Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-445-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-445-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Holocene fire regimes across the Altai-Sayan Mountains and adjacent plains: interaction with climate and vegetation types
Dongliang Zhang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 Beijing South Road, Urumqi, China
Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 Beijing South Road, Urumqi, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, China
Blyakharchuk Tatiana
Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
Aizhi Sun
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Xiaozhong Huang
College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
Yuejing Li
State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 Beijing South Road, Urumqi, China
Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 Beijing South Road, Urumqi, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Lucas Dugerdil, Sébastien Joannin, Odile Peyron, Shafag Bayramova, Xiaozhong Huang, Fahu Chen, Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Jakhongir Alimov, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Amy Cromartie, Juzhi Hou, Lilit Sahakyan, Khachatur Meliksetian, Salomé Ansanay-Alex, Rafig Safarov, Imran Muradi, Shabnam Isayeva, Shehla Mirzayeva, Elshan Abdullayev, Sayyara Ibadullayeva, Parvana Garakhani, and Guillemette Ménot
Biogeosciences, 23, 1013–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1013-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1013-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are bacterial lipids preserved in soils and sediments, used as climate proxies. This study presents the Arid Central Asian brGDGT surface database to assess their reliability in drylands. Results show that salinity, sample type, pH, and aridity strongly influence brGDGT signals, limiting temperature reconstructions. Refined calibrations improve reconstruction accuracy, and methylation index differences may indicate aridity variations.
Furong Li, Marie-José Gaillard, Xianyong Cao, Ulrike Herzschuh, Shinya Sugita, Jian Ni, Yan Zhao, Chengbang An, Xiaozhong Huang, Yu Li, Hongyan Liu, Aizhi Sun, and Yifeng Yao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 95–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-95-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-95-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study is present the first gridded and temporally continuous quantitative plant-cover reconstruction for temperate and northern subtropical China over the last 12 millennia. The reconstructions are based on 94 pollen records and include estimates for 27 plant taxa, 10 plant functional types, and 3 land-cover types. The dataset is suitable for palaeoclimate modelling and the evaluation of simulated past vegetation cover and anthropogenic land-cover change from models.
Sandy P. Harrison, Roberto Villegas-Diaz, Esmeralda Cruz-Silva, Daniel Gallagher, David Kesner, Paul Lincoln, Yicheng Shen, Luke Sweeney, Daniele Colombaroli, Adam Ali, Chéïma Barhoumi, Yves Bergeron, Tatiana Blyakharchuk, Přemysl Bobek, Richard Bradshaw, Jennifer L. Clear, Sambor Czerwiński, Anne-Laure Daniau, John Dodson, Kevin J. Edwards, Mary E. Edwards, Angelica Feurdean, David Foster, Konrad Gajewski, Mariusz Gałka, Michelle Garneau, Thomas Giesecke, Graciela Gil Romera, Martin P. Girardin, Dana Hoefer, Kangyou Huang, Jun Inoue, Eva Jamrichová, Nauris Jasiunas, Wenying Jiang, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Monika Karpińska-Kołaczek, Piotr Kołaczek, Niina Kuosmanen, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Martin Lavoie, Fang Li, Jianyong Li, Olga Lisitsyna, José Antonio López-Sáez, Reyes Luelmo-Lautenschlaeger, Gabriel Magnan, Eniko Katalin Magyari, Alekss Maksims, Katarzyna Marcisz, Elena Marinova, Jenn Marlon, Scott Mensing, Joanna Miroslaw-Grabowska, Wyatt Oswald, Sebastián Pérez-Díaz, Ramón Pérez-Obiol, Sanna Piilo, Anneli Poska, Xiaoguang Qin, Cécile C. Remy, Pierre J. H. Richard, Sakari Salonen, Naoko Sasaki, Hieke Schneider, William Shotyk, Migle Stancikaite, Dace Šteinberga, Normunds Stivrins, Hikaru Takahara, Zhihai Tan, Liva Trasune, Charles E. Umbanhowar, Minna Väliranta, Jüri Vassiljev, Xiayun Xiao, Qinghai Xu, Xin Xu, Edyta Zawisza, Yan Zhao, Zheng Zhou, and Jordan Paillard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1109–1124, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1109-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a new global data set of charcoal preserved in sediments that can be used to examine how fire regimes have changed during past millennia and to investigate what caused these changes. The individual records have been standardised, and new age models have been constructed to allow better comparison across sites. The data set contains 1681 records from 1477 sites worldwide.
Cited articles
Agatova, A. R., Nepop, R. K., Bronnikova, M. A., Slyusarenko, I. Y., and Orlova, L. A.: Human occupation of South Eastern Altai highlands (Russia) in the context of environmental changes, Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci., 8, 419–440, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-014-0202-7, 2016.
Aizen, E. M., Aizen, V. B., Melack, J. M., Nakamura, T., and Ohta, T.: Precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns at mid-latitudes of Asia, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 535–556, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.626, 2001.
Albrich, K., Rammer, W., Thom, D., and Seidl, R.: Trade-offs between temporal stability and level of forest ecosystem services provisioning under climate change, Ecol. Appli., 28, 1884–1896, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1785, 2018.
Barhoumi, C., Bliedtner, M., Zech, R., and Behling, H.: Holocene vegetation, fire, climate dynamics and human impact in the upper Orkhon Valley of the Khangai Mountains, Mongolia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 334, 108713, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108713, 2024.
Blyakharchuk, T. A.: Dynamics of vegetation cover and quantitative palaeoclimatic reconstructions in the Western Sayan Mountains from the Late Glacial period to the present time according to a palynological study of the Yuzhno-Buybinskoe mire, in: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 611, 1, 012026, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/611/1/012026, 2020.
Blyakharchuk, T. A. and Chernova, N. A.: Vegetation and climate in the Western Sayan Mts according to pollen data from Lugovoe Mire as a background for prehistoric cultural change in southern Middle Siberia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 75, 22–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.017, 2013.
Blyakharchuk, T. A. and Pupysheva, M. A.: Indication of fires in the thousand-year history of Central Altai, Geography and Natural Resource, 4, 128–136, https://doi.org/10.15372/GIPR20220415, 2022 (in Russian).
Blyakharchuk, T. A., Wright, H. E., Borodavko, P. S., van der Knaap, W. O., and Ammann, B.: Late Glacial and Holocene vegetational changes on the Ulagan high-mountain plateau, Altai Mountains, southern Siberia, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol., 209, 259–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.011, 2004.
Blyakharchuk, T. A., Wright, H. E., Borodavko, P. S., van der Knaap, W. O., and Ammann, B.: Late glacial and Holocene vegetational history of the Altai mountains (southwestern Tuva Republic, Siberia), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol., 245, 518–534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.09.010, 2007.
Blyakharchuk, T. A., Wright, H. E., Borodavko, P. S., van der Knaap, W. O., and Ammann, B.: The role of pingos in the development of the Dzhangyskol lake-pingo complex, central Altai Mountains, southern Siberia, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol., 257, 404–420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.09.015, 2008.
Blyakharchuk, T. A., van Hardenbroek, M., Pupysheva, M. A., Kirpotin, S. N., and Blyakharchuk, P. A.: Late Glacial and Holocene history of climate, vegetation landscapes and fires in South Taiga of Western Siberia based on radiocarbon dating and multi-proxy palaeoecological research of sediments from Shchuchye Lake, Radiocarbon, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2024.103, 2024.
Blaauw, M. and Christen, J. A.: Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process, Bayesian Analysis, 6, 457–474, https://doi.org/10.1214/11-BA618, 2011.
Chen, X.: Geography of Chinese Arid Region, Science Press, Beijing, ISBN 9787030275837, 2010 (in Chinese).
Feng, Z. D., Sun, A. Z., Abdusalih, N., Ran, M., Kurban, A., Lan, B., Zhang, D. L., and Yang, Y.: Vegetation changes and associated climatic changes in the southern Altai Mountains within China during the Holocene, Holocene, 27, 683–693, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683616670469, 2017.
Feurdean, A., Florescu, G., Tanţău, I., Vannière, B., Diaconu, A. C., Pfeiffer, M., and Kirpotin, S.: Recent fire regime in the southern boreal forests of western Siberia is unprecedented in the last five millennia, Quat. Sci. Rev. 244, 106495, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106495, 2020.
Feurdean, A., Diaconu, A.-C., Pfeiffer, M., Gałka, M., Hutchinson, S. M., Butiseaca, G., Gorina, N., Tonkov, S., Niamir, A., Tantau, I., Zhang, H., and Kirpotin, S.: Holocene wildfire regimes in western Siberia: interaction between peatland moisture conditions and the composition of plant functional types, Clim. Past, 18, 1255–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1255-2022, 2022.
Fu, B. J., Liu, G. H., and Ouyang, Z. Y.: Ecological regionalization in China, Beijing, Science Press, ISBN 9787030381682, 2013 (in Chinese).
Furyaev, V. V.: Role of Fire in Forest Development, Nauka Publications, Novosibirsk, 1996 (in Russia).
Goldammer, J. G. and Furyaev, V.: Fire in ecosystems of boreal Eurasia, Vol. 48, Springer Science & Business Media, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8737-2, 2013.
Hu, Y., Huang, X., Demberel, O., Zhang, J., Xiang, L., Gundegmaa, V., and Chen, F.: Quantitative reconstruction of precipitation changes in the Mongolian Altai Mountains since 13.7 ka, Catena, 234, 107536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107536, 2024.
Hu, Y., Huang, X., Li, Y., Chen, H., Demberel, O., Zhang, J., and Xiao, J.: Holocene fire dynamics in the Altai Mountains and its driving factors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 52, e2025GL116309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116309, 2025.
Ivanova, G. A., Kukavskaya, E. A., Ivanov, V. A., Conard, S. G., and McRae, D. J.: Fuel characteristics, loads and consumption in Scots pine forests of central Siberia, J. Forestry Res., 31, 2507–2524, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01038-0, 2020.
Jones, M. W., Smith, A., Betts, R., Canadell, J. G., Prentice, I. C., and Le Quéré, C.: Climate change increases the risk of wildfires, ScienceBrief Rev., 116, 117, https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep51248, 2020.
Kasischke, E. S.: Boreal ecosystems in the global carbon cycle, in: Fire, Climate Change, and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest, edited by: Kasischke, E. S. and Stocks, B. J., Ecological, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21629-4, 2000.
Kharuk, V. I., Ponomarev, E. I., Ivanova, G. A., Dvinskaya, M. L., Coogan, S. C., and Flannigan, M. D.: Wildfires in the Siberian taiga, Ambio, 50, 1953–1974, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01490-x, 2021.
Kutzbach, J. E., Chen, G., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., and Liu, Z.: Potential role of winter rainfall in explaining increased moisture in the Mediterranean and Middle East during periods of maximum orbitally-forced insolation seasonality, Clim. Dyn., 42, 1079–1095, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1692-1, 2014.
Lézine, A. M., Izumi, K., and Achoundong, G.: Mbi Crater (Cameroon) illustrates the relations between mountain and lowland forests over the past 15,000 years in western equatorial Africa, Quat. Int., 657, 67–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.014, 2023.
Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Wang, L., Li, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, L., and Kong, Z.: Preliminary study on pollen, charcoal records and environmental evolution of Alahake Saline Lake in Xinjiang since 4,700 cal yr BP, Quat. Int., 513, 8–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.01.014, 2019.
Li, Y., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Sun, A., Li, X., Huang, X., Zhang, Y., and Li, Y.: Distentanging the late-Holocene human–environment interactions in the Altai Mountains within the Arid Central Asia, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol., 654, 112466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112466, 2024.
Liu, F., Liu, H., Xu, C., Shi, L., Zhu, X., Qi, Y., and He, W.: Old-growth forests show low canopy resilience to droughts at the southern edge of the taiga, Global Change Biol., 27, 2392–2402, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15605, 2021.
Marcott, S. A., Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., and Mix, A. C.: A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years, Science, 339, 1198–1201, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228026, 2013.
Mo, L., Zohner, C. M., Reich, P. B., Liang, J., De Miguel, S., Nabuurs, G. J., and Ortiz-Malavasi, E.: Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential, Nature, 624, 92–101, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06723-z, 2023.
Panyushkina, I. P.: Climate-Induced changes in Population Dynamics of Siberian Scythians (700-250 B.C.). Climate, Landscapes and Civilizations, Geogra. Monograph Series, 198, 145–154, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM198, 2012.
Ponomarev, E. I. and Kharuk, V. I.: Wildfire occurrence in forests of the Altai-Sayan region under current climate changes, Contemp. Probl. Ecol., 9, 29–36, https://doi.org/10.1134/S199542551601011X, 2016.
Power, M. J., Marlon, J., Ortiz, N., Bartlein, P. J., Harrison, S. P., Mayle, F. E., and Zhang, J. H.: Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: an assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data, Clim. Dynam., 30, 887–907, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0334-x, 2007.
Reimer, P. J., Austin, W. E., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Blackwell, P. G., Ramsey, C. B., and Talamo, S.: The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP), Radiocarbon, 62, 725–757, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41, 2020.
Rudaya, N., Sergey, K., Michał, S., Xianyong, C., and Snezhana, Z.: Postglacial history of the steppe Altai: climate, fire and plant diversity, Quat. Sci. Rev., 249, 106616, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106616, 2020.
Rudoy, A. N. and Yatsuk, T. Y.: The palaeogeography of southeastern Altai. Chetvertichnaya geologiya i pervobytnaya arkheologiya, Thesis of conference, Ulan-Ude, 73–75, 1986.
Shi, C. M., Liang, Y., Gao, C., Wang, Q. H., and Shu, L. F.: Drought-modulated boreal forest fire occurrence and linkage with La Nina events in Altai Mountains Northwest China, Atmosphere, 11, 956, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090956, 2020.
Sun, A., Feng, Z. D., Ran, M., and Zhang, C. J.: Pollen-recorded bioclimatic variations of the last ∼ 22,600 years retrieved from Achit Nuur core in the western Mongolian Plateau, Quat. Int. 311, 36–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.002, 2013.
Slavnin, V. D. and Sherstova L. I.: Aerchaeologic-Ethnographic Essay of Northern Khakassia in the Area of Geological Polygon of Siberian High School), Tomsl Polytechnical University Press, Tomsk, 1999 (in Russian).
Tang, G., Yang, S., Miao, Y., Luo, Y.L., Chen, Z. X., and Liu, L.: Grain size characteristics of microfossil charcoal and the environmental implications in loess deposits from Ganzi, Western Sichuan Plateau, J. Lanzhou University (Natural Sci.), 58,, 298–305, https://doi.org/10.13885/j.issn.0455-2059.2022.03.003, 2022 (in Chinese).
Umbanhowar Jr., C. E., Shinneman, A. L., Tserenkhand, G., Hammon, E. R., Lor, P., and Nail, K.: Regional fire history based on charcoal analysis of sediments from nine lakes in western Mongolia, Holocene, 19, 611–624, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683609104039, 2009.
Unkelbach, J., Dulamsuren, C., Klinge, M., and Behling, H.: Holocene high- resolution forest-steppe and environmental dynamics in the Tarvagatai Mountains, northcentral Mongolia, over the last 9570 cal yr BP, Quat. Sci. Rev., 266, 107076, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107076, 2021.
Wang, W., Ma, Y. Z., Feng, Z. D., Narantsetseg, Ts, Liu, K. B., and Zhai, X. W.: A prolonged dry mid-Holocene climate revealed by pollen and diatom records from Lake Ugii Nuur in central Mongolia, Quat. Int., 229, 74–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.06.005, 2011.
Wang, Z., Miao, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Z., Zou, Y., and Zhang, T.: Preliminary exploration of the fire activity recorded by microcharcoal in surface sediments of Central and Western China, Quat. Sci., 44, 201–213, https://doi.org/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2024.01.15, 2024 (in Chinese).
Wood, S. N.: Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R (2nd Edition), Chapman and Hall/CRC, 1–476, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370279, 2017.
Xiao, Y., Xiang, L., Huang, X., Mills, K., Zhang, J., Chen, X., and Li, Y.: Moisture changes in the northern Xinjiang basin over the past 2400 years as documented in pollen records of Jili Lake, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 741992, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.741992, 2021.
Xiang, L., Huang, X., Sun, M., Panizzo, V. N., Huang, C., Zheng, M., and Chen, F.: Prehistoric population expansion in Central Asia promoted by the Altai Holocene climatic optimum, Nat. Commun., 14, 3102, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38828-4, 2023.
Xinjiang Comprehensive Expedition Team, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Vegetation and its utilization in Xinjiang, Beijing, Science Press, 1978.
Zhang, D. L. and Feng, Z. D.: Holocene climate variations in the Altai Mountains and the surrounding areas: a synthesis of pollen records, Earth Sci. Rev., 185, 847–869, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.08.007, 2018.
Zhang, D., Chen, X., Li, Y., Wang, W., Sun, A., Yang, Y., and Feng, Z.: Response of vegetation to Holocene evolution of westerlies in the Asian Central Arid Zone, Quat. Sci. Rev., 229, 106138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106138, 2020.
Zhang, D., Huang, X., Liu, Q., Chen, X., and Feng, Z.: Holocene fire records and their drivers in the westerlies-dominated Central Asia, Sci. Total Environ., 833, 155153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155153, 2022.
Zhang, S. J., Lu, Y., Wei, W., Qiu, M., Dong, G., and Liu, X.: Human activitie s have altered fire-climate relations in arid Central Asia since ∼ 1000 a BP: evidence from a 4200-year-old sedimentary archive, Sci. Bull., 66, 761–764, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.004, 2021.
Zhang, Y. Y. and Zhang, D. L.: Spatiotemporal patterns of pollen-based Holocene precipitation variations in the Altai Mountains and the surrounding areas, Global Planet. Change, 251, 104832, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.104832, 2025.
Zheng, B., Ciais, P., Chevallier, F., Yang, H., Canadell, J. G., Chen, Y., and Zhang, Q.: Record-high CO2 emissions from boreal fires in 2021, Science, 379, 912–917, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade0805, 2023.
Short summary
Our work clarifies the long-term feedback mechanisms between biomass burning processes and forest community structure across different vegetation zones in the Altai-Sayan ecoregion. The findings hold significant scientific value for understanding human-fire-ecosystem interactions in the arid Central Asia, while offering historical references for regional sustainable ecological management.
Our work clarifies the long-term feedback mechanisms between biomass burning processes and...