Articles | Volume 19, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2093-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Nov 2023
Research article |
| 01 Nov 2023
| 01 Nov 2023
Pollen-based reconstructions of Holocene climate trends in the eastern Mediterranean region
Esmeralda Cruz-Silva
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Archaeology, Geography, and Environmental Science, Reading University, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
Sandy P. Harrison
School of Archaeology, Geography, and Environmental Science, Reading University, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
I. Colin Prentice
Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
Elena Marinova
Laboratory for Archaeobotany, Baden-Württemberg State Office for Cultural Heritage Management, Fischersteig 9, 78343 Hemmenhofen-Gaienhofen, Germany
Patrick J. Bartlein
Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1251, USA
Hans Renssen
Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø, Norway
Yurui Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Unveiling climate transformations in the northwestern Caucasus: the Middle Holocene divergence of landscape evolution P. Kalinin et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51669-7
- 公元前第二千纪以来东欧平原西南部黍作物的利用 婷. 安 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2024-0133
- Mid-Holocene climate over the Mediterranean, North Africa, and Middle East simulated using a regional climate model F. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836251350243
- North–south Holocene seasonal contrast on the Italian peninsula: Clarification of the latitudinal transition zone based on the multi-proxy study of Lago Grande di Monticchio L. d’Oliveira et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.109873
- Holocene climate dynamics in the central Mediterranean inferred from pollen data L. d'Oliveira et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2331-2025
- Late Holocene climate and vegetation changes at Lake Akgöl (Samsun, Türkiye) D. Biltekin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2026.105587
- Life in the Valley: Isotopic Evidence for Year-round Sheep Pasturing at Gadachrili Gora, Late Neolithic Southern Caucasus L. Eastham & S. Rhodes https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2025.2572863
- A 1100-years paleovegetation and paleoclimate record from western Türkiye linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation variability M. Kolbüken et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105417
- Sedimentary pollen evidence for Estuarine vegetation shifts: Climate-dominated drivers in the Yellow River Delta, China F. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2026.105739
- Detection, attribution, and modeling of climate change: Key open issues N. Scafetta https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2025.05.001
- European tree cover during the Holocene reconstructed from pollen records L. Sweeney et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4903-2025
- Late Pleistocene–Holocene palynology and paleoceanography of İmralı Basin, Marmara Sea: Pollen-spore, dinoflagellate cyst and other NPP zonations P. Mudie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105179
- Broomcorn millet cultivation in the SW East European Plain since the second millennium BC T. An et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-024-1462-3
- Holocene hydroclimate synthesis of the Aegean: Diverging patterns, dry periods and implications for climate-society interactions M. Jacobson et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836241275028
- Holocene vegetation change, climate variability, and human impacts on the Seki Basin (southwestern Türkiye): Evidence from a multiproxy approach Z. Hashemi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.114053
- Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations: the overlooked factor promoting SW Iberian Forest development across the LGM and the last deglaciation? S. Gomes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6631-2025
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Unveiling climate transformations in the northwestern Caucasus: the Middle Holocene divergence of landscape evolution P. Kalinin et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51669-7
- 公元前第二千纪以来东欧平原西南部黍作物的利用 婷. 安 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2024-0133
- Mid-Holocene climate over the Mediterranean, North Africa, and Middle East simulated using a regional climate model F. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836251350243
- North–south Holocene seasonal contrast on the Italian peninsula: Clarification of the latitudinal transition zone based on the multi-proxy study of Lago Grande di Monticchio L. d’Oliveira et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.109873
- Holocene climate dynamics in the central Mediterranean inferred from pollen data L. d'Oliveira et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2331-2025
- Late Holocene climate and vegetation changes at Lake Akgöl (Samsun, Türkiye) D. Biltekin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2026.105587
- Life in the Valley: Isotopic Evidence for Year-round Sheep Pasturing at Gadachrili Gora, Late Neolithic Southern Caucasus L. Eastham & S. Rhodes https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2025.2572863
- A 1100-years paleovegetation and paleoclimate record from western Türkiye linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation variability M. Kolbüken et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105417
- Sedimentary pollen evidence for Estuarine vegetation shifts: Climate-dominated drivers in the Yellow River Delta, China F. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2026.105739
- Detection, attribution, and modeling of climate change: Key open issues N. Scafetta https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2025.05.001
- European tree cover during the Holocene reconstructed from pollen records L. Sweeney et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4903-2025
- Late Pleistocene–Holocene palynology and paleoceanography of İmralı Basin, Marmara Sea: Pollen-spore, dinoflagellate cyst and other NPP zonations P. Mudie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105179
- Broomcorn millet cultivation in the SW East European Plain since the second millennium BC T. An et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-024-1462-3
- Holocene hydroclimate synthesis of the Aegean: Diverging patterns, dry periods and implications for climate-society interactions M. Jacobson et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836241275028
- Holocene vegetation change, climate variability, and human impacts on the Seki Basin (southwestern Türkiye): Evidence from a multiproxy approach Z. Hashemi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.114053
- Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations: the overlooked factor promoting SW Iberian Forest development across the LGM and the last deglaciation? S. Gomes et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6631-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 08 Nov 2026
Short summary
We examined 71 pollen records (12.3 ka to present) in the eastern Mediterranean, reconstructing climate changes. Over 9000 years, winters gradually warmed due to orbital factors. Summer temperatures peaked at 4.5–5 ka, likely declining because of ice sheets. Moisture increased post-11 kyr, remaining high from 10–6 kyr before a slow decrease. Climate models face challenges in replicating moisture transport.
We examined 71 pollen records (12.3 ka to present) in the eastern Mediterranean, reconstructing...
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