Articles | Volume 19, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-439-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-439-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
CHELSA-TraCE21k – high-resolution (1 km) downscaled transient temperature and precipitation data since the Last Glacial Maximum
Dirk Nikolaus Karger
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903
Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Michael P. Nobis
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903
Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Signe Normand
Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
Catherine H. Graham
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903
Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Niklaus E. Zimmermann
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903
Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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- PALEO‐PGEM‐Series: A spatial time series of the global climate over the last 5 million years (Plio‐Pleistocene) E. Barreto et al.
- VegVault dataset: linking global paleo-, and neo-vegetation data with functional traits and abiotic drivers O. Mottl et al.
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- Wild South American camelids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): a review of their evolutionary and biogeographic history A. Castillo et al.
- Erosion rate maps highlight spatio-temporal patterns of uplift and quantify sediment export of the Northern Andes R. Ott et al.
- Delayed and abrupt establishment of forest mollusc diversity in the mid-Holocene: Multiproxy high-resolution evidence from the Western Carpathians K. Kubíková et al.
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- An invasive pathogen generally contracts species to their niche cores, not margins B. Scheele et al.
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- Ecological niche modelling reveals an elevated threat status for the Nilgiri Pipit (Anthus nilghiriensis) A. Lele et al.
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- The Silk roads: phylogeography of Central Asian dice snakes (Serpentes: Natricidae) shaped by rivers in deserts and mountain valleys D. Jablonski et al.
- Holocene climate dynamics in the central Mediterranean inferred from pollen data L. d'Oliveira et al.
- Holocene climate–vegetation–land use interactions in the mesomediterranean coastlands of northern Greece K. Ganz et al.
- Enhanced human activities have disturbed the vegetation-climate relationship over the last millennium in the Changbai Mountains, north-east China L. Song et al.
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- Pollen-based reconstruction of spatially-explicit vegetation cover over the Tibetan Plateau since the last deglaciation P. Zhang et al.
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- Elevational Range Impacts Connectivity and Predicted Deme Sizes From Models of Habitat Suitability C. French et al.
- Holocene leaf impressions of Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz & Pav. (Asteraceae, Inuleae) from the Eastern Chacoan District and its palaeo-distribution in the Neotropics S. Contreras et al.
- Effect of temperature on carbon accumulation in northern lake systems over the past 21,000 years G. Pfalz et al.
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- Global variability in LGM cooling amongst paleoclimate datasets affects biome reconstructions in mountains E. Rentier et al.
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- Holocene summer temperature reconstruction from plant sedaDNA and chironomids from the northern boreal forest R. Mayfield et al.
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- Reduced C3 plants on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau during the Late Pleistocene and implications for human dispersal into southern China Q. Chen et al.
- Lack of evidence for alternative stable states in Northern Hemisphere forests during the past 8 ka L. Schild et al.
- Biogeography of Crop Progenitors and Wild Plant Resources in the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene of West Asia, 14.7–8.3 ka J. Roe & A. Arranz-Otaegui
- Spatial and Temporal Pervasiveness of Indigenous Settlement in Oak Landscapes of Southern New England, US, During the Late Holocene S. Tulowiecki et al.
- Holocene summer temperature variability in the Southern Carpathians: possible North Atlantic Jet forcing and high-altitude sensitivity A. Formáčková et al.
- Phenology-Based Maize and Soybean Yield Potential Prediction Using Machine Learning and Sentinel-2 Imagery Time-Series D. Radočaj et al.
- Near-surface ground ice map of the Northern Hemisphere B. Wang et al.
- Mountain colonization precedes shifts away from bee pollination in Melastomataceae C. Kopper et al.
- Dramatic biome changes in China through the Cenozoic Era: Modeling the combined effects of climate, CO2 concentration, and topography on long-term vegetation dynamics J. Xia et al.
- Can demographic histories explain long‐term isolation and recent pulses of asymmetric gene flow between highly divergent grey fox lineages? S. Preckler‐Quisquater et al.
- Cuticular analysis of Late Pleistocene, Middle Holocene, and modern Nothofagus dombeyi leaves from Chile: Implications for understanding changes in plant function at different atmospheric CO2 concentrations L. Londoño et al.
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- Spatial Patterns of Diversity in Forest Birds of Peninsular India N. Goyal et al.
- Holocene Climate Change Promoted Allopatric Divergence and Disjunct Geographic Distribution in a Bee Orchid Species A. Gibert et al.
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- Simulation of a former ice field with Parallel Ice Sheet Model – Snežnik study case M. Depolli et al.
- Integrity and Size of Green Spaces Are Critical for the Functional Diversity of Birds: Evidence from the Eastern and Northwestern Regions of China L. Gong et al.
- Tectonic and climatic controls on plant biodiversity in the Hengduan Mountains, China Y. Chang et al.
- Multi-species modelling to improve conservation decision-making for understudied taxonomic groups J. Lewthwaite et al.
- Gene Flow and Isolation in the Arid Nearctic Revealed by Genomic Analyses of Desert Spiny Lizards C. Pavón-Vázquez et al.
- Early Holocene wet-cool Cerrado tree corridor K. Escobar-Torrez et al.
- Late Quaternary fluctuation in upper range limit of trees shapes endemic flora diversity on the Tibetan Plateau J. Xu et al.
- Modeling responses of Brazilian Atlantic Forest mammals assemble to climate change M. de Oliveira et al.
- Integrating Thermo-Ombroclimatic Indicators into Sustainable Olive Management: A Pathway for Innovation and Education J. Piñar-Fuentes et al.
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125 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Evolution and Viability of Asian Horseshoe Crabs Appear Tightly Linked to Geo‐Climatic Dynamics in the Sunda Shelf Q. Tang et al.
- PALEO‐PGEM‐Series: A spatial time series of the global climate over the last 5 million years (Plio‐Pleistocene) E. Barreto et al.
- VegVault dataset: linking global paleo-, and neo-vegetation data with functional traits and abiotic drivers O. Mottl et al.
- Environmental suitability throughout the late quaternary explains population genetic diversity N. Hernández et al.
- A female woolly mammoth’s lifetime movements end in an ancient Alaskan hunter-gatherer camp A. Rowe et al.
- Wild South American camelids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): a review of their evolutionary and biogeographic history A. Castillo et al.
- Erosion rate maps highlight spatio-temporal patterns of uplift and quantify sediment export of the Northern Andes R. Ott et al.
- Delayed and abrupt establishment of forest mollusc diversity in the mid-Holocene: Multiproxy high-resolution evidence from the Western Carpathians K. Kubíková et al.
- GeoDS (v.1.0): a simple Geographical DownScaling model for long-term precipitation data over complex terrains J. Brenner et al.
- Ensemble species distribution model of threatened Cycas circinalis and Cycas nathorstii in Kannur district, Kerala, India K. Manjusha et al.
- An invasive pathogen generally contracts species to their niche cores, not margins B. Scheele et al.
- Late Quaternary environmental change in eastern Beringia A. Monteath et al.
- Ecological niche modelling reveals an elevated threat status for the Nilgiri Pipit (Anthus nilghiriensis) A. Lele et al.
- A novel statistical workflow using pollen records and regression kriging to reconstruct the spatially and temporally explicit demographic history of tree species A. Pistone et al.
- The Silk roads: phylogeography of Central Asian dice snakes (Serpentes: Natricidae) shaped by rivers in deserts and mountain valleys D. Jablonski et al.
- Holocene climate dynamics in the central Mediterranean inferred from pollen data L. d'Oliveira et al.
- Holocene climate–vegetation–land use interactions in the mesomediterranean coastlands of northern Greece K. Ganz et al.
- Enhanced human activities have disturbed the vegetation-climate relationship over the last millennium in the Changbai Mountains, north-east China L. Song et al.
- Paleobiogeographic insights gained from ecological niche models: progress and continued challenges J. Blois et al.
- Population genomic investigation of the Oregon Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps wrighti) reveals suburban populations are remnants, not recent introductions C. Yang et al.
- DNA BARCODING: ITS IMPACT ON PLANT TAXONOMY AND BEYOND U. Rathi et al.
- Pollen-based reconstruction of spatially-explicit vegetation cover over the Tibetan Plateau since the last deglaciation P. Zhang et al.
- Trade-offs in biodiversity and ecosystem services between edges and interiors in European forests T. Vanneste et al.
- Uncovering Holocene climate fluctuations and ancient conifer populations: Insights from a high-resolution multi-proxy record from Northern Finland J. Salonen et al.
- Preservation biases in the fossil record distort species ecological niche and distribution models A. Bellvé et al.
- Elevational Range Impacts Connectivity and Predicted Deme Sizes From Models of Habitat Suitability C. French et al.
- Holocene leaf impressions of Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz & Pav. (Asteraceae, Inuleae) from the Eastern Chacoan District and its palaeo-distribution in the Neotropics S. Contreras et al.
- Effect of temperature on carbon accumulation in northern lake systems over the past 21,000 years G. Pfalz et al.
- Aras Dağları'nın Buzul Jeomorfolojisi: Yeni Bir Buzullaşma Alanı Zor Dağı'ndan Jeomorfik Bulgular (Doğu Anadolu, Iğdır - Ağrı) Y. Öztürk & H. Zorer
- The spatiotemporal distribution of human pathogens in ancient Eurasia M. Sikora et al.
- Cooling-induced expansions of Afromontane forests in the Horn of Africa since the Last Glacial Maximum M. Casas-Gallego et al.
- Data-driven urban configuration optimization: An XGBoost-based approach for mitigating flood susceptibility and enhancing economic contribution H. Yuan et al.
- Multi-proxy temperature and environmental reconstruction during the Late Glacial and Early Holocene in the Bohemian Forest, Central Europe A. Mateo-Beneito et al.
- Global variability in LGM cooling amongst paleoclimate datasets affects biome reconstructions in mountains E. Rentier et al.
- Evaluating species distribution model predictions through time against paleozoological records I. Lazagabaster et al.
- Holocene summer temperature reconstruction from plant sedaDNA and chironomids from the northern boreal forest R. Mayfield et al.
- SedaDNA shows that transhumance of domestic herbivores has enhanced plant diversity over the Holocene in the Eastern European Alps S. Zetter et al.
- From α-to β-diversity: Understanding the historical, present, and future diversity patterns of Fagaceae in Southwestern China B. Pandey et al.
- Considering tree species of the future: Tree species in Mexico predicted to have suitable current climate in the United States and Canada B. Hanberry
- Reduced C3 plants on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau during the Late Pleistocene and implications for human dispersal into southern China Q. Chen et al.
- Lack of evidence for alternative stable states in Northern Hemisphere forests during the past 8 ka L. Schild et al.
- Biogeography of Crop Progenitors and Wild Plant Resources in the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene of West Asia, 14.7–8.3 ka J. Roe & A. Arranz-Otaegui
- Spatial and Temporal Pervasiveness of Indigenous Settlement in Oak Landscapes of Southern New England, US, During the Late Holocene S. Tulowiecki et al.
- Holocene summer temperature variability in the Southern Carpathians: possible North Atlantic Jet forcing and high-altitude sensitivity A. Formáčková et al.
- Phenology-Based Maize and Soybean Yield Potential Prediction Using Machine Learning and Sentinel-2 Imagery Time-Series D. Radočaj et al.
- Near-surface ground ice map of the Northern Hemisphere B. Wang et al.
- Mountain colonization precedes shifts away from bee pollination in Melastomataceae C. Kopper et al.
- Dramatic biome changes in China through the Cenozoic Era: Modeling the combined effects of climate, CO2 concentration, and topography on long-term vegetation dynamics J. Xia et al.
- Can demographic histories explain long‐term isolation and recent pulses of asymmetric gene flow between highly divergent grey fox lineages? S. Preckler‐Quisquater et al.
- Cuticular analysis of Late Pleistocene, Middle Holocene, and modern Nothofagus dombeyi leaves from Chile: Implications for understanding changes in plant function at different atmospheric CO2 concentrations L. Londoño et al.
- Testate amoebae in an ombrotrophic bog reconcile equivocal palaeoclimate reconstructions for the Western Carpathians A. Šímová et al.
- Spatial Patterns of Diversity in Forest Birds of Peninsular India N. Goyal et al.
- Holocene Climate Change Promoted Allopatric Divergence and Disjunct Geographic Distribution in a Bee Orchid Species A. Gibert et al.
- Climate stability and low population pressure predict peaceful interactions over 10,000 years of Central Andean history W. McCool et al.
- The last 21,000 years of climate evolution in the South American Altiplano based on the CHELSA-TraCE21k transient simulation I. Jara & N. Lampe-Huenul
- Morphology, ethology, new records, and ecological niche modeling for Hydromorphus and Tretanorhinus (Squamata, Colubridae) in Panama R. Fuentes et al.
- Alpine salamanders at risk? The current status of an emerging fungal pathogen P. Böning et al.
- Environmental and Biogeographic Drivers behind Alpine Plant Thermal Tolerance and Genetic Variation L. Danzey et al.
- The absence of disturbances promoted Late Holocene expansion of silver fir (Abies alba) in the Bohemian Forest N. Schafstall et al.
- Simulation of a former ice field with Parallel Ice Sheet Model – Snežnik study case M. Depolli et al.
- Integrity and Size of Green Spaces Are Critical for the Functional Diversity of Birds: Evidence from the Eastern and Northwestern Regions of China L. Gong et al.
- Tectonic and climatic controls on plant biodiversity in the Hengduan Mountains, China Y. Chang et al.
- Multi-species modelling to improve conservation decision-making for understudied taxonomic groups J. Lewthwaite et al.
- Gene Flow and Isolation in the Arid Nearctic Revealed by Genomic Analyses of Desert Spiny Lizards C. Pavón-Vázquez et al.
- Early Holocene wet-cool Cerrado tree corridor K. Escobar-Torrez et al.
- Late Quaternary fluctuation in upper range limit of trees shapes endemic flora diversity on the Tibetan Plateau J. Xu et al.
- Modeling responses of Brazilian Atlantic Forest mammals assemble to climate change M. de Oliveira et al.
- Integrating Thermo-Ombroclimatic Indicators into Sustainable Olive Management: A Pathway for Innovation and Education J. Piñar-Fuentes et al.
- Applying habitat suitability modelling to establish the species identity of ambiguous animal depictions in archaeology: new insights into the wild bovids of ancient Egypt J. Bro-Jørgensen et al.
- Global patterns of functional-diversity erosion risk in terrestrial vertebrates Y. Cui et al.
- Species distribution modeling of North American beavers from the late Pliocene into the future K. Lubbers et al.
- Climate-Driven Shifts in the Distribution of Valonia Oak from the Last Glaciation to the Antropocene A. Özcan et al.
- DORA: an interactive map for the visualization and analysis of ancient human DNA and associated data K. Harris & G. Greenbaum
- Constraining the global variations in denudation rates associated with the last post‐glacial transition V. Godard et al.
- Europe’s lost landscape sculptors: Today’s potential range of the extinct elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus F. Gaiser et al.
- Climate and topography jointly drove vegetation patterns during the past 20 ka in China C. Li et al.
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Latest update: 11 May 2026
Short summary
Here we present global monthly climate time series for air temperature and precipitation at 1 km resolution for the last 21 000 years. The topography at all time steps is created by combining high-resolution information on glacial cover from current and Last Glacial Maximum glacier databases with the interpolation of an ice sheet model and a coupling to mean annual temperatures from a global circulation model.
Here we present global monthly climate time series for air temperature and precipitation at 1 km...