Inferred changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation variance over the past six centuries

McGregor, S.; Timmermann, A.; England, M. H.; Elison Timm, O.; Wittenberg, A. T.

doi:10.5194/cp-9-2269-2013

Articles | Volume 9, issue 5

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2269-2013

© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2269-2013

© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 9, issue 5

Research article

|

10 Oct 2013

Research article |

| 10 Oct 2013

Inferred changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation variance over the past six centuries

S. McGregor, A. Timmermann, M. H. England, O. Elison Timm, and A. T. Wittenberg

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Total article views: 11,764 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
6,629	4,761	374	11,764	357	345

HTML: 6,629
PDF: 4,761
XML: 374
Total: 11,764
BibTeX: 357
EndNote: 345

Views and downloads (calculated since 30 May 2013)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
May 2013	58	35	2	95
Jun 2013	93	87	4	184
Jul 2013	12	39	4	55
Aug 2013	5	19	0	24
Sep 2013	10	30	0	40
Oct 2013	596	338	14	948
Nov 2013	453	920	5	1,378
Dec 2013	78	89	7	174
Jan 2014	213	117	10	340
Feb 2014	108	121	17	246
Mar 2014	97	118	25	240
Apr 2014	133	81	5	219
May 2014	227	105	19	351
Jun 2014	54	48	1	103
Jul 2014	43	48	2	93
Aug 2014	38	58	2	98
Sep 2014	55	66	2	123
Oct 2014	29	44	2	75
Nov 2014	102	34	4	140
Dec 2014	29	40	1	70
Jan 2015	16	37	0	53
Feb 2015	18	11	0	29
Mar 2015	46	16	1	63
Apr 2015	56	14	0	70
May 2015	32	17	1	50
Jun 2015	53	19	0	72
Jul 2015	47	22	2	71
Aug 2015	29	21	2	52
Sep 2015	16	20	1	37
Oct 2015	32	16	0	48
Nov 2015	40	38	1	79
Dec 2015	192	35	1	228
Jan 2016	53	18	0	71
Feb 2016	34	20	0	54
Mar 2016	26	22	1	49
Apr 2016	30	8	0	38
May 2016	23	16	0	39
Jun 2016	10	6	0	16
Jul 2016	28	7	2	37
Aug 2016	23	10	1	34
Sep 2016	16	2	0	18
Oct 2016	20	7	0	27
Nov 2016	17	7	0	24
Dec 2016	8	11	1	20
Jan 2017	37	5	0	42
Feb 2017	31	10	3	44
Mar 2017	69	8	10	87
Apr 2017	92	10	16	118
May 2017	68	11	10	89
Jun 2017	57	3	8	68
Jul 2017	43	22	2	67
Aug 2017	15	9	2	26
Sep 2017	29	15	1	45
Oct 2017	21	16	1	38
Nov 2017	25	16	3	44
Dec 2017	33	15	1	49
Jan 2018	37	12	4	53
Feb 2018	26	15	3	44
Mar 2018	23	15	3	41
Apr 2018	29	18	4	51
May 2018	20	13	2	35
Jun 2018	23	18	4	45
Jul 2018	39	22	4	65
Aug 2018	38	10	2	50
Sep 2018	32	20	6	58
Oct 2018	39	14	4	57
Nov 2018	28	18	3	49
Dec 2018	22	12	3	37
Jan 2019	19	7	0	26
Feb 2019	17	10	2	29
Mar 2019	16	13	0	29
Apr 2019	12	9	1	22
May 2019	23	13	1	37
Jun 2019	14	9	0	23
Jul 2019	9	8	0	17
Aug 2019	18	12	0	30
Sep 2019	23	8	0	31
Oct 2019	20	6	0	26
Nov 2019	26	13	3	42
Dec 2019	21	10	2	33
Jan 2020	31	9	0	40
Feb 2020	13	6	0	19
Mar 2020	14	11	1	26
Apr 2020	11	4	1	16
May 2020	13	7	0	20
Jun 2020	17	6	0	23
Jul 2020	44	37	32	113
Aug 2020	15	6	6	27
Sep 2020	26	10	0	36
Oct 2020	15	30	1	46
Nov 2020	27	13	0	40
Dec 2020	55	18	2	75
Jan 2021	40	18	0	58
Feb 2021	22	6	0	28
Mar 2021	23	14	0	37
Apr 2021	13	10	0	23
May 2021	17	12	0	29
Jun 2021	13	10	0	23
Jul 2021	19	18	0	37
Aug 2021	19	16	0	35
Sep 2021	13	12	0	25
Oct 2021	15	42	1	58
Nov 2021	14	30	0	44
Dec 2021	30	16	2	48
Jan 2022	27	25	0	52
Feb 2022	15	11	2	28
Mar 2022	12	11	0	23
Apr 2022	22	9	2	33
May 2022	17	14	0	31
Jun 2022	23	7	0	30
Jul 2022	28	8	0	36
Aug 2022	26	8	0	34
Sep 2022	8	11	0	19
Oct 2022	21	10	3	34
Nov 2022	26	15	0	41
Dec 2022	23	15	1	39
Jan 2023	31	23	2	56
Feb 2023	30	10	1	41
Mar 2023	42	18	2	62
Apr 2023	17	8	0	25
May 2023	21	20	1	42
Jun 2023	49	17	0	66
Jul 2023	21	16	1	38
Aug 2023	23	12	3	38
Sep 2023	23	30	2	55
Oct 2023	27	60	1	88
Nov 2023	10	20	0	30
Dec 2023	43	43	2	88
Jan 2024	28	40	2	70
Feb 2024	33	15	0	48
Mar 2024	35	35	0	70
Apr 2024	31	29	5	65
May 2024	33	73	8	114
Jun 2024	36	34	4	74
Jul 2024	41	69	4	114
Aug 2024	57	55	4	116
Sep 2024	33	24	1	58
Oct 2024	50	20	1	71
Nov 2024	41	5	0	46
Dec 2024	43	15	2	60
Jan 2025	32	15	0	47
Feb 2025	45	13	0	58
Mar 2025	42	22	2	66
Apr 2025	65	19	0	84
May 2025	57	17	1	75
Jun 2025	76	20	3	99
Jul 2025	49	23	2	74
Aug 2025	72	33	3	108
Sep 2025	73	25	3	101
Oct 2025	62	34	4	100
Nov 2025	50	40	3	93
Dec 2025	49	22	5	76

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 30 May 2013)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
May 2013	58	35	2	95
Jun 2013	93	87	4	184
Jul 2013	12	39	4	55
Aug 2013	5	19	0	24
Sep 2013	10	30	0	40
Oct 2013	596	338	14	948
Nov 2013	453	920	5	1,378
Dec 2013	78	89	7	174
Jan 2014	213	117	10	340
Feb 2014	108	121	17	246
Mar 2014	97	118	25	240
Apr 2014	133	81	5	219
May 2014	227	105	19	351
Jun 2014	54	48	1	103
Jul 2014	43	48	2	93
Aug 2014	38	58	2	98
Sep 2014	55	66	2	123
Oct 2014	29	44	2	75
Nov 2014	102	34	4	140
Dec 2014	29	40	1	70
Jan 2015	16	37	0	53
Feb 2015	18	11	0	29
Mar 2015	46	16	1	63
Apr 2015	56	14	0	70
May 2015	32	17	1	50
Jun 2015	53	19	0	72
Jul 2015	47	22	2	71
Aug 2015	29	21	2	52
Sep 2015	16	20	1	37
Oct 2015	32	16	0	48
Nov 2015	40	38	1	79
Dec 2015	192	35	1	228
Jan 2016	53	18	0	71
Feb 2016	34	20	0	54
Mar 2016	26	22	1	49
Apr 2016	30	8	0	38
May 2016	23	16	0	39
Jun 2016	10	6	0	16
Jul 2016	28	7	2	37
Aug 2016	23	10	1	34
Sep 2016	16	2	0	18
Oct 2016	20	7	0	27
Nov 2016	17	7	0	24
Dec 2016	8	11	1	20
Jan 2017	37	5	0	42
Feb 2017	31	10	3	44
Mar 2017	69	8	10	87
Apr 2017	92	10	16	118
May 2017	68	11	10	89
Jun 2017	57	3	8	68
Jul 2017	43	22	2	67
Aug 2017	15	9	2	26
Sep 2017	29	15	1	45
Oct 2017	21	16	1	38
Nov 2017	25	16	3	44
Dec 2017	33	15	1	49
Jan 2018	37	12	4	53
Feb 2018	26	15	3	44
Mar 2018	23	15	3	41
Apr 2018	29	18	4	51
May 2018	20	13	2	35
Jun 2018	23	18	4	45
Jul 2018	39	22	4	65
Aug 2018	38	10	2	50
Sep 2018	32	20	6	58
Oct 2018	39	14	4	57
Nov 2018	28	18	3	49
Dec 2018	22	12	3	37
Jan 2019	19	7	0	26
Feb 2019	17	10	2	29
Mar 2019	16	13	0	29
Apr 2019	12	9	1	22
May 2019	23	13	1	37
Jun 2019	14	9	0	23
Jul 2019	9	8	0	17
Aug 2019	18	12	0	30
Sep 2019	23	8	0	31
Oct 2019	20	6	0	26
Nov 2019	26	13	3	42
Dec 2019	21	10	2	33
Jan 2020	31	9	0	40
Feb 2020	13	6	0	19
Mar 2020	14	11	1	26
Apr 2020	11	4	1	16
May 2020	13	7	0	20
Jun 2020	17	6	0	23
Jul 2020	44	37	32	113
Aug 2020	15	6	6	27
Sep 2020	26	10	0	36
Oct 2020	15	30	1	46
Nov 2020	27	13	0	40
Dec 2020	55	18	2	75
Jan 2021	40	18	0	58
Feb 2021	22	6	0	28
Mar 2021	23	14	0	37
Apr 2021	13	10	0	23
May 2021	17	12	0	29
Jun 2021	13	10	0	23
Jul 2021	19	18	0	37
Aug 2021	19	16	0	35
Sep 2021	13	12	0	25
Oct 2021	15	42	1	58
Nov 2021	14	30	0	44
Dec 2021	30	16	2	48
Jan 2022	27	25	0	52
Feb 2022	15	11	2	28
Mar 2022	12	11	0	23
Apr 2022	22	9	2	33
May 2022	17	14	0	31
Jun 2022	23	7	0	30
Jul 2022	28	8	0	36
Aug 2022	26	8	0	34
Sep 2022	8	11	0	19
Oct 2022	21	10	3	34
Nov 2022	26	15	0	41
Dec 2022	23	15	1	39
Jan 2023	31	23	2	56
Feb 2023	30	10	1	41
Mar 2023	42	18	2	62
Apr 2023	17	8	0	25
May 2023	21	20	1	42
Jun 2023	49	17	0	66
Jul 2023	21	16	1	38
Aug 2023	23	12	3	38
Sep 2023	23	30	2	55
Oct 2023	27	60	1	88
Nov 2023	10	20	0	30
Dec 2023	43	43	2	88
Jan 2024	28	40	2	70
Feb 2024	33	15	0	48
Mar 2024	35	35	0	70
Apr 2024	31	29	5	65
May 2024	33	73	8	114
Jun 2024	36	34	4	74
Jul 2024	41	69	4	114
Aug 2024	57	55	4	116
Sep 2024	33	24	1	58
Oct 2024	50	20	1	71
Nov 2024	41	5	0	46
Dec 2024	43	15	2	60
Jan 2025	32	15	0	47
Feb 2025	45	13	0	58
Mar 2025	42	22	2	66
Apr 2025	65	19	0	84
May 2025	57	17	1	75
Jun 2025	76	20	3	99
Jul 2025	49	23	2	74
Aug 2025	72	33	3	108
Sep 2025	73	25	3	101
Oct 2025	62	34	4	100
Nov 2025	50	40	3	93
Dec 2025	49	22	5	76

Latest update: 21 Dec 2025