Articles | Volume 20, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-91-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-91-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Jan 2024
Research article |
| 11 Jan 2024
| 11 Jan 2024
Equilibrium line altitudes of alpine glaciers in Alaska suggest Last Glacial Maximum summer temperature was 2–5 °C lower than during the pre-industrial
Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, 126 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Jason P. Briner
Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, 126 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Joseph P. Tulenko
Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, 126 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Berkeley Geochronology Center, Shires Hall, 2455 Ridge Rd, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
Stuart M. Evans
Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, 105 Wilkeson Quad, Buffalo, NY 14261, USA
RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo, 112 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Related authors
Jacob T. H. Anderson, Nicolás E. Young, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Karlee K. Prince, Caleb K. Walcott-George, Brandon L. Graham, Joanna Charton, Jason P. Briner, and Joerg M. Schaefer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2780, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2780, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation by dating glacial deposits exposed as the ice margin retreated. Our results from eastern and northeastern Greenland reveal ice margin retreat rates of 43 m/yr and 28 m/yr at two marine-terminating outlet glaciers. These retreat rates are consistent with late glacial and Holocene estimates across East Greenland, and are comparable to modern retreat rates observed in northeastern and northwestern Greenland.
Caleb K. Walcott-George, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Jason P. Briner, Joerg M. Schaefer, and Nicolás E. Young
The Cryosphere, 19, 2067–2086, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2067-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2067-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the history and drivers of Greenland Ice Sheet change is important for forecasting future ice sheet retreat. We combined geologic mapping and cosmogenic nuclide measurements to investigate how the Greenland Ice Sheet formed the landscape of Inglefield Land, northwestern Greenland. We found that Inglefield Land was covered by warm- and cold-based ice during multiple glacial cycles and that much of Inglefield Land is an ancient landscape.
Karlee K. Prince, Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Brooke M. Chase, Andrew L. Kozlowski, Tammy M. Rittenour, and Erica P. Yang
Geochronology, 6, 409–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We fill a spatial data gap in the ice sheet retreat history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet after the Last Glacial Maximum and investigate a hypothesis that the ice sheet re-advanced into western New York, USA, at ~13 ka. With radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, we find that ice began retreating from its maximum extent after 20 ka, but glacial ice persisted in glacial landforms until ~15–14 ka when they finally stabilized. We find no evidence of a re-advance at ~13 ka.
Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Joerg M. Schaefer, Nicolás E. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, Kristin Poinar, Benjamin A. Keisling, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Mary R. Albert, Tanner Kuhl, and Grant Boeckmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The 7.4 m of sea level equivalent stored as Greenland ice is getting smaller every year. The uncertain trajectory of ice loss could be better understood with knowledge of the ice sheet's response to past climate change. Within the bedrock below the present-day ice sheet is an archive of past ice-sheet history. We analyze all available data from Greenland to create maps showing where on the ice sheet scientists can drill, using currently available drills, to obtain sub-ice materials.
Caleb K. Walcott, Jason P. Briner, James F. Baichtal, Alia J. Lesnek, and Joseph M. Licciardi
Geochronology, 4, 191–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a record of ice retreat from the northern Alexander Archipelago, Alaska. During the last ice age (~ 26 000–19 000 years ago), these islands were covered by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. We tested whether islands were ice-free during the last ice age for human migrants moving from Asia to the Americas. We found that these islands became ice-free between ~ 15 100 years ago and ~ 16 000 years ago, and thus these islands were not suitable for human habitation during the last ice age.
Sudip Acharya, Allison A. Cluett, Amy L. Grogan, Jason P. Briner, Isla S. Castañeda, and Elizabeth K. Thomas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3113, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
The study analyzed temperature-sensitive bacterial membrane lipids in Holocene Lake sediments from southwestern Greenland. Temperature maxima in five lakes occurred between 7000–5000 years ago, at a coastal site between 5000–3000 years ago, and at an inland site, far from the coast and the Greenland Ice Sheet, between 9000–7000 years ago. Local temperature variations, influenced by the ice sheet and ocean, likely caused discrepancies in the temperature time series.
Jacob T. H. Anderson, Nicolás E. Young, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Karlee K. Prince, Caleb K. Walcott-George, Brandon L. Graham, Joanna Charton, Jason P. Briner, and Joerg M. Schaefer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2780, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2780, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation by dating glacial deposits exposed as the ice margin retreated. Our results from eastern and northeastern Greenland reveal ice margin retreat rates of 43 m/yr and 28 m/yr at two marine-terminating outlet glaciers. These retreat rates are consistent with late glacial and Holocene estimates across East Greenland, and are comparable to modern retreat rates observed in northeastern and northwestern Greenland.
Caleb K. Walcott-George, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Jason P. Briner, Joerg M. Schaefer, and Nicolás E. Young
The Cryosphere, 19, 2067–2086, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2067-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2067-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the history and drivers of Greenland Ice Sheet change is important for forecasting future ice sheet retreat. We combined geologic mapping and cosmogenic nuclide measurements to investigate how the Greenland Ice Sheet formed the landscape of Inglefield Land, northwestern Greenland. We found that Inglefield Land was covered by warm- and cold-based ice during multiple glacial cycles and that much of Inglefield Land is an ancient landscape.
Stuart Evans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4833–4845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4833-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4833-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study of the North American Great Plains identifies the various weather patterns responsible for blowing dust in all parts of the region using a weather pattern classification. In the southwestern plains passing cold fronts are the primary cause of dust; in the understudied northern plains, summertime patterns and southerly pre-frontal winds are most important in the west and east, respectively. These results are valuable to understanding and forecasting dust in this complex source region.
Joseph P. Tulenko, Sophie A. Goliber, Renette Jones-Ivey, Justin Quinn, Abani Patra, Kristin Poinar, Sophie Nowicki, Beata M. Csatho, and Jason P. Briner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-894, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-894, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ghub is an online platform that hosts tools, datasets and educational resources related to ice sheet science. These resources are provided by ice sheet researchers and allow other researchers, students, educators, and interested members of the general public to analyze, visualize and download datasets that researchers use to study past and present ice sheet behavior. We describe how users can interact with Ghub, showcase some available resources, and describe the future of the Ghub Project.
Joseph P. Tulenko, Greg Balco, Michael A. Clynne, and L. J. Patrick Muffler
Geochronology, 6, 639–652, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating is an exceptional tool for reconstructing glacier histories, but reconstructions based on common target nuclides (e.g., 10Be) can be costly and time-consuming to generate. Here, we present a cost-effective proof-of-concept 21Ne exposure age chronology from Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA, USA, that broadly agrees with nearby 10Be chronologies but at lower precision.
Benjamin A. Keisling, Joerg M. Schaefer, Robert M. DeConto, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, Caleb K. Walcott, Gisela Winckler, Allie Balter-Kennedy, and Sridhar Anandakrishnan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2427, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how much the Greenland ice sheet melted in response to past warmth helps better predicting future sea-level change. Here we present a framework for using numerical ice-sheet model simulations to provide constraints on how much mass the ice sheet loses before different areas become ice-free. As observations from subglacial archives become more abundant, this framework can guide subglacial sampling efforts to gain the most robust information about past ice-sheet geometries.
Karlee K. Prince, Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Brooke M. Chase, Andrew L. Kozlowski, Tammy M. Rittenour, and Erica P. Yang
Geochronology, 6, 409–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We fill a spatial data gap in the ice sheet retreat history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet after the Last Glacial Maximum and investigate a hypothesis that the ice sheet re-advanced into western New York, USA, at ~13 ka. With radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, we find that ice began retreating from its maximum extent after 20 ka, but glacial ice persisted in glacial landforms until ~15–14 ka when they finally stabilized. We find no evidence of a re-advance at ~13 ka.
Joseph P. Tulenko, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Clim. Past, 20, 625–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We take advantage of a site in Alaska – where climate records are limited and a former alpine glacier deposited a dense sequence of moraines spanning the full deglaciation – to construct a proxy summer temperature record. Building on age constraints for moraines in the valley, we reconstruct paleo-glacier surfaces and estimate the summer temperatures (relative to the Little Ice Age) for each moraine. The record suggests that the influence of North Atlantic climate forcing extended to Alaska.
Gifford H. Miller, Simon L. Pendleton, Alexandra Jahn, Yafang Zhong, John T. Andrews, Scott J. Lehman, Jason P. Briner, Jonathan H. Raberg, Helga Bueltmann, Martha Raynolds, Áslaug Geirsdóttir, and John R. Southon
Clim. Past, 19, 2341–2360, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2341-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2341-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Receding Arctic ice caps reveal moss killed by earlier ice expansions; 186 moss kill dates from 71 ice caps cluster at 250–450, 850–1000 and 1240–1500 CE and continued expanding 1500–1880 CE, as recorded by regions of sparse vegetation cover, when ice caps covered > 11 000 km2 but < 100 km2 at present. The 1880 CE state approached conditions expected during the start of an ice age; climate models suggest this was only reversed by anthropogenic alterations to the planetary energy balance.
Brandon L. Graham, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Michele Koppes, Joerg M. Schaefer, Kristin Poinar, and Elizabeth K. Thomas
The Cryosphere, 17, 4535–4547, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4535-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4535-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial erosion is a fundamental process operating on Earth's surface. Two processes of glacial erosion, abrasion and plucking, are poorly understood. We reconstructed rates of abrasion and quarrying in Greenland. We derive a total glacial erosion rate of 0.26 ± 0.16 mm per year. We also learned that erosion via these two processes is about equal. Because the site is similar to many other areas covered by continental ice sheets, these results may be applied to many places on Earth.
Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Joerg M. Schaefer, Nicolás E. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, Kristin Poinar, Benjamin A. Keisling, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Mary R. Albert, Tanner Kuhl, and Grant Boeckmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The 7.4 m of sea level equivalent stored as Greenland ice is getting smaller every year. The uncertain trajectory of ice loss could be better understood with knowledge of the ice sheet's response to past climate change. Within the bedrock below the present-day ice sheet is an archive of past ice-sheet history. We analyze all available data from Greenland to create maps showing where on the ice sheet scientists can drill, using currently available drills, to obtain sub-ice materials.
Joshua K. Cuzzone, Nicolás E. Young, Mathieu Morlighem, Jason P. Briner, and Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel
The Cryosphere, 16, 2355–2372, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2355-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2355-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use an ice sheet model to determine what influenced the Greenland Ice Sheet to retreat across a portion of southwestern Greenland during the Holocene (about the last 12 000 years). Our simulations, constrained by observations from geologic markers, show that atmospheric warming and ice melt primarily caused the ice sheet to retreat rapidly across this domain. We find, however, that iceberg calving at the interface where the ice meets the ocean significantly influenced ice mass change.
Caleb K. Walcott, Jason P. Briner, James F. Baichtal, Alia J. Lesnek, and Joseph M. Licciardi
Geochronology, 4, 191–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a record of ice retreat from the northern Alexander Archipelago, Alaska. During the last ice age (~ 26 000–19 000 years ago), these islands were covered by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. We tested whether islands were ice-free during the last ice age for human migrants moving from Asia to the Americas. We found that these islands became ice-free between ~ 15 100 years ago and ~ 16 000 years ago, and thus these islands were not suitable for human habitation during the last ice age.
Douglas P. Steen, Joseph S. Stoner, Jason P. Briner, and Darrell S. Kaufman
Geochronology Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2021-19, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2021-19, 2021
Publication in GChron not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
Paleomagnetic data from Cascade Lake (Brooks Range, Alaska) extend the radiometric-based age model of the sedimentary sequence extending back 21 kyr. Correlated ages based on prominent features in paleomagnetic secular variations (PSV) diverge from the radiometric ages in the upper 1.6 m, by up to about 2000 years at around 4 ka. Four late Holocene cryptotephra in this section support the PSV chronology and suggest the influence of hard water or aged organic material.
Svend Funder, Anita H. L. Sørensen, Nicolaj K. Larsen, Anders A. Bjørk, Jason P. Briner, Jesper Olsen, Anders Schomacker, Laura B. Levy, and Kurt H. Kjær
Clim. Past, 17, 587–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-587-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-587-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic 10Be exposure dates from outlying islets along 300 km of the SW Greenland coast indicate that, although affected by inherited 10Be, the ice margin here was retreating during the Younger Dryas. These results seem to be corroborated by recent studies elsewhere in Greenland. The apparent mismatch between temperatures and ice margin behaviour may be explained by the advection of warm water to the ice margin on the shelf and by increased seasonality, both caused by a weakened AMOC.
Nicolás E. Young, Alia J. Lesnek, Josh K. Cuzzone, Jason P. Briner, Jessica A. Badgeley, Alexandra Balter-Kennedy, Brandon L. Graham, Allison Cluett, Jennifer L. Lamp, Roseanne Schwartz, Thibaut Tuna, Edouard Bard, Marc W. Caffee, Susan R. H. Zimmerman, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Clim. Past, 17, 419–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) margin is exposing a bedrock landscape that holds clues regarding the timing and extent of past ice-sheet minima. We present cosmogenic nuclide measurements from recently deglaciated bedrock surfaces (the last few decades), combined with a refined chronology of southwestern Greenland deglaciation and model simulations of GrIS change. Results suggest that inland retreat of the southwestern GrIS margin was likely minimal in the middle to late Holocene.
Joseph P. Tulenko, William Caffee, Avriel D. Schweinsberg, Jason P. Briner, and Eric M. Leonard
Geochronology, 2, 245–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the timing and rate of retreat for three alpine glaciers in the southern Rocky Mountains to test whether they followed the pattern of global climate change or were majorly influenced by regional forcing mechanisms. We find that the latter is most likely for these glaciers. Our conclusions are based on a new 10Be chronology of alpine glacier retreat. We quantify retreat rates for each valley using the BACON program in R, which may be of interest for the audience of Geochronology.
Jacob Downs, Jesse Johnson, Jason Briner, Nicolás Young, Alia Lesnek, and Josh Cuzzone
The Cryosphere, 14, 1121–1137, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1121-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1121-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use an inverse modeling approach based on the unscented transform (UT) and a new reconstruction of Holocene ice sheet retreat in western central Greenland to infer precipitation changes throughout the Holocene. Our results indicate that warming during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) was linked to elevated snowfall that slowed retreat despite high temperatures. We also find that the UT provides a computationally inexpensive approach to Bayesian inversion and uncertainty quantification.
Joshua K. Cuzzone, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Mathieu Morlighem, Eric Larour, Jason P. Briner, Helene Seroussi, and Lambert Caron
The Cryosphere, 13, 879–893, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-879-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-879-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present ice sheet modeling results of ice retreat over southwestern Greenland during the last 12 000 years, and we also test the impact that model horizontal resolution has on differences in the simulated spatial retreat and its associated rate. Results indicate that model resolution plays a minor role in simulated retreat in areas where bed topography is not complex but plays an important role in areas where bed topography is complex (such as fjords).
Related subject area
Subject: Ice Dynamics | Archive: Terrestrial Archives | Timescale: Pleistocene
The Laurentide Ice Sheet in southern New England and New York during and at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum: a cosmogenic-nuclide chronology
Late Quaternary glacial maxima in southern Patagonia: insights from the Lago Argentino glacier lobe
A Greenland-wide empirical reconstruction of paleo ice sheet retreat informed by ice extent markers: PaleoGrIS version 1.0
A cosmogenic nuclide-derived chronology of pre-Last Glacial Cycle glaciations during MIS 8 and MIS 6 in northern Patagonia
Allie Balter-Kennedy, Joerg M. Schaefer, Greg Balco, Meredith A. Kelly, Michael R. Kaplan, Roseanne Schwartz, Bryan Oakley, Nicolás E. Young, Jean Hanley, and Arianna M. Varuolo-Clarke
Clim. Past, 20, 2167–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We date sedimentary deposits showing that the southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet was at or near its southernmost extent from ~ 26 000 to 21 000 years ago, when sea levels were at their lowest, with climate records indicating glacial conditions. Slow deglaciation began ~ 22 000 years ago, shown by a rise in modeled local summer temperatures, but significant deglaciation in the region did not begin until ~ 18 000 years ago, when atmospheric CO2 began to rise, marking the end of the last ice age.
Matias Romero, Shanti B. Penprase, Maximillian S. Van Wyk de Vries, Andrew D. Wickert, Andrew G. Jones, Shaun A. Marcott, Jorge A. Strelin, Mateo A. Martini, Tammy M. Rittenour, Guido Brignone, Mark D. Shapley, Emi Ito, Kelly R. MacGregor, and Marc W. Caffee
Clim. Past, 20, 1861–1883, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1861-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1861-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Investigating past glaciated regions is crucial for understanding how ice sheets responded to climate forcings and how they might respond in the future. We use two independent dating techniques to document the timing and extent of the Lago Argentino glacier lobe, a former lobe of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, during the late Quaternary. Our findings highlight feedbacks in the Earth’s system responsible for modulating glacier growth in the Southern Hemisphere prior to the global Last Glacial Maximum.
Tancrède P. M. Leger, Christopher D. Clark, Carla Huynh, Sharman Jones, Jeremy C. Ely, Sarah L. Bradley, Christiaan Diemont, and Anna L. C. Hughes
Clim. Past, 20, 701–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-701-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-701-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Projecting the future evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet is key. However, it is still under the influence of past climate changes that occurred over thousands of years. This makes calibrating projection models against current knowledge of its past evolution (not yet achieved) important. To help with this, we produced a new Greenland-wide reconstruction of ice sheet extent by gathering all published studies dating its former retreat and by mapping its past margins at the ice sheet scale.
Tancrède P. M. Leger, Andrew S. Hein, Ángel Rodés, Robert G. Bingham, Irene Schimmelpfennig, Derek Fabel, Pablo Tapia, and ASTER Team
Clim. Past, 19, 35–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-35-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-35-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past 800 thousand years, variations in the Earth’s orbit and tilt have caused antiphased solar insolation intensity in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Paradoxically, glacial records suggest that global ice sheets have responded synchronously to major cold glacial and warm interglacial episodes. To address this puzzle, we present a new detailed glacier chronology that estimates the timing of multiple Patagonian ice-sheet waxing and waning cycles over the past 300 thousand years.
Cited articles
Abbott, M. B., Edwards, M. E., and Finney, B. P.: A 40,000-yr record of environmental change from Burial Lake in Northwest Alaska, Quaternary Res., 74, 156–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.03.007, 2010.
Anderson, L. S., Roe, G. H., and Anderson, R. S.: The effects of interannual climate variability on the moraine record, Geology, 42, 55–58, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34791.1, 2014.
Annan, J. D., Hargreaves, J. C., and Mauritsen, T.: A new global surface temperature reconstruction for the Last Glacial Maximum, Clim. Past, 18, 1883–1896, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1883-2022, 2022.
Balascio, N. L., Kaufman, D. S., and Manley, W. F.: Equilibrium-line altitudes during the Last Glacial Maximum across the Brooks Range, Alaska, J. Quaternary Sci., 20, 821–838, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.980, 2005a.
Balascio, N. L., Kaufman, D. S., Briner, J. P., and Manley, W. F.: Late Pleistocene glacial geology of the Okpilak-Kongakut rivers region, northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska, Arc. Antarct. Alp. Res., 37, 416–424, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0416:LPGGOT]2.0.CO;2, 2005b.
Barclay, D. J., Wiles, G. C., and Calkin, P. E.: Holocene glacier fluctuations in Alaska, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 2034–2048, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.01.016, 2009.
Bartlein, P. J., Harrison, S. P., Brewer, S., Connor, S., Davis, B. A. S., Gajewski, K., Guiot, J., Harrison-Prentice, T. I., Henderson, A., and Peyron, O.: Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis, Clim. Dynam., 37, 775–802, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0904-1, 2011.
Benn, D. I. and Hulton, N. R. J.: An ExcelTM spreadsheet program for reconstructing the surface profile of former mountain glaciers and ice caps, Comput. Geosci., 36, 605–610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2009.09.016, 2009.
Benn, D. I. and Lehmkuhl, F.: Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers in high- mountain environments, Quatern. Int., 65, 15–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(99)00034-8, 2000.
Bony, S. and Dufresne, J.-L.: Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023851, 2005.
Brigham-Grette, J.: New perspectives on Beringian Quaternary paleogeography, stratigraphy, and glacial history, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 20, 15–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00134-7, 2001.
Briner, J. P. and Kaufman, D. S.: Late Pleistocene glaciation of the southwestern Ahklun mountains, Alaska, Quaternary Res., 53, 13–22, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2088, 2000.
Briner, J. P. and Kaufman, D. S.: Late Pleistocene mountain glaciation in Alaska: key chronologies, J. Quaternary Sci., 23, 659–670, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1196, 2008.
Briner, J. P., Swanson, T. W., and Caffee, M.: Late Pleistocene Cosmogenic 36Cl Glacial Chronology of the Southwestern Ahklun Mountains, Alaska, Quaternary Res., 56, 148–154, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2255, 2001.
Briner, J. P., Kaufman, D. S., Manley, W. F., Finkel, R. C., and Caffee, M. W.: Cosmogenic exposure dating of late Pleistocene moraine stabilization in Alaska, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117, 1108–1120, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25649.1, 2005.
Broecker, W. S. and Denton, G. H.: The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 9, 305–341, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(90)90026-7, 1990.
Brooks, J. P., Larocca, L. J., and Axford, Y. L.: Little Ice Age climate in southernmost Greenland inferred from quantitative geospatial analyses of alpine glacier reconstructions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 293, 107701, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107701, 2022.
Burgess, D. O. and Sharp, M. J.: Recent Changes in Areal Extent of the Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 36, 261–271, 10.1657/1523-0430(2004)036[0261:RCIAEO]2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Caissie, B. E., Brigham-Grette, J., Lawrence, K. T., Herbert, T. D., and Cook, M. S.: Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene sea surface conditions at Umnak Plateau, Bering Sea, as inferred from diatom, alkenone, and stable isotope records, Paleoceanography, 25, PA1206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001671, 2010.
Capps, S. R.: Glaciation in Alaska, United States Geological Survey, 170A, 2330–7102, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp170A, 1932.
Chandler, B. M. P., Lovell, H., Boston, C. M., Lukas, S., Barr, I. D., Benediktsson, Í. Ö., Benn, D. I., Clark, C. D., Darvill, C. M., Evans, D. J. A., Ewertowski, M. W., Loibl, D., Margold, M., Otto, J.-C., Roberts, D. H., Stokes, C. R., Storrar, R. D., and Stroeven, A. P.: Glacial geomorphological mapping: A review of approaches and frameworks for best practice, Earth-Sci. Rev., 185, 806–846, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.07.015, 2018.
Child, J. C.: A late Wisconsinan lacustrine record of environmental change in the Wonder Lake area, Denali National Park and Preserve, AK, University of Massachusetts, 1995.
Coulter, H. W., Hopkins, D. M., Karlstrom, T. N. V., Pewe, T. L., Wahrhaftig, C., and Williams, J. R.: Map showing extent of glaciations in Alaska, Report 415, https://doi.org/10.3133/i415, 1965.
Daigle, T. A. and Kaufman, D. S.: Holocene climate inferred from glacier extent, lake sediment and tree rings at Goat Lake, Kenai Mountains, Alaska, USA, J. Quaternary Sci., 24, 33–45, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1166, 2009.
Daniels, W. C., Russell, J. M., Morrill, C., Longo, W. M., Giblin, A. E., Holland-Stergar, P., Welker, J. M., Wen, X., Hu, A., and Huang, Y.: Lacustrine leaf wax hydrogen isotopes indicate strong regional climate feedbacks in Beringia since the last ice age, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 269, 107130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107130, 2021.
Davis, C. V., Myhre, S. E., Deutsch, C., Caissie, B., Praetorius, S., Borreggine, M., and Thunell, R.: Sea surface temperature across the Subarctic North Pacific and marginal seas through the past 20,000 years: A paleoceanographic synthesis, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 246, 106519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106519, 2020.
Dorfman, J. M., Stoner, J. S., Finkenbinder, M. S., Abbott, M. B., Xuan, C., and St-Onge, G.: A 37,000-year environmental magnetic record of aeolian dust deposition from Burial Lake, Arctic Alaska, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 128, 81–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.08.018, 2015.
Dortch, J. M., Owen, L. A., Caffee, M. W., and Brease, P.: Late Quaternary glaciation and equilibrium line altitude variations of the McKinley River region, central Alaska Range, Boreas, 39, 233–246, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00121.x, 2010.
Dortch, J. M., Owen, L. A., Caffee, M. W., Li, D., and Lowell, T. V.: Beryllium-10 surface exposure dating of glacial successions in the Central Alaska Range, J. Quaternary Sci., 25, 1259–1269, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1406, 2010.
Elias, S. A., Short, S. K., Nelson, C. H., and Birks, H. H.: Life and times of the Bering land bridge, Nature, 382, 60–63, https://doi.org/10.1038/382060a0 1996.
Evison, L. H., Calkin, P. E., and Ellis, J. M.: Late-Holocene glaciation and twentieth- century retreat, northeastern Brooks Range, Alaska, The Holocene, 6, 17–24, https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369600600103, 1996.
Federici, P. R., Granger, D. E., Pappalardo, M., Ribolini, A., Spagnolo, M., and Cyr, A. J.: Exposure age dating and Equilibrium Line Altitude reconstruction of an Egesen moraine in the Maritime Alps, Italy, Boreas, 37, 245–253, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.00018.x, 2008.
Finkenbinder, M. S., Abbott, M. B., Edwards, M. E., Langdon, C. T., Steinman, B. A., and Finney, B. P.: A 31,000 year record of paleoenvironmental and lake-level change from Harding Lake, Alaska, USA, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 87, 98–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.01.005, 2014.
Finkenbinder, M. S., Abbott, M. B., Finney, B. P., Stoner, J. S., and Dorfman, J. M.: A multi-proxy reconstruction of environmental change spanning the last 37,000 years from Burial Lake, Arctic Alaska, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 126, 227–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.08.031, 2015.
Flint, R. F.: Growth of North American Ice Sheet During the Wisconsin Age, GSA Bulletin, 54, 325–362, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-54-325, 1943.
Forster, P., Storelvmo, T., Armour, K., Collins, W., Dufresne, J.-L., Frame, D., Lunt, D. J., Mauritsen, T., Palmer, M. D., Watanabe, M., Wild, M., and Zhang, H.: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity, in: Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 923–1054, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.009, 2021.
Hamilton, T. D.: Late Cenozoic glaciation of Alaska, Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-G1.813, 1994.
Hamilton, T. D. and Porter, S. C.: Itkillik Glaciation in the Brooks Range, Northern Alaska, Quaternary Res., 5, 471–497, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(75)90012-5, 1975.
Haugen, R. K., Lynch, M. J., and Roberts, T. C.: Summer Temperatures in Interior Alaska, Research report (Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S.), Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5917 (last access: 5 January 2024), 1971.
Hopkins, D. M.: Aspects of the paleogeography of Beringia during the late Pleistocene, Paleoecology of Beringia, 3–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-355860-2.50008-9, 1982.
Kageyama, M., Harrison, S. P., Kapsch, M.-L., Lofverstrom, M., Lora, J. M., Mikolajewicz, U., Sherriff-Tadano, S., Vadsaria, T., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bouttes, N., Chandan, D., Gregoire, L. J., Ivanovic, R. F., Izumi, K., LeGrande, A. N., Lhardy, F., Lohmann, G., Morozova, P. A., Ohgaito, R., Paul, A., Peltier, W. R., Poulsen, C. J., Quiquet, A., Roche, D. M., Shi, X., Tierney, J. E., Valdes, P. J., Volodin, E., and Zhu, J.: The PMIP4 Last Glacial Maximum experiments: preliminary results and comparison with the PMIP3 simulations, Clim. Past, 17, 1065–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021, 2021.
Kaser, G. and Osmaston, H.: Tropical glaciers, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 63333 8, 2002.
Kathan, K.: Late Holocene climate fluctuations at Cascade lake, northeastern Ahklun Mountains, southwestern Alaska, Northern Arizona University, https://nau.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/67/2018/02/Kathan_2006.pdf (last access: 5 January 2024), 2006.
Kaufman, D. S. and Hopkins, D. M.: Glacial history of the Seward Peninsula, https://archives.datapages.com/data/alaska/data/017/017001/51_akgs0170051.htm (last access: 5 January 2024), 1986.
Kaufman, D. S., Sheng Hu, F., Briner, J. P., Werner, A., Finney, B. P., and Gregory-Eaves, I.: A ∼33,000 year record of environmental change from Arolik Lake, Ahklun Mountains, Alaska, USA, J. Paleolimnol., 30, 343–361, 2003.
Kaufman, D. S., Young, N. E., Briner, J. P., and Manley, W. F.: Alaska palaeo-glacier atlas (version 2), in: Developments in Quaternary Sciences, Elsevier, 427–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00033-7, 2011.
Kaufman, D. S., Jensen, B. J. L., Reyes, A. V., Schiff, C. J., Froese, D. G., and Pearce, N. J. G.: Late Quaternary tephrostratigraphy, Ahklun Mountains, SW Alaska, J. Quaternary Sci., 27, 344–359, 2012.
Kienholz, C., Herreid, S., Rich, J. L., Arendt, A. A., Hock, R., and Burgess, E. W.: Derivation and analysis of a complete modern-date glacier inventory for Alaska and northwest Canada, J. Glaciol., 61, 403–420, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J230, 2015.
King, A. L., Anderson, L., Abbott, M., Edwards, M., Finkenbinder, M. S., Finney, B., and Wooller, M. J.: A stable isotope record of late Quaternary hydrologic change in the northwestern Brooks Range, Alaska (eastern Beringia), J. Quaternary Sci., 37, 928–943, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3368, 2022.
Kłapyta, P., Mîndrescu, M., and Zasadni, J.: Geomorphological record and equilibrium line altitude of glaciers during the last glacial maximum in the Rodna Mountains (eastern Carpathians), Quaternary Res., 100, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.90, 2021.
Kurek, J., Cwynar, L. C., Ager, T. A., Abbott, M. B., and Edwards, M. E.: Late Quaternary paleoclimate of western Alaska inferred from fossil chironomids and its relation to vegetation histories, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 799–811, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.001, 2009.
Kurowski, L.: Die Höhe der Schneegrenze mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung der Finsteraarhorn-Gruppe, Pencks Geographische Abhandlungen 5, 119–160, 1891.
Leonard, E. M., Laabs, B. J. C., Plummer, M. A., Kroner, R. K., Brugger, K. A., Spiess, V. M., Refsnider, K. A., Xia, Y., and Caffee, M. W.: Late Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in the Crestone Peaks area, Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains, USA – chronology and paleoclimate, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 158, 127–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.024, 2017.
Lesnek, A. J., Briner, J. P., Baichtal, J. F., and Lyles, A. S.: New constraints on the last deglaciation of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in coastal Southeast Alaska, Quaternary Res., 96, 140–160, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.32, 2020.
Lesnek, A. J., Briner, J. P., Lindqvist, C., Baichtal, J. F., and Heaton, T. H.: Deglaciation of the Pacific coastal corridor directly preceded the human colonization of the Americas, J. Sci. Adv., 4, eaar5040, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar5040, 2018.
Levy, L. B., Kaufman, D. S., and Werner, A.: Holocene glacier fluctuations, Waskey Lake, northeastern Ahklun mountains, southwestern Alaska, The Holocene, 14, 185–193, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683604hl675rp, 2004.
Löfverström, M. and Liakka, J.: On the limited ice intrusion in Alaska at the LGM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11–30, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071012, 2016.
Löfverström, M., Caballero, R., Nilsson, J., and Kleman, J.: Evolution of the large-scale atmospheric circulation in response to changing ice sheets over the last glacial cycle, Clim. Past, 10, 1453–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1453-2014, 2014.
Löfverström, M., Liakka, J., and Kleman, J.: The North American Cordillera – An Impediment to Growing the Continent-Wide Laurentide Ice Sheet, J. Climate, 28, 9433–9450, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0044.1, 2015.
Manley, W., Kaufman, D., and Briner, J.: GIS determination of late Wisconsin equilibrium line altitudes in the Ahklun Mountains of southwestern Alaska, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, A33, https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/GSA/Events/find-abstracts.aspx (last access: 5 January 2024), 1997.
Manley, W. F., Kaufman, D. S., and Briner, J. P.: Pleistocene glacial history of the southern Ahklun Mountains, southwestern Alaska: Soil-development, morphometric, and radiocarbon constraints, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 20, 353–370, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00111-6 , 2001.
Mann, D. H. and Peteet, D. M.: Extent and Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum in Southwestern Alaska, Quaternary Res., 42, 136–148, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1063, 1994.
Matmon, A., Briner, J. P., Carver, G., Bierman, P., and Finkel, R. C.: Moraine chronosequence of the Donnelly Dome region, Alaska, Quaternary Res., 74, 63–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.04.007, 2010.
McKay, N. P. and Kaufman, D. S.: Holocene climate and glacier variability at Hallet and Greyling Lakes, Chugach Mountains, south-central Alaska, J. Paleolimnol., 41, 143–159, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-008-9260-0, 2009.
Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Rabatel, A., and Morlighem, M.: Ice velocity and thickness of the world's glaciers, Nat. Geosci., 15, 124–129, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00885-z, 2022.
Mitchell, S. G. and Humphries, E. E.: Glacial cirques and the relationship between equilibrium line altitudes and mountain range height, Geology, 43, 35–38, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36180.1, 2015.
Molnia, B. F.: Glaciers of North America – Glaciers of Alaska, United States Geological Survey ,Report 1386K, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1386K, 2008.
Muhs, D. R., Ager, T. A., Arthur Bettis, E., McGeehin, J., Been, J. M., Begét, J. E., Pavich, M. J., Stafford, T. W., and Stevens, D. A. S. P.: Stratigraphy and palaeoclimatic significance of Late Quaternary loess – palaeosol sequences of the Last Interglacial–Glacial cycle in central Alaska, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 1947–1986, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00167-7, 2003.
Nesje, A.: Reconstructing Paleo ELAs on Glaciated Landscapes, in: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09425-2, 2014.
Oerlemans, J.: Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records, Science, 308, 675–677, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1107046, 2005.
Ohmura, A. and Boettcher, M.: Climate on the equilibrium line altitudes of glaciers: theoretical background behind Ahlmann's P/T diagram, J. Glaciol., 64, 489–505, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.41, 2018.
Ohmura, A., Kasser, P., and Funk, M.: Climate at the equilibrium line of glaciers, J. Glaciol., 38, 397–411, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000002276, 1992.
Oien, R. P., Rea, B. R., Spagnolo, M., Barr, I. D., and Bingham, R. G.: Testing the area–altitude balance ratio (AABR) and accumulation–area ratio (AAR) methods of calculating glacier equilibrium-line altitudes, J. Glaciol., 68, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.100, 2021.
Ono, Y., Aoki, T., Hasegawa, H., and Dali, L.: Mountain glaciation in Japan and Taiwan at the global Last Glacial Maximum, Quatern. Int., 138, 79–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.007, 2005.
Osman, M. B., Tierney, J. E., Zhu, J., Tardif, R., Hakim, G. J., King, J., and Poulsen, C. J.: Globally resolved surface temperatures since the Last Glacial Maximum, Nature, 599, 239–244, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03984-4, 2021.
Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Brady, E. C., Clauzet, G., Tomas, R., Levis, S., and Kothavala, Z.: Last glacial maximum and Holocene climate in CCSM3, J. Climate, 19, 2526–2544, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3748.1 2006.
Pellitero, R., Rea, B. R., Spagnolo, M., Bakke, J., Hughes, P., Ivy-Ochs, S., Lukas, S., and Ribolini, A.: A GIS tool for automatic calculation of glacier equilibrium-line altitudes, Comput. Geosci., 82, 55–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2015.05.005, 2015.
Pellitero, R., Rea, B. R., Spagnolo, M., Bakke, J., Ivy-Ochs, S., Frew, C. R., Hughes, P., Ribolini, A., Lukas, S., and Renssen, H.: GlaRe, a GIS tool to reconstruct the 3D surface of palaeoglaciers, Comput. Geosci., 94, 77–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.06.008, 2016.
Pelto, B. M., Caissie, B. E., Petsch, S. T., and Brigham-Grette, J.: Oceanographic and Climatic Change in the Bering Sea, Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclim., 33, 93–111, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003265, 2018.
Pendleton, S. L., Ceperley, E. G., Briner, J. P., Kaufman, D. S., and Zimmerman, S.: Rapid and early deglaciation in the central Brooks Range, Arctic Alaska, Geology, 43, 419–422, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36430.1, 2015.
Péwé, T. L.: Multiple glaciation in Alaska: a progress report, US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, https://books.google.com/books?id=z0k-AQAAIAAJ&ots=s1D8xJ3NEk&dq=P (last access: 5 January 2024), 1953.
Péwé, T. L.: Quaternary geology of Alaska, US Government Printing Office, Report 835, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp835, 1975.
Plummer, M. A. and Phillips, F. M.: A 2-D numerical model of snow/ice energy balance and ice flow for paleoclimatic interpretation of glacial geomorphic features, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 1389–1406, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00081-7, 2003.
Polyak, L., Alley, R. B., Andrews, J. T., Brigham-Grette, J., Cronin, T. M., Darby, D. A., Dyke, A. S., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Funder, S., Holland, M., Jennings, A. E., Miller, G. H., O'Regan, M., Savelle, J., Serreze, M., St. John, K., White, J. W. C., and Wolff, E.: History of sea ice in the Arctic, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 1757–1778, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.010, 2010.
Polyak, L., Best, K. M., Crawford, K. A., Council, E. A., and St-Onge, G.: Quaternary history of sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean based on foraminifera, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 79, 145–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.12.018, 2013.
Porter, S. C.: Some Geological Implications of Average Quaternary Glacial Conditions, Quaternary Res., 32, 245–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90092-6, 1989.
Praetorius, S., Rugenstein, M., Persad, G., and Caldeira, K.: Global and Arctic climate sensitivity enhanced by changes in North Pacific heat flux, Nat. Commun., 9, 3124, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05337-8, 2018.
Praetorius, S. K., Condron, A., Mix, A. C., Walczak, M. H., McKay, J. L., and Du, J.: The role of Northeast Pacific meltwater events in deglacial climate change, Sci. Adv., 6, eaay2915, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay2915, 2020.
Rea, B. R., Pellitero, R., Spagnolo, M., Hughes, P., Ivy-Ochs, S., Renssen, H., Ribolini, A., Bakke, J., Lukas, S., and Braithwaite, R. J.: Atmospheric circulation over Europe during the Younger Dryas, Sci. Adv., 6, eaba4844, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4844, 2020.
Reinthaler, J. and Paul, F.: Using a Web Map Service to map Little Ice Age glacier extents at regional scales, Ann. Glaciol., 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2023.39, 2023.
Rodbell, D. T.: Late Pleistocene equilibrium-line reconstructions in the northern Peruvian Andes, Boreas, 21, 43–52, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1992.tb00012.x, 1992.
Roe, Gerard H., Baker, Marcia B., and Herla, F.: Centennial glacier retreat as categorical evidence of regional climate change, Nat. Geosci., 10, 95–99, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2863, 2017.
Roe, G. H. and Lindzen, R. S.: The Mutual Interaction between Continental-Scale Ice Sheets and Atmospheric Stationary Waves, J. Climate, 14, 1450–1465, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1450:TMIBCS>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Rupper, S. and Roe, G.: Glacier changes and regional climate: A mass and energy balance approach, J. Climate, 21, 5384–5401, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2219.1, 2008.
Sancetta, C., Heusser, L., Labeyrie, L., Naidu, A. S., and Robinson, S. W.: Wisconsin–Holocene paleoenvironment of the Bering Sea: Evidence from diatoms, pollen, oxygen isotopes and clay minerals, Mar. Geol., 62, 55–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90054-9 1984.
Sikorski, J. J., Kaufman, D. S., Manley, W. F., and Nolan, M.: Glacial-geologic evidence for decreased precipitation during the Little Ice Age in the Brooks Range, Alaska, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 41, 138–150, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430-41.1.138, 2009.
Solomina, O. N., Bradley, R. S., Hodgson, D. A., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jomelli, V., Mackintosh, A. N., Nesje, A., Owen, L. A., Wanner, H., Wiles, G. C., and Young, N. E.: Holocene glacier fluctuations, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 111, 9–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.018, 2015.
Stansell, N. D., Polissar, P. J., and Abbott, M. B.: Last glacial maximum equilibrium-line altitude and paleo-temperature reconstructions for the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuelan Andes, Quaternary Res., 67, 115–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.005, 2007.
Sutherland, D. G.: Modern glacier characteristics as a basis for inferring former climates with particular reference to the Loch Lomond Stadial, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 3, 291–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(84)90010-6, 1984.
Tierney, J. E., Zhu, J., King, J., Malevich, S. B., Hakim, G. J., and Poulsen, C. J.: Glacial cooling and climate sensitivity revisited, Nature, 584, 569–573, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2617-x, 2020a.
Tierney, J. E., Poulsen, C. J., Montañez, I. P., Bhattacharya, T., Feng, R., Ford, H. L., Hönisch, B., Inglis, G. N., Petersen, S. V., and Sagoo, N.: Past climates inform our future, Science, 370, eaay3701, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3701, 2020b.
Tulenko, J. P., Briner, J. P., Young, N. E., and Schaefer, J. M.: Beryllium-10 chronology of early and late Wisconsinan moraines in the Revelation Mountains, Alaska: Insights into the forcing of Wisconsinan glaciation in Beringia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 197, 129–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.009, 2018.
Tulenko, J. P., Lofverstrom, M., and Briner, J. P.: Ice sheet influence on atmospheric circulation explains the patterns of Pleistocene alpine glacier records in North America, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 534, 116115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116115, 2020.
Valentino, J. D., Owen, L. A., Spotila, J. A., Cesta, J. M., and Caffee, M. W.: Timing and extent of Late Pleistocene glaciation in the Chugach Mountains, Alaska, Quaternary Res., 101, 205–224, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.106, 2021.
Verbyla, D. and Kurkowski, T. A.: NDVI–Climate relationships in high-latitude mountains of Alaska and Yukon Territory, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 51, 397–411, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2019.1650542, 2019.
Viau, A. E., Gajewski, K., Sawada, M. C., and Bunbury, J.: Low-and high-frequency climate variability in eastern Beringia during the past 25 000 years, Can. J. Earth Sci., 45, 1435–1453, https://doi.org/10.1139/E08-036, 2008.
Walcott, C. K.: GIS reconstructions of former glaciers shed light on past climate, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 292–292, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00293-w, 2022.
Walcott, C. K., Briner, J. P., Baichtal, J. F., Lesnek, A. J., and Licciardi, J. M.: Cosmogenic ages indicate no MIS 2 refugia in the Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, Geochronology, 4, 191–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-191-2022, 2022.
Werner, A., Wright, K., and Child, J.: Bluff stratigraphy along the McKinley River: a record of late Wisconsin climatic change, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 25, A224, https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/GSA/Events/find-abstracts.aspx (last access: 5 January 2024), 1993.
Wiles, G. C., Calkin, P. E., and Post, A.: Glacier fluctuations in the Kenai Fjords, Alaska, USA: an evaluation of controls on iceberg-calving glaciers, Arct. Alp. Res., 27, 234–245, 1995.
Young, N. E., Briner, J. P., and Kaufman, D. S.: Late Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation of the Fish Lake valley, northeastern Alaska Range, Alaska, J. Quaternary Sci., 24, 677–689, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1279, 2009.
Zemp, M., Huss, M., Thibert, E., Eckert, N., McNabb, R., Huber, J., Barandun, M., Machguth, H., Nussbaumer, S. U., Gärtner-Roer, I., Thomson, L., Paul, F., Maussion, F., Kutuzov, S., and Cogley, J. G.: Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016, Nature, 568, 382–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1071-0, 2019.
Short summary
Available data suggest that Alaska was not as cold as many of the high-latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Ice Age. These results come from isolated climate records, climate models, and data synthesis projects. We used the extents of mountain glaciers during the Last Ice Age and Little Ice Age to show precipitation gradients across Alaska and provide temperature data from across the whole state. Our findings support a relatively warm Alaska during the Last Ice Age.
Available data suggest that Alaska was not as cold as many of the high-latitude areas of the...
