi, M., M.Borsetti, A., Cartlidge, J. E., Cati, F., Corfield, R., Gelati, R., Iaccarino, S., Napoleone, C., Ottner, F., Rögl, F., Roetzel, R., Spezzaferri, S., Tateo, F., Villa, G., and Zevenboom, D.: The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Neogene, Episodes, 20, 23–28, https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/005, 1997.
Steinthorsdottir, M., Coxall, H. K., De Boer, A. M., Huber, M., Barbolini, N., Bradshaw, C. D., Burls, N. J., Feakins, S. J., Gasson, E., Henderiks, J., Holbourn, A. E., Kiel, S., Kohn, M. J., Knorr, G., Kürschner, W. M., Lear, C. H., Liebrand, D., Lunt, D. J., Mörs, T., Pearson, P. N., Pound, M. J., Stoll, H., and Strömberg, C. A. E.: The Miocene: The Future of the Past, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 36, 1–71, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004037, 2021.
Stickley, C. E., Brinkhuis, H., Schellenberg, S. A., Sluijs, A., Röhl, U., Fuller, M., Grauert, M., Huber, M., Warnaar, J., and Williams, G. L.: Timing and nature of the deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway: Deepening Of The Tasmanian Gateway, Paleoceanography, 19, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001022, 2004.
Stickley, C. E., St John, K., Koç, N., Jordan, R. W., Passchier, S., Pearce, R. B., and Kearns, L. E.: Evidence for middle Eocene Arctic sea ice from diatoms and ice-rafted debris, Nature, 460, 376–379, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08163, 2009.
St. John, K.: Cenozoic ice-rafting history of the central Arctic Ocean: Terrigenous sands on the Lomonosov Ridge, Paleoceanography, 23, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001483, 2008.
Su, T., Spicer, R. A., Li, S.-H., Xu, H., Huang, J., Sherlock, S., Huang, Y.-J., Li, S.-F., Wang, L., Jia, L.-B., Deng, W.-Y.-D., Liu, J., Deng, C.-L., Zhang, S.-T., Valdes, P. J., and Zhou, Z.-K.: Uplift, climate and biotic changes at the Eocene–Oligocene transition in south-eastern Tibet, Natl. Sci. Rev., 6, 495–504, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy062, 2019.
Sun, J., Ni, X., Bi, S., Wu, W., Ye, J., Meng, J., and Windley, B. F.: Synchronous turnover of flora, fauna and climate at the Eocene–Oligocene Boundary in Asia, Sci. Rep., 4, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07463, 2014.
Super, J. R., Thomas, E., Pagani, M., Huber, M., O'Brien, C. L., and Hull, P. M.: Miocene Evolution of North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 35, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003748, 2020.
Thompson, N., Salzmann, U., López-Quirós, A., Bijl, P. K., Hoem, F. S., Etourneau, J., Sicre, M.-A., Roignant, S., Hocking, E., Amoo, M., and Escutia, C.: Vegetation change across the Drake Passage region linked to late Eocene cooling and glacial disturbance after the Eocene–Oligocene transition, Clim. Past, 18, 209–232, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-209-2022, 2022.
Tierney, J. E. and Tingley, M. P.: A Bayesian, spatially-varying calibration model for the TEX86 proxy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 127, 83–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.026, 2014.
Tierney, J. E. and Tingley, M. P.: BAYSPLINE: A New Calibration for the Alkenone Paleothermometer, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 33, 281–301, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003201, 2018.
Toggweiler, J. R. and Bjornsson, H.: Drake Passage and palaeoclimate, J. Quaternary Sci., 15, 319–328, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1417(200005)15:4<319::AID-JQS545>3.0.CO;2-C, 2000.
Tosal, A. and Martín-Closas, C.: Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the Oligocene flora from Cervera (Catalonia, Spain) and their implication in palaeoclimatic reconstruction, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 233, 93–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.06.008, 2016.
Toumoulin, A., Donnadieu, Y., Ladant, J. -B., Batenburg, S. J., Poblete, F., and Dupont-Nivet, G.: Quantifying the Effect of the Drake Passage Opening on the Eocene Ocean, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 35, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA003889, 2020.
Tremblin, M., Hermoso, M., and Minoletti, F.: Equatorial heat accumulation as a long-term trigger of permanent Antarctic ice sheets during the Cenozoic, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 11782–11787, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608100113, 2016.
Tripati, A., Backman, J., Elderfield, H., and Ferretti, P.: Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes, Nature, 436, 341–346, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03874, 2005.
van de Lagemaat, S. H. A., Swart, M. L. A., Vaes, B., Kosters, M. E., Boschman, L. M., Burton-Johnson, A., Bijl, P. K., Spakman, W., and van Hinsbergen, D. J. J.: Subduction initiation in the Scotia Sea region and opening of the Drake Passage: When and why?, Earth-Sci. Rev., 215, 103551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103551, 2021.
van der Weijst, C. M. H., van der Laan, K. J., Peterse, F., Reichart, G.-J., Sangiorgi, F., Schouten, S., Veenstra, T. J. T., and Sluijs, A.: A 15-million-year surface- and subsurface-integrated TEX86 temperature record from the eastern equatorial Atlantic, Clim. Past, 18, 1947–1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1947-2022, 2022.
van Hinsbergen, D. J. J.: Indian plate paleogeography, subduction and horizontal underthrusting below Tibet: paradoxes, controversies and opportunities, Natl. Sci. Rev., 9, nwac074, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac074, 2022.
Van Simaeys, S.: The Rupelian-Chattian boundary in the North Sea Basin and its calibration to the international time-scale, Neth. J. Geosci., 83, 241–248, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600020308, 2004.
Van Simaeys, S., Man, E. D., Vandenberghe, N., Brinkhuis, H., and Steurbaut, E.: Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental analysis of the Rupelian-Chattian transition in the type region: Evidence from dinoflagellate cysts, foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 208, 31–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.029, 2004.
Via, R. K. and Thomas, D. J.: Evolution of Atlantic thermohaline circulation: Early Oligocene onset of deep-water production in the North Atlantic, Geology, 34, 441–444, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22545.1, 2006.
Wang, C., Dai, J., Zhao, X., Li, Y., Graham, S. A., He, D., Ran, B., and Meng, J.: Outward-growth of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic: A review, Tectonophysics, 621, 1–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.01.036, 2014.
Westerhold, T., Marwan, N., Drury, A. J., Liebrand, D., Agnini, C., Anagnostou, E., Barnet, J. S. K., Bohaty, S. M., De Vleeschouwer, D., Florindo, F., Frederichs, T., Hodell, D. A., Holbourn, A. E., Kroon, D., Lauretano, V., Littler, K., Lourens, L. J., Lyle, M., Pälike, H., Röhl, U., Tian, J., Wilkens, R. H., Wilson, P. A., and Zachos, J. C.: An astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years, Science, 369, 1383–1387, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6853, 2020.
Willard, D. A., Donders, T. H., Reichgelt, T., Greenwood, D. R., Sangiorgi, F., Peterse, F., Nierop, K. G. J., Frieling, J., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.: Arctic vegetation, temperature, and hydrology during Early Eocene transient global warming events, Global Planet. Change, 178, 139–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.04.012, 2019.
Winterberg, S., Picotti, V., and Willett, S. D.: Messinian or Pleistocene valley incision within the Southern Alps, Swiss J. Geosci., 113, 7, https://doi.org/10.1186/s00015-020-00361-7, 2020.
Witkowski, C. R., Weijers, J. W. H., Blais, B., Schouten, S., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Molecular fossils from phytoplankton reveal secular PCO2 trend over the Phanerozoic, Sci. Adv., 4, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat4556, 2018.
Wright, N. M., Scher, H. D., Seton, M., Huck, C. E., and Duggan, B. D.: No Change in Southern Ocean Circulation in the Indian Ocean From the Eocene Through Late Oligocene, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 33, 152–167, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003238, 2018.
Wuchter, C., Schouten, S., Coolen, M. J. L., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Temperature-dependent variation in the distribution of tetraether membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota: Implications for TEX86 paleothermometry, Paleoceanography, 19, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001041, 2004.
Zachos, J. C., Quinn, T. M., and Salamy, K. A.: High-resolution deap-sea foraminiferal stable isotope records of the Eocene-Oligocene transition, Paleoceanography, 11, 251–266, 1996.
Zanazzi, A., Kohn, M. J., MacFadden, B. J., and Terry, D. O.: Large temperature drop across the Eocene–Oligocene transition in central North America, Nature, 445, 639–642, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05551, 2007.
Zeebe, R. E., Bijma, J., and Wolf-Gladrow, D. A.: A diffusion-reaction model of carbon isotope fractionation in foraminifera, Mar. Chem., 64, 199–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00075-9, 1999.
Zhang, Y. G., Pagani, M., Liu, Z., Bohaty, S. M., and DeConto, R.: A 40-million-year history of atmospheric CO2, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 371, 20130096, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0096, 2013.
Short summary
This study reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the Oligocene
icehouseclimate. We extend an existing marine climate proxy data compilation and present a new compilation and analysis of terrestrial plant assemblages to assess long-term climate trends and variability. Our data–climate model comparison reinforces the notion that models underestimate polar amplification of Oligocene climates, and we identify potential future research directions.
This study reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the Oligocene
icehouseclimate. We...
