Articles | Volume 19, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1951-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1951-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Oct 2023
Research article |
| 13 Oct 2023
| 13 Oct 2023
A transient coupled general circulation model (CGCM) simulation of the past 3 million years
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Busan, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Busan, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Invited contribution by Axel Timmermann, recipient of the EGU Milutin Milankovic Medal 2017.
Sun-Seon Lee
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Busan, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Matteo Willeit
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
Andrey Ganopolski
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
Jyoti Jadhav
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Busan, Republic of Korea
Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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- The archaeology of climate change: a blueprint for integrating environmental and cultural systems A. Burke et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60450-9
- Global ocean heat content over the past 3 million years S. Shackleton et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10116-3
- Climatic controls on soil production, transport and chemical erosion: Insights from modelling topography, soils and cosmogenic nuclides at Little Lake, Oregon M. Reed et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70197
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- Quaternary dryland dynamics: perspectives and prospects A. Stone https://doi.org/10.1017/dry.2025.10003
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- Paleogenomics and habitat modeling reveal temperate Eurasian origins of woolly rhinoceroses X. Lei et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aed0430
23 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Precessional modulation of ENSO strength and spatial structure in a transient CGCM simulation of the past 3 million years C. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01355-2
- The future extent of the Anthropocene epoch: A synthesis C. Summerhayes et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2024.104568
- Testing the reliability of global surface temperature reconstructions of the Last Glacial Cycle with pseudo-proxy experiments J. Baudouin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-381-2025
- Orbital-accelerated transient simulations of glacial-interglacial climate cycles for the last 800,000 years B. Su et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05297-x
- Regime shift to extensive valley glaciations over High Mountain Asia during the Early-Middle Pleistocene Q. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60438-5
- Rossby wave-modulated orbital precipitation anomalies in the Asia-Pacific region Z. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-74368-3
- More is not always better: delta-downscaling climate model outputs from 30 to 5 min resolution has minimal impact on coherence with Late Quaternary proxies L. Timbrell et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1185-2025
- Major expansion in the human niche preceded out of Africa dispersal E. Hallett et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09154-0
- Soil temperature fluctuations modulated millet agriculture evolution in Neolithic East Asia Y. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2529151123
- The archaeology of climate change: a blueprint for integrating environmental and cultural systems A. Burke et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60450-9
- Global ocean heat content over the past 3 million years S. Shackleton et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10116-3
- Climatic controls on soil production, transport and chemical erosion: Insights from modelling topography, soils and cosmogenic nuclides at Little Lake, Oregon M. Reed et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70197
- The relative role of direct orbital forcing versus CO2 and ice feedbacks on Quaternary climate C. Williams et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70750-3
- No detectable influence of the carbonate ion effect on changes in stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of shallow dwelling planktic foraminifera over the past 160 kyr P. Köhler & S. Mulitza https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-991-2024
- Climate and Human Evolution: Insights from Marine Records T. Caley et al. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032223-031306
- The evolving three-dimensional landscape of human adaptation E. Zeller & A. Timmermann https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adq3613
- Quaternary dryland dynamics: perspectives and prospects A. Stone https://doi.org/10.1017/dry.2025.10003
- Orbital-scale Asian monsoon variability and its forcing mechanisms: A new conceptual model Z. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.113814
- A new late Neanderthal from Crimea reveals long-distance connections across Eurasia E. Pigott et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2518974122
- Past climate change effects on human evolution A. Timmermann et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00584-4
- Closing the Plio-Pleistocene 13C cycle in the 405 kyr periodicity by isotopic signatures of geological sources P. Köhler https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1043-2025
- Increased sensitivity of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to decreasing CO2 across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition K. Yun & A. Timmermann https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-01979-2
- Paleogenomics and habitat modeling reveal temperate Eurasian origins of woolly rhinoceroses X. Lei et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aed0430
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Short summary
To quantify the sensitivity of the earth system to orbital-scale forcings, we conducted an unprecedented quasi-continuous coupled general climate model simulation with the Community Earth System Model, which covers the climatic history of the past 3 million years. This study could stimulate future transient paleo-climate model simulations and perspectives to further highlight and document the effect of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the broader paleo-climatic context.
To quantify the sensitivity of the earth system to orbital-scale forcings, we conducted an...
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