Articles | Volume 17, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-63-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-63-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Jan 2021
Research article |
| 11 Jan 2021
| 11 Jan 2021
Large-scale features of Last Interglacial climate: results from evaluating the lig127k simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6)–Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4)
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 80305, USA
Esther C. Brady
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 80305, USA
Anni Zhao
Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography,
University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Chris M. Brierley
Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography,
University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Yarrow Axford
Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
Emilie Capron
Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
Aline Govin
LSCE-IPSL, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement
(CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), University Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
Jeremy S. Hoffman
Science Museum of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University,
Richmond, Virginia 23220, USA
Elizabeth Isaacs
Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography,
University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Masa Kageyama
LSCE-IPSL, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement
(CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), University Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
Paolo Scussolini
Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Polychronis C. Tzedakis
Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography,
University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Charles J. R. Williams
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Eric Wolff
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
Ayako Abe-Ouchi
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
Pascale Braconnot
LSCE-IPSL, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement
(CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), University Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
Silvana Ramos Buarque
CNRM (Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques),
Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, 31057 Toulouse, France
Jian Cao
Earth System Modeling Center, Nanjing University of Information
Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
Anne de Vernal
Geotop & Département des sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8 Canada
Maria Vittoria Guarino
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
Chuncheng Guo
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate
Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Allegra N. LeGrande
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Center for Climate
Systems Research, Columbia University, New York City, USA
Gerrit Lohmann
Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Bussestr. 24, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Katrin J. Meissner
Climate Change Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Laurie Menviel
Climate Change Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Polina A. Morozova
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny L. 29, Moscow, 119017, Russia
Kerim H. Nisancioglu
Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bjerknes Centre
for Climate Research, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway
Ryouta O'ishi
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
David Salas y Mélia
CNRM (Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques),
Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, 31057 Toulouse, France
Xiaoxu Shi
Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Bussestr. 24, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Marie Sicard
LSCE-IPSL, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement
(CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), University Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
Louise Sime
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
Christian Stepanek
Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Bussestr. 24, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Robert Tomas
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 80305, USA
Evgeny Volodin
Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
Nicholas K. H. Yeung
Climate Change Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Qiong Zhang
Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate
Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
Zhongshi Zhang
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate
Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental studies, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan, 430074, China
Weipeng Zheng
LASG (State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric
Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics), Institute of Atmospheric Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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Latest update: 04 Dec 2025
Short summary
The CMIP6–PMIP4 Tier 1 lig127k experiment was designed to address the climate responses to strong orbital forcing. We present a multi-model ensemble of 17 climate models, most of which have also completed the CMIP6 DECK experiments and are thus important for assessing future projections. The lig127ksimulations show strong summer warming over the NH continents. More than half of the models simulate a retreat of the Arctic minimum summer ice edge similar to the average for 2000–2018.
The CMIP6–PMIP4 Tier 1 lig127k experiment was designed to address the climate responses to...
