Climate of the Past
Climate of the Past
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Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1061-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1061-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
Research article
 | 
24 Jun 2025
Research article |  | 24 Jun 2025

CO2 and summer insolation as drivers for the Mid-Pleistocene Transition

Meike D. W. Scherrenberg, Constantijn J. Berends, and Roderik S. W. van de Wal

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Short summary
Glacial cycle duration changed from 41 000 to 100 000 years during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), but the cause is still under debate. We simulate the MPT with an ice sheet model forced by prescribed CO2 and insolation and simple ice–climate interactions. Before the MPT, glacial cycles follow insolation. After the MPT, low CO2 levels may compensate for warming at insolation maxima, increasing the length of glacial cycles until the North American ice sheet becomes large and thereby unstable.
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