Articles | Volume 17, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2201-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Oct 2021
Research article |
| 21 Oct 2021
| 21 Oct 2021
The 1921 European drought: impacts, reconstruction and drivers
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, the Netherlands
Richard P. Allan
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Albert Ossó
Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Pedro M. Sousa
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Hans Van de Vyver
Royal Meteorological Institute, Uccle, Belgium
Bert Van Schaeybroeck
Royal Meteorological Institute, Uccle, Belgium
Roberto Coscarelli
National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection CNR-IRPI, Rende, Italy
Angela A. Pasqua
National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection CNR-IRPI, Rende, Italy
Olga Petrucci
National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection CNR-IRPI, Rende, Italy
Mary Curley
Met Éireann, Dublin, Ireland
Mirosław Mietus
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Warsaw, Poland
Janusz Filipiak
Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
Petr Štěpánek
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Pavel Zahradníček
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Rudolf Brázdil
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Ladislava Řezníčková
Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Else J. M. van den Besselaar
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Ricardo Trigo
Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
Enric Aguilar
Center for Climate Change (C3), Universtitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
Related authors
Mugni Hadi Hariadi, Gerard van der Schrier, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, Samuel J. Sutanto, Edwin Sutanudjaja, Dian Nur Ratri, Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan, and Albert Klein Tank
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1935–1956, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1935-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1935-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We utilize the high-resolution CMIP6 for extreme rainfall and streamflow projection over Southeast Asia. This region will experience an increase in both dry and wet extremes in the near future. We found a more extreme low flow and high flow, along with an increasing probability of low-flow and high-flow events. We reveal that the changes in low-flow events and their probabilities are not only influenced by extremely dry climates but also by the catchment characteristics.
Aart Overeem, Hidde Leijnse, Gerard van der Schrier, Else van den Besselaar, Irene Garcia-Marti, and Lotte Wilhelmina de Vos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 649–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-649-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-649-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-based radar precipitation products typically need adjustment with rain gauge accumulations to achieve a reasonable accuracy. Crowdsourced rain gauge networks have a much higher density than conventional ones. Here, a 1-year personal weather station (PWS) gauge dataset is obtained. After quality control, the 1 h PWS gauge accumulations are merged with pan-European radar accumulations. The potential of crowdsourcing to improve radar precipitation products in (near) real time is confirmed.
Jouke H. S. de Baar, Linh Nhat Luu, Gerard van der Schrier, Else J. M. van den Besselaar, and Irene Garcia-Marti
Adv. Sci. Res., 20, 91–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-91-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-91-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we present the most recent updates in the E-OBS gridded data set for daily mean wind speed over Europe. The data set is provided as an ensemble of equally likely realisations. In addition, we make a preliminary study into possible causes of the observed terrestrial wind stilling effect, such as local changes in surface roughness length. As one of the results, we do observe a terrestrial wind stilling effect, however, the trend varies locally over Europe.
Jouke H. S. de Baar, Irene Garcia-Marti, and Gerard van der Schrier
Adv. Sci. Res., 20, 49–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-49-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-49-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Combining high-fidelity official meteorological observations with low-fidelity crowd-sourced data in a single climate or weather map is challenging because of the significant bias and noise in the low-fidelity data. In this work, we present a method to treat this bias and noise in a statistical framework. In addition, we show that we can make an additional improvement in the quality of the map when we add high-resolution land use information.
Aart Overeem, Else van den Besselaar, Gerard van der Schrier, Jan Fokke Meirink, Emiel van der Plas, and Hidde Leijnse
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1441–1464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1441-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1441-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
EURADCLIM is a new precipitation dataset covering a large part of Europe. It is based on weather radar data to provide local precipitation information every hour and combined with rain gauge data to obtain good precipitation estimates. EURADCLIM provides a much better reference for validation of weather model output and satellite precipitation datasets. It also allows for climate monitoring and better evaluation of extreme precipitation events and their impact (landslides, flooding).
Armin Schaffer, Tobias Lichtenegger, Albert Ossó, and Douglas Maraun
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4235, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4235, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Weather and Climate Dynamics (WCD).
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme rainfall in Europe is often linked to weather fronts. To understand how these events may change in the future, we first need to evaluate how well climate models represent them. We found that all models show substantial biases, particularly for cold fronts, while higher-resolution models improve their simulation. Warm fronts also show biases, though they are generally better represented than cold fronts. This highlights the importance of high-resolution models for reliable projections.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Max Carl Arne Torbenson, Lukáš Dolák, and Kateřina Chromá
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3917, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3917, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
Documentary data about weather and climate are used to reconstruct temperature and precipitation patterns as well as hydrometeorological extremes in the Czech Lands for the 15th century. These data significantly complement existing knowledge of climatic patterns in Central Europe during this century and coincide well with other climate reconstructions from this area based on different proxies.
Adam Jaczewski, Michał Marosz, and Mirosław Miętus
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3857–3871, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3857-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3857-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a high-resolution dataset of daily air temperatures in Poland from 1951 to 2020 with a 1 km2 spatial resolution. The PL1GD-T dataset was developed using radial basis functions applied to quality-controlled observations from ground weather stations and evaluated using cross-validation methods. This open-access dataset is crucial for climate change impact studies on a smaller scale and can serve a wide range of users, including researchers, administrative bodies, and society.
Jan Řehoř, Rudolf Brázdil, Oldřich Rakovec, Martin Hanel, Milan Fischer, Rohini Kumar, Jan Balek, Markéta Poděbradská, Vojtěch Moravec, Luis Samaniego, Yannis Markonis, and Miroslav Trnka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3341–3358, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3341-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3341-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a robust method for identification and classification of global land drought events (GLDEs) based on soil moisture. Two models were used to calculate soil moisture and delimit soil drought over global land from 1980–2022, with clusters of 775 and 630 GLDEs. Using four spatiotemporal and three motion-related characteristics, we categorized GLDEs into seven severity and seven dynamic categories. The frequency of GLDEs has generally increased in recent decades.
Christian Pfister, Stefan Brönnimann, Laurent Litzenburger, Peter Thejll, Andres Altwegg, Rudolf Brázdil, Andrea Kiss, Erich Landsteiner, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, and Thomas Pliemon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3242, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3242, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
Narrative historical records of wine production in Central Europe date back to 1200. A study of taxes paid to authorities in the French-Luxembourg Moselle region, Germany, and the Swiss Plateau over the last few centuries shows that wine yields provide indirect indications of summer temperatures when the impact of heavy frosts is taken into account. This enables climate reconstructions based on tree rings to be refined and confirmed. Occasionally, poor harvests gave rise to witch hunts.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Laurent Litzenburger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2942, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2942, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The tax relief data connected with weather damage to farmers' yields from the Prácheň Region (southwestern Bohemia) in the period 1655–1827 CE were used to identify frequency, severity and impacts of damaging weather events presented in the context of other documentary data. Tax relief data used represent the very rarely used source of administrative records for historical-climatological research.
Anouk Dierickx, Wout Dewettinck, Bert Van Schaeybroeck, Lesley De Cruz, Steven Caluwaerts, Piet Termonia, and Hans Van de Vyver
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-30, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-30, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces the EURO-SUPREME dataset consisting of extreme precipitation events selected from a large ensemble of climate models over Europe. The dataset contains information on extreme precipitation events with a precipitation duration of 1 hour to 72 hours that can lead to flooding, high mortality rates and infrastructure damage. We highlight the usefulness of the dataset as a benchmark for improving high-resolution climate models for risk assessment of future extreme floods.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, Dominik Collet, Petr Dobrovolný, and Heli Huhtamaa
Clim. Past, 21, 547–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-547-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-547-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Public granaries served as key infrastructure to improve food security in agrarian societies. Granary data from 15 domains at the Sušice region (southwestern Bohemia) in the period 1789–1849 CE are used here to identify years with bad and good grain harvests, which have been further analysed using documentary data and climatic reconstructions. The data used represent a new source of proxy data for historical–climatological research.
Tiago M. Ferreira, Ricardo M. Trigo, Tomás H. Gaspar, Joaquim G. Pinto, and Alexandre M. Ramos
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 609–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-609-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-609-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the synoptic evolution associated with the occurrence of an atmospheric river that led to a 24 h record-breaking extreme precipitation event (120.3 mm) in Lisbon, Portugal, on 13 December 2022. The synoptic background allowed the formation, on 10 December, of an atmospheric river associated with a deep extratropical cyclone and with a high moisture content and an inflow of moisture, due to the warm conveyor belt, throughout its life cycle. The system made landfall on 12 December.
Rudolf Brázdil, Dominika Faturová, Monika Šulc Michalková, Jan Řehoř, Martin Caletka, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3663–3682, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3663-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Flash floods belong to natural hazards that can be enhanced in frequency, intensity, and impact during recent climate change. This paper presents a complex analysis of spatiotemporal variability and human impacts (including material damage and fatalities) of flash floods in the Czech Republic for the 2001–2023 period. The analysis generally shows no statistically significant trends in the characteristics analyzed.
Kamilya Yessimbet, Andrea K. Steiner, Florian Ladstädter, and Albert Ossó
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10893–10919, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) and atmospheric blocking can markedly influence winter extratropical surface weather. To study the relationship between SSWs and blocking, we examine dynamic stratosphere–troposphere coupling using vertically highly resolved observations from global navigation satellite system radio occultation for 2007–2019. Our results provide a purely observational view of the evolution of major SSWs, their link to blocking, and their effect on the polar tropopause.
Christian Pfister, Stefan Brönnimann, Andres Altwegg, Rudolf Brázdil, Laurent Litzenburger, Daniele Lorusso, and Thomas Pliemon
Clim. Past, 20, 1387–1399, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This bottle of Riesling from the traditional Bassermann Jordan winery in Deidesheim (Germany) is a relic of the premium wine harvested in 1811. It was named “Comet Wine” after the bright comet that year. The study shows that wine quality can be used to infer summer weather conditions over the past 600 years. After rainy summers with cold winds, wines turned sour, while long periods of high pressure led to excellent qualities. Since 1990, only good wines have been produced due to rapid warming.
Mugni Hadi Hariadi, Gerard van der Schrier, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, Samuel J. Sutanto, Edwin Sutanudjaja, Dian Nur Ratri, Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan, and Albert Klein Tank
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1935–1956, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1935-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1935-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We utilize the high-resolution CMIP6 for extreme rainfall and streamflow projection over Southeast Asia. This region will experience an increase in both dry and wet extremes in the near future. We found a more extreme low flow and high flow, along with an increasing probability of low-flow and high-flow events. We reveal that the changes in low-flow events and their probabilities are not only influenced by extremely dry climates but also by the catchment characteristics.
Rudolf Brázdil, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Petr Dobrovolný
Clim. Past, 20, 1017–1037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed series of wheat, rye, barley, and oats prices from Sušice (southwestern Bohemia) for the period 1725–1824 CE is used to demonstrate effects of weather, climate, socio-economic, and societal factors on their fluctuations, with particular attention paid to years with extremely high prices. Cold spring temperatures and wet conditions from winter to summer were reflected in very high grain prices.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, and Pavel Zahradníček
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1437–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The official mortality data in the Czech Republic in 1919–2022 are used to show long-term fluctuations in the number of fatalities caused by excessive natural cold and heat, lightning, natural disasters, and falls on ice/snow, as well as the sex and age of the deceased, based on certain meteorological, historical, and socioeconomic factors that strongly influence changes in the number and structure of such fatalities. Knowledge obtained is usable in risk management for the preservation of lives.
Diego Fernández-Nóvoa, Alexandre M. Ramos, José González-Cao, Orlando García-Feal, Cristina Catita, Moncho Gómez-Gesteira, and Ricardo M. Trigo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 609–630, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-609-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-609-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present study focuses on an in-depth analysis of floods in the lower section of the Tagus River from a hydrodynamic perspective by means of the Iber+ numerical model and on the development of dam operating strategies to mitigate flood episodes using the exceptional floods of February 1979 as a benchmark. The results corroborate the model's capability to evaluate floods in the study area and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed strategies to reduce flood impact in the lower Tagus valley.
Aart Overeem, Hidde Leijnse, Gerard van der Schrier, Else van den Besselaar, Irene Garcia-Marti, and Lotte Wilhelmina de Vos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 649–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-649-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-649-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-based radar precipitation products typically need adjustment with rain gauge accumulations to achieve a reasonable accuracy. Crowdsourced rain gauge networks have a much higher density than conventional ones. Here, a 1-year personal weather station (PWS) gauge dataset is obtained. After quality control, the 1 h PWS gauge accumulations are merged with pan-European radar accumulations. The potential of crowdsourcing to improve radar precipitation products in (near) real time is confirmed.
Lee de Mora, Ranjini Swaminathan, Richard P. Allan, Jerry C. Blackford, Douglas I. Kelley, Phil Harris, Chris D. Jones, Colin G. Jones, Spencer Liddicoat, Robert J. Parker, Tristan Quaife, Jeremy Walton, and Andrew Yool
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 1295–1315, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-1295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-1295-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the flux of carbon from the atmosphere into the land surface and ocean for multiple models and over a range of future scenarios. We did this by comparing simulations after the same change in the global-mean near-surface temperature. Using this method, we show that the choice of scenario can impact the carbon allocation to the land, ocean, and atmosphere. Scenarios with higher emissions reach the same warming levels sooner, but also with relatively more carbon in the atmosphere.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Christian Pfister, Katrin Kleemann, Kateřina Chromá, Péter Szabó, and Piotr Olinski
Clim. Past, 19, 1863–1890, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1863-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Thirty Years' War (from 1618 to 1648 CE), an armed military conflict in Europe, brought extensive devastation to Europe. The paper analyses annual and seasonal temperature, precipitation, and drought patterns, as well as severe weather extremes, based particularly on documentary data, during this event in central Europe to demonstrate their broad impacts on human society and human responses in coincidence with weather and climate during this period of hardship.
Jouke H. S. de Baar, Linh Nhat Luu, Gerard van der Schrier, Else J. M. van den Besselaar, and Irene Garcia-Marti
Adv. Sci. Res., 20, 91–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-91-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-91-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we present the most recent updates in the E-OBS gridded data set for daily mean wind speed over Europe. The data set is provided as an ensemble of equally likely realisations. In addition, we make a preliminary study into possible causes of the observed terrestrial wind stilling effect, such as local changes in surface roughness length. As one of the results, we do observe a terrestrial wind stilling effect, however, the trend varies locally over Europe.
Nieves Bravo-Paredes, María Cruz Gallego, Ricardo M. Trigo, and José Manuel Vaquero
Clim. Past, 19, 1397–1408, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1397-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1397-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the earliest records made in San Fernando, very close to Cádiz (SW Spain). Several previous works have already recovered a significant number of meteorological records of interest in these localities. However, more than 40 000 daily meteorological observations recorded at the Royal Observatory of the Spanish Navy (located in San Fernando) were previously unnoticed and remained neither digitized nor studied. We analyze in detail these newly recovered meteorological readings.
Jonathan Demaeyer, Jonas Bhend, Sebastian Lerch, Cristina Primo, Bert Van Schaeybroeck, Aitor Atencia, Zied Ben Bouallègue, Jieyu Chen, Markus Dabernig, Gavin Evans, Jana Faganeli Pucer, Ben Hooper, Nina Horat, David Jobst, Janko Merše, Peter Mlakar, Annette Möller, Olivier Mestre, Maxime Taillardat, and Stéphane Vannitsem
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2635–2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A benchmark dataset is proposed to compare different statistical postprocessing methods used in forecasting centers to properly calibrate ensemble weather forecasts. This dataset is based on ensemble forecasts covering a portion of central Europe and includes the corresponding observations. Examples on how to download and use the data are provided, a set of evaluation methods is proposed, and a first benchmark of several methods for the correction of 2 m temperature forecasts is performed.
Jouke H. S. de Baar, Irene Garcia-Marti, and Gerard van der Schrier
Adv. Sci. Res., 20, 49–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-49-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-20-49-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Combining high-fidelity official meteorological observations with low-fidelity crowd-sourced data in a single climate or weather map is challenging because of the significant bias and noise in the low-fidelity data. In this work, we present a method to treat this bias and noise in a statistical framework. In addition, we show that we can make an additional improvement in the quality of the map when we add high-resolution land use information.
Heidi Kreibich, Kai Schröter, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Anne F. Van Loon, Maurizio Mazzoleni, Guta Wakbulcho Abeshu, Svetlana Agafonova, Amir AghaKouchak, Hafzullah Aksoy, Camila Alvarez-Garreton, Blanca Aznar, Laila Balkhi, Marlies H. Barendrecht, Sylvain Biancamaria, Liduin Bos-Burgering, Chris Bradley, Yus Budiyono, Wouter Buytaert, Lucinda Capewell, Hayley Carlson, Yonca Cavus, Anaïs Couasnon, Gemma Coxon, Ioannis Daliakopoulos, Marleen C. de Ruiter, Claire Delus, Mathilde Erfurt, Giuseppe Esposito, Didier François, Frédéric Frappart, Jim Freer, Natalia Frolova, Animesh K. Gain, Manolis Grillakis, Jordi Oriol Grima, Diego A. Guzmán, Laurie S. Huning, Monica Ionita, Maxim Kharlamov, Dao Nguyen Khoi, Natalie Kieboom, Maria Kireeva, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, Hong-Yi Li, Maria Carmen LLasat, David Macdonald, Johanna Mård, Hannah Mathew-Richards, Andrew McKenzie, Alfonso Mejia, Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, Marjolein Mens, Shifteh Mobini, Guilherme Samprogna Mohor, Viorica Nagavciuc, Thanh Ngo-Duc, Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen, Pham Thi Thao Nhi, Olga Petrucci, Nguyen Hong Quan, Pere Quintana-Seguí, Saman Razavi, Elena Ridolfi, Jannik Riegel, Md Shibly Sadik, Nivedita Sairam, Elisa Savelli, Alexey Sazonov, Sanjib Sharma, Johanna Sörensen, Felipe Augusto Arguello Souza, Kerstin Stahl, Max Steinhausen, Michael Stoelzle, Wiwiana Szalińska, Qiuhong Tang, Fuqiang Tian, Tamara Tokarczyk, Carolina Tovar, Thi Van Thu Tran, Marjolein H. J. van Huijgevoort, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Thorsten Wagener, Yueling Wang, Doris E. Wendt, Elliot Wickham, Long Yang, Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini, and Philip J. Ward
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2009–2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2009-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management. We present a dataset containing data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The dataset enables comparative analyses and allows detailed context-specific assessments. Additionally, it supports the testing of socio-hydrological models.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Aart Overeem, Else van den Besselaar, Gerard van der Schrier, Jan Fokke Meirink, Emiel van der Plas, and Hidde Leijnse
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1441–1464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1441-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1441-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
EURADCLIM is a new precipitation dataset covering a large part of Europe. It is based on weather radar data to provide local precipitation information every hour and combined with rain gauge data to obtain good precipitation estimates. EURADCLIM provides a much better reference for validation of weather model output and satellite precipitation datasets. It also allows for climate monitoring and better evaluation of extreme precipitation events and their impact (landslides, flooding).
Yi Yang, Douglas Maraun, Albert Ossó, and Jianping Tang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 693–709, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the spatiotemporal variation and characteristics of compound long-duration dry and hot events in China over the 1961–2014 period. The results show that over the past few decades, there has been a substantial increase in the frequency of these compound events across most parts of China, which is dominated by rising temperatures. We detect a strong increase in the spatially contiguous areas experiencing concurrent dry and hot conditions.
Miguel M. Lima, Célia M. Gouveia, and Ricardo M. Trigo
Ocean Sci., 18, 1419–1430, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1419-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1419-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article aims to explore the interaction between tropical cyclones and the ocean in a less studied area regarding these events. Tropical cyclones generally create an area of colder waters behind them, which in turn can contribute to an increase in biological activity. In the Azores region, the intensity, track geometry, and impact area of the cyclones are the most important factors to determine these responses. The speed of the cyclones was found to be more important for biological activity.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Zahradník, Péter Szabó, Kateřina Chromá, Petr Dobrovolný, Lukáš Dolák, Miroslav Trnka, Jan Řehoř, and Silvie Suchánková
Clim. Past, 18, 2155–2180, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2155-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Bark beetle outbreaks are important disturbances to Norway spruce forests. Their meteorological and climatological triggers are analysed for the main oubreaks over the territory of the Czech Republic based on newly created series of such outbreaks, covering the 1781–2021 CE period. The paper demonstrates the shift from windstorms as the main meteorological triggers of past outbreaks to effects of high temperatures and droughts together with windstorms in past decades.
Núria Pérez-Zanón, Louis-Philippe Caron, Silvia Terzago, Bert Van Schaeybroeck, Llorenç Lledó, Nicolau Manubens, Emmanuel Roulin, M. Carmen Alvarez-Castro, Lauriane Batté, Pierre-Antoine Bretonnière, Susana Corti, Carlos Delgado-Torres, Marta Domínguez, Federico Fabiano, Ignazio Giuntoli, Jost von Hardenberg, Eroteida Sánchez-García, Verónica Torralba, and Deborah Verfaillie
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6115–6142, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6115-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6115-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
CSTools (short for Climate Service Tools) is an R package that contains process-based methods for climate forecast calibration, bias correction, statistical and stochastic downscaling, optimal forecast combination, and multivariate verification, as well as basic and advanced tools to obtain tailored products. In addition to describing the structure and methods in the package, we also present three use cases to illustrate the seasonal climate forecast post-processing for specific purposes.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Jiří Mikšovský, Petr Pišoft, Miroslav Trnka, Martin Možný, and Jan Balek
Clim. Past, 18, 935–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper deals with 520-year series (1501–2020 CE) of temperature, precipitation, and four drought indices reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations for the Czech Lands. Basic features of their fluctuations, long-term trends, and periodicities as well as attribution to changes in external forcings and climate variability modes are analysed. Representativeness of Czech reconstructions at European scale is evaluated. The paper shows extreme character of past decades.
Lisa-Ann Kautz, Olivia Martius, Stephan Pfahl, Joaquim G. Pinto, Alexandre M. Ramos, Pedro M. Sousa, and Tim Woollings
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 305–336, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric blocking is associated with stationary, self-sustaining and long-lasting high-pressure systems. They can cause or at least influence surface weather extremes, such as heat waves, cold spells, heavy precipitation events, droughts or wind extremes. The location of the blocking determines where and what type of extreme event will occur. These relationships are also important for weather prediction and may change due to global warming.
Animesh K. Gain, Yves Bühler, Pascal Haegeli, Daniela Molinari, Mario Parise, David J. Peres, Joaquim G. Pinto, Kai Schröter, Ricardo M. Trigo, María Carmen Llasat, and Heidi Kreibich
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 985–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-985-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To mark the 20th anniversary of Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS), an interdisciplinary and international journal dedicated to the public discussion and open-access publication of high-quality studies and original research on natural hazards and their consequences, we highlight 11 key publications covering major subject areas of NHESS that stood out within the past 20 years.
Olga Petrucci
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 71–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-71-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-71-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This systematic review highlights flood mortality factors and the strategies to mitigate them, as obtained from 44 scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020. The findings are the classification of flood mortality drivers in two groups and the identification of strategies to cope with them. Future studies should fill the data gaps regarding flood fatalities in developing countries and information on people who have survived floods, which can be useful in educational campaigns.
Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, Lukáš Dolák, Jan Řehoř, Ladislava Řezníčková, Pavel Zahradníček, and Petr Dobrovolný
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1355–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1355-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of fatalities attributable to weather conditions in the Czech Republic during the 2000–2019 period based on our own database created from newspaper reports, on the database of the Czech Statistical Office, and on the database of the police of the Czech Republic as well as on their comparison. Despite some uncertainties, generally declining trends in the number of fatalities appear for the majority of weather variables. The structure of fatalities is described in detail.
Sara Top, Lola Kotova, Lesley De Cruz, Svetlana Aniskevich, Leonid Bobylev, Rozemien De Troch, Natalia Gnatiuk, Anne Gobin, Rafiq Hamdi, Arne Kriegsmann, Armelle Reca Remedio, Abdulla Sakalli, Hans Van De Vyver, Bert Van Schaeybroeck, Viesturs Zandersons, Philippe De Maeyer, Piet Termonia, and Steven Caluwaerts
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1267–1293, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1267-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1267-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Detailed climate data are needed to assess the impact of climate change on human and natural systems. The performance of two high-resolution regional climate models, ALARO-0 and REMO2015, was investigated over central Asia, a vulnerable region where detailed climate information is scarce. In certain subregions the produced climate data are suitable for impact studies, but bias adjustment is required for subregions where significant biases have been identified.
Margarida L. R. Liberato, Irene Montero, Célia Gouveia, Ana Russo, Alexandre M. Ramos, and Ricardo M. Trigo
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 197–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-197-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-197-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extensive, long-standing dry and wet episodes are frequent climatic extreme events (EEs) in the Iberian Peninsula (IP). A method for ranking regional extremes of persistent, widespread drought and wet events is presented, using different SPEI timescales. Results show that there is no region more prone to EE occurrences in the IP, the most extreme extensive agricultural droughts evolve into hydrological and more persistent extreme droughts, and widespread wet and dry EEs are anti-correlated.
Rudolf Brázdil, Petr Dobrovolný, Martin Bauch, Chantal Camenisch, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Piotr Oliński, and Ladislava Řezníčková
Clim. Past, 16, 2125–2151, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies related to historical droughts in the Czech Lands showed that the summers of 1531–1540 could represent the driest summer decade of the past 500 years. To confirm this hypothesis, documentary data from central Europe were collected and presented for individual summers and complemented by maps of precipitation and drought distribution to document corresponding weather patterns and their various impacts. The main droughts occurred in 1532, 1534–1536, 1538, and particularly in 1540.
Cited articles
Barriopedro, D., Fischer, E. M., Luterbacher, J., Trigo, R. M., and García-Herrera, R.: The hot summer of 2010: Redrawing the temperature record map of Europe, Science, 332, 220–224, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201224, 2011. a
Blanchard, R.: La sécheresse en Dauphiné (1920–1921), Revue de géographie alpine, 10, 181–199, 1922. a
Blauhut, V., Gudmundsson, L., and Stahl, K.: Towards pan-European drought risk maps: quantifying the link between drought indices and reported drought impacts, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 014008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014008, 2015. a
Bonacina, L.: The European drought of 1921, Nature, 112, 488–489, 1923. a
Brázdil, R., Trnka, M., Řezníčková, L., Balek, J., Bartošová, L., Bičík, I., Cudlín, P., Čermák, P., Dobrovolný, P., Dubrovský, M., Farda, A., Hanel, M., Hladík, J., Hlavinka, P., Janský, B., Ježík, P., Klem, K., Kocum, J., Kolář, T., Kotyza, O., Kyncl, T., Krkoška Lorencová, E., Macku̇, J., Mikšovský, J., Možný, M., Muzikář, R., Novotný, I., Pártl, A., Pařil, P., Pokorný, R., Rybníček, M., Semerádová, D., Soukalová, E., Stachoň, Z., Štěpánek, P., Štych, P., Treml, P., Urban, O., Vačkář, D., Valášek, H., Vizina, A., Vlnas, R., Vopravil, J., Zahradníček, P., and Žalud, Z.: Sucho v českých zemích: minulost, současnost a budoucnost (Drought in the Czech Lands: past, present and future), Centrum výzkumu globální změny Akademie věd České republiky, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic, 400 pp.,
ISBN: 978-80-87902-11-0, 2015. a
Brázdil, R., Trnka, M., Zahradníček, P., Dobrovolný, P., Řezníčková, L., Treml, P., and Stachoň, Z.: The Central European drought of 1947: causes and consequences, with particular reference to the Czech Lands, Clim. Res., 70, 161–178, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01387,
2016. a
Brázdil, R., Demarée, G. R., Kiss, A., Dobrovolný, P., Chromá, K., Trnka, M., Dolák, L., Řezníčková, L., Zahradníček, P., Limanowka, D., and Jourdain, S.: The extreme drought of 1842 in Europe as described by both documentary data and instrumental measurements, Clim. Past, 15, 1861–1884, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1861-2019, 2019. a
British Pathé: The Peril Of the Drought 1921, available at: https://www.britishpathe.com/video/the-peril-of-the-drought/query/fires (last access: 8 April 2021), 1921. a
Brooks, C. and Glasspoole, J.: The drought of 1921, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 48, 139–168, 1922. a
Buitink, J., Swank, A. M., van der Ploeg, M., Smith, N. E., Benninga, H.-J. F., van der Bolt, F., Carranza, C. D. U., Koren, G., van der Velde, R., and Teuling, A. J.: Anatomy of the 2018 agricultural drought in the Netherlands using in situ soil moisture and satellite vegetation indices, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 6021–6031, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6021-2020, 2020. a
Cheval, S., Haliuc, A., Antonescu, B., Tișcovschi, A., Dobre, M., Tătui, F., Dumitrescu, A., Manea, A., Tudorache, G., Irimescu, A., Birsan, M.-V., and Mock, C.: Enriching the historical meteorological information using Romanian language newspaper reports: A database from 1880 to 1900, Int. J. Climatol., 41, E548–E562, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6709, 2021. a
Cole, G. A. and Marsh, T.: The impact of climate change on severe droughts: Major droughts in England and Wales from 1800 and evidence of impact, Environment Agency, Bristol, UK, Science Report: SC040068/SR1, 54 pp., ISBN: 1844326144, 2006. a
Cook, B. I., Seager, R., Williams, A. P., Puma, M. J., McDermid, S., Kelley, M., and Nazarenko, L.: Climate Change Amplification of Natural Drought Variability: The Historic Mid-Twentieth-Century North American Drought in a Warmer World, J. Climate, 32, 5417–5436, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0832.1, 2019. a
Cook, E. R., Solomina, O., Matskovsky, V., Cook, B. I., Agafonov, L., Berdnikova, A., Dolgova, E., Karpukhin, A., Knysh, N., Kulakova, M., Kuznetsova, V., Kyncl, T., Kyncl, J., Maximova, O., Panyushkina, I., Seim, A., Tishin, D., Waźny, T., and Yermokhin, M.: The European Russia drought atlas (1400–2016 ce), Clim. Dynam., 54, 2317–2335, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05115-2, 2020. a
Copernicus Climate Change Service: European State of the Climate 2019, available at: https://climate.copernicus.eu/ESOTC/2019?q=ESOTC2019 (last access: 10 March 2021), 2020. a
Cornes, R. C., van der Schrier, G., van den Besselaar, E. J. M., and Jones, P. D.: An Ensemble Version of the E‐OBS Temperature and Precipitation Datasets, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9391–9409, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028200, 2018. a, b, c
Crespi, A., Brunetti, M., Ranzi, R., Tomirotti, M., and Maugeri, M.: A multi-century meteo-hydrological analysis for the Adda river basin (Central Alps). Part I: Gridded monthly precipitation (1800-2016) records, Int. J. Climatol., 41, 162–180, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6614, 2021. a
Duband, D., Schoeneich, P., and Stanescu, V. A.: Exemple de l’étiage 1921 en Europe (Italie, France, Roumanie, Suisse,...): climatologie et hydrologie, La Houille Blanche, 5, 18–29, https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb:200405001, 2004 (in French). a, b
Duchez, A., Frajka-Williams, E., Josey, S. A., Evans, D. G., Grist, J. P., Marsh, R., McCarthy, G. D., Sinha, B., Berry, D. I., and Hirschi, J. J.: Drivers of exceptionally cold North Atlantic Ocean temperatures and their link to the 2015 European heat wave, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 074004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074004, 2016. a, b
ECA&D Project Team: European Climate Assessment & Dataset Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), De Bilt, NL, version 10.5, 2012. a
Eredia, F.: La siccita del 1921, Tip. del Senato di G. Bardi, 1923. a
Fisher, H. H.: Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919–1923, Macmillan, 1927. a
Hargreaves, G. and Allen, R.: History and evaluation of Hargreaves evapotranspiration equation, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 129, 53–63, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2003)129:1(53), 2003. a, b
Harrington, L. J., Otto, F. E. L., Cowan, T., and Hegerl, G. C.: Circulation analogues and uncertainty in the time-evolution of extreme event probabilities: evidence from the 1947 Central European heatwave, Clim. Dynam., 53, 2229–2247, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04820-2, 2019. a
Heim, R. R.: A Review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in the United States, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1149–1166, 2002. a
Hodges, K.: Feature tracking on the unit sphere, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 3458–3465, 1995. a
Hodges, K.: Spherical nonparametric estimators applied to the UGAMP model integration for AMIP, Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 2914–2932, 1996. a
Kennedy, J., Rayner, N., Atkinson, C., and Killick, R.: An ensemble data set of sea surface temperature change from 1850: The Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 data set, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 7719–7763, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029867, 2019. a
Klein Tank, A. M. G., Wijngaard, J. B., Können, G. P., Böhm, R., Demarée, G., Gocheva, A., Milate, M., Pashiardis, S., Hejkrlik, L., Kern-Hansen, C., Heino, R., Bessemoulin, P., Müller-Westermeier, G., Tzanakou, M., Szalai, S., Pálsdóttir, T., Fitzgerald, D., Rubin, S., Capaldo, M., Maugeri, M., Leitass, A., Bukantis, A., Aberfeld, R., van Engelen, A. F. V., Forland, E., Mietus, M., Coelho, F., Mares, C., Razuvaev, V., Nieplova, E., Cegnar, T., Antonio López, J., Dahlström, B., Moberg, A., Kirchhofer, W., Ceylan, A., Pachaliuk, O., Alexander, L., and Petrovic, P.: Daily dataset of 20th-century surface air temperature and precipitation series for the European Climate Assessment, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1441–1453, 2002 (data and metadata available at https://www.ecad.eu/, last access: last access: 25 August 2021) a, b
Klein Tank, A. M. G., Zwiers, F., and Zhang, X.: Guidelines on Analysis of extremes in a changing climate in support of informed decisions for adaptation, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Tech. rep., WMO/TD-1500, Climate Data and Monitoring WCDMP-No. 72, 2009. a
Marshall, W.: A century of London weather, HM Stationery Off., London, UK, vol. 508, 1952. a
Meteorological Office: British rainfall, 1921, vol. 61, HM Stationery Office, London, UK, 1922. a
Miralles, D. G., Teuling, A. J., van Heerwaarden, C. C., and Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J.: Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation and atmospheric heat accumulation, Nat. Geosci., 7, 345–349, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2141, 2014. a
MunichRe: The natural disasters of 2018 in figures, available at:
https://www.munichre.com/topics-online/en/climate-change-and-natural-disasters/natural-disasters/the-natural-disasters-of-2018-in-figures.html (last access: 8 April 2021), 2019. a
Naumann, G., Alfieri, L., Wyser, K., Mentaschi, L., Betts, R., Carrao, H., Spinoni, J., Vogt, J., and Feyen, L.: Global changes in drought conditions under different levels of warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 3285–3296, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076521, 2018. a
Poli, P., Hersbach, H., Dee, D. P., Berrisford, P., Simmons, A. J., Vitart, F., Laloyaux, P., Tan, D., Peubey, C., Thépaut, J.-N., Trémolet, Y., Hólm, E. V., Bonavita, M., Isaksen, L., and Fisher, M.: ERA-20C: An atmospheric reanalysis of the twentieth century, J. Climate, 29, 4083–4097, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0556.1, 2016. a
Rasmijn, L. M., van der Schrier, G., Bintanja, R., Barkmeijer, J., Sterl, A., and Hazeleger, W.: Future equivalent of 2010 Russian heatwave intensified by weakening soil moisture constraints, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 364–385, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0114-0, 2018. a
Rebetez, M., Mayer, H., Dupont, O., Schindler, D., Gartner, K., Kropp, J. P., and Menzel, A.: Heat and drought 2003 in Europe: a climate synthesis, Ann. For. Sci., 63, 569–577, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006043, 2006. a
Salter, M.: The rainfall of the British Isles, University of London Press, London, XIII + 295, 1921. a
Sousa, P. M., Barriopedro, D., García-Herrera, R., Ordóñez, C., Soares, P. M., and Trigo, R. M.: Distinct influences of large-scale circulation and regional feedbacks in two exceptional 2019 European heatwaves, Communications Earth & Environment, 1, 48, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00048-9, 2020. a, b
Spinoni, J., Vogt, J. V., Naumann, G., Barbosa, P., and Dosio, A.: Will drought events become more frequent and severe in Europe?, Int. J. Climatol., 38, 1718–1736, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5291, 2018. a, b
Stagge, J. H .and Kingston, D. G., Tallaksen, L. M., and Hannah, D. M.: Observed drought indices show increasing divergence across Europe, Scientific Reports, 7, 1–10, 2017. a
Stahl, K., Kohn, I., Blauhut, V., Urquijo, J., De Stefano, L., Acácio, V., Dias, S., Stagge, J. H., Tallaksen, L. M., Kampragou, E., Van Loon, A. F., Barker, L. J., Melsen, L. A., Bifulco, C., Musolino, D., de Carli, A., Massarutto, A., Assimacopoulos, D., and Van Lanen, H. A. J.: Impacts of European drought events: insights from an international database of text-based reports, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 801–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-801-2016, 2016.
a, b, c, d
Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., van der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R., and Sheffield, J.: Global warming and changes in drought, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 17–22, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2067, 2014. a, b
Trigo, I. F., Davies, T. D., and Bigg, G. R.: Objective climatology of cyclones in the Mediterranean region, J. Climate, 12, 1685–1696, 1999. a
Trigo, I. F., Bigg, G. R., and Davies, T. D.: Climatology of cyclogenesis mechanisms in the Mediterranean, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 549–569, 2002. a
van der Schrier, G. and van den Besselaar, E. J. M.: E-OBS version pre1950, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) contract C3S_311a Lot4, C3S [data set], available at: https://surfobs.climate.copernicus.eu/dataaccess/access_eobs.php, 25 August 2021. a
Van Lanen, H., Laaha, G., Kingston, D., Gauster, T., Ionita, M., Vidal, J.-P., Vlnas, R., Tallaksen, L., Stahl, K., Hannaford, J., Delus, C., Fendekova, M., Mediero, L., Prudhomme, C., Rets, E., Romanowicz, R., Gailliez, S., Wong, W., Adler, M.-J., Blauhut, V., Caillouet, L., Chelcea, S., Frolova, N., Gudmundsson, L., Hanel, M., Haslinger, K., Kireeva, M., Osuch, M., Sauquet, E., Stagge, J., and Van Loon, A.: Hydrology needed to manage droughts: the 2015 European case, Hydrol. Process., 30, 3097–3104, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10838, 2016. a
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Begueria, S., and Lopez-Moreno, J. I.: A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, J. Climate, 23, 1696–1718, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1, 2010. a
Zahradníček, P., Trnka, M., Brázdil, R., Možný, M., Štěpánek, P., Hlavinka, P., Žalud, Z., Malý, A., Semerádová, D., Dobrovolný, P., Dubrovský, M., and Řezníčková, L.: The extreme drought episode of August 2011–May 2012 in the Czech Republic, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 3335–3352, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4211, 2015. a
Zscheischler, J., Westra, S., Van Den Hurk, B., Seneviratne, S. I., Ward, P. J., Pitman, A., AghaKouchak, A., Bresch, D. N., Leonard, M., Wahl, T., and Zhang, X.: Future climate risk from compound events, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 469–477, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3, 2018. a
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(29557 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
The 1921 drought was the most severe drought to hit Europe since the start of the 20th century. Here the climatological description of the drought is coupled to an overview of its impacts, sourced from newspapers, and an analysis of its drivers. The area from Ireland to the Ukraine was affected but hardest hit was the triangle between Brussels, Paris and Lyon. The drought impacts lingered on until well into autumn and winter, affecting water supply and agriculture and livestock farming.
The 1921 drought was the most severe drought to hit Europe since the start of the 20th century....
