Articles | Volume 14, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1529-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1529-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The 4.2 ka BP event in the Levant
David Kaniewski
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, EcoLab (Laboratoire
d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), Bâtiment 4R1, 118 Route de
Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
CNRS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement),
31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
Institut Universitaire de France, Secteur
Biologie-Médecine-Santé, 103 boulevard Saint Michel, 75005 Paris,
France
Nick Marriner
CNRS, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement UMR6249, MSHE Ledoux, USR
3124, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UFR ST, 16 Route de
Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
Rachid Cheddadi
Université Montpellier II, CNRS-UM2-IRD, ISEM, France
Joël Guiot
Aix-Marseille Université, CEREGE, CNRS, UM34, Europôle de
l'Arbois BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
Elise Campo
Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, EcoLab (Laboratoire
d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), Bâtiment 4R1, 118 Route de
Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
CNRS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement),
31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
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32 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- High-resolution insight into the Holocene environmental history of the Burullus Lagoon in northern Nile delta, Egypt L. Marks et al. 10.1017/qua.2021.63
- Reconstruction of the late Holocene climate variability from the summer monsoon dominated Bhagirathi valley, western Himalaya I. Roy et al. 10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105080
- The 4.2 ka event in the vegetation record of the central Mediterranean F. Di Rita & D. Magri 10.5194/cp-15-237-2019
- Anthropogenic influences and climate changes in Lake Hazar (eastern Turkey) during the Late Holocene D. Biltekin et al. 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.02.023
- The 4.2 ka Event and the End of the Maltese “Temple Period” H. Groucutt et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.771683
- A multi-proxy shallow marine record for Mid-to-Late Holocene climate variability, Thera eruptions and cultural change in the Eastern Mediterranean S. Avnaim-Katav et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.001
- Speleothems from the Middle East: An Example of Water Limited Environments in the SISAL Database . Burstyn et al. 10.3390/quat2020016
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- 20,000 years of societal vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in southwest Asia M. Jones et al. 10.1002/wat2.1330
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- Stratigraphy and Chronology of Sodicho Rockshelter – A New Sedimentological Record of Past Environmental Changes and Human Settlement Phases in Southwestern Ethiopia E. Hensel et al. 10.3389/feart.2020.611700
- Mid–late Holocene event registered in organo-siliciclastic sediments of Lagoa Salgada carbonate system, southeast Brazil A. Soares Cruz et al. 10.5194/cp-15-1363-2019
- Middle- to late-Holocene fire history and the impact on Mediterranean pine and oak forests according to the core RF93-30, central Adriatic Sea A. Mercuri et al. 10.1177/0959683619846982
- 9000 years of human lakeside adaptation in the Ethiopian Afar: Fisher-foragers and the first pastoralists in the Lake Abhe basin during the African Humid Period L. Khalidi et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106459
- Landscapes, climate and choice: Examining patterns in animal provisioning across the Near East c. 13,000-0 BCE J. Gaastra et al. 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.03.045
- Climate change and early urbanism in Southwest Asia: A review D. Lawrence et al. 10.1002/wcc.741
- Sign-switching ecological changes in the Mediterranean Basin at 4.2 ka BP F. Di Rita et al. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103713
- Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Woodland in Northern Syria (4th–2nd Mill. BC): Evidence from Charcoal Assemblages and Oak Measurements K. Deckers et al. 10.1080/14614103.2021.1989977
- The 4.2 ka BP Event in the Mediterranean region: an overview M. Bini et al. 10.5194/cp-15-555-2019
- The vegetation, climate, and fire history of a mountain steppe: A Holocene reconstruction from the South Caucasus, Shenkani, Armenia A. Cromartie et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106485
- Beyond megadrought and collapse in the Northern Levant: The chronology of Tell Tayinat and two historical inflection episodes, around 4.2ka BP, and following 3.2ka BP S. Manning et al. 10.1371/journal.pone.0240799
- Egypt's Nile Delta in Late 4000 Years BP: Altered Flood Levels and Sedimentation, with Archaeological Implications J. Stanley 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00027.1
- Significant depositional changes offshore the Nile Delta in late third millennium BCE: relevance for Egyptology J. Stanley & S. Wedl 10.5194/egqsj-70-83-2021
Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 22 Mar 2023
Short summary
Studies have long suggested that a protracted drought phase, termed the 4.2 ka BP event, directly impacted subsistence systems (dry farming agro-production, pastoral nomadism, and fishing) and outlying nomad habitats, forcing rain-fed cereal agriculturalists into habitat-tracking when agro-innovations were not available. Here, we focus on this crucial period to examine whether drought was active in the eastern Mediterranean Old World, especially in the Levant.
Studies have long suggested that a protracted drought phase, termed the 4.2 ka BP event,...
Special issue