Articles | Volume 16, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Dec 2020
Research article |
| 23 Dec 2020
| 23 Dec 2020
The middle to late Eocene greenhouse climate modelled using the CESM 1.0.5
Department of Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
Anna S. von der Heydt
Department of Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
Matthew Huber
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
Michael A. Kliphuis
Department of Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
Peter K. Bijl
Department of Earth Sciences, Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Appy Sluijs
Department of Earth Sciences, Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Henk A. Dijkstra
Department of Physics, Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
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- Deep Convection as the Key to the Transition From Eocene to Modern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Q. Xing et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104847
47 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Revisiting the Geographical Extent of Exceptional Warmth in the Early Paleogene Southern Ocean J. Frieling et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004529
- Asymmetry of AMOC Hysteresis in a State‐Of‐The‐Art Global Climate Model R. van Westen & H. Dijkstra https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106088
- Eocene climate and hydrology of eastern Asia controlled by orbital forcing and Tibetan Plateau uplift Q. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118981
- Climate tipping point interactions and cascades: a review N. Wunderling et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-41-2024
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- Late Eocene to early Oligocene productivity events in the proto-Southern Ocean and correlation to climate change G. Rodrigues de Faria et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1327-2024
- Early Eocene Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation: The Roles of Atmospheric Forcing and Strait Geometry Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021PA004329
- A third aleurodicine from the Eocene Baltic amber – Eogroehnia carsteni nov. gen., nov. sp. (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) J. Drohojowska et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2024.08.008
- A European monsoon-like climate in a warmhouse world N. Van Horebeek et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64241-0
- Absolute Paleolatitude of Northern Zealandia From the Middle Eocene to the Early Miocene E. Dallanave et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024736
- A saddle-node bifurcation may be causing the AMOC collapse in the Community Earth System Model R. van Westen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-2063-2025
- Climate response and sensitivity: time scales and late tipping points R. Bastiaansen et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2022.0483
- Climate variability, heat distribution, and polar amplification in the warm unipolar “icehouse” of the Oligocene D. Jenny et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1627-2024
- Eocene to Oligocene terrestrial Southern Hemisphere cooling caused by declining pCO2 V. Lauretano et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00788-z
- Sea surface temperature evolution of the North Atlantic Ocean across the Eocene–Oligocene transition K. Śliwińska et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-123-2023
- Earth system simulations suggest that the Proterozoic ocean was greener but less productive P. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69654-z
- Sustainability of regional Antarctic ice sheets under late Eocene seasonal atmospheric conditions D. Vermeulen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-95-2025
- The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep‐Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene B. Goudsmit‐Harzevoort et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004532
- Contrasting northern and southern East Asian temperature responses to orbital forcing during the late Eocene N. Dai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aosl.2026.100834
- Middle Eocene Paleoclimate recorded in halite deposits in Jianghan Basin, central China X. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106305
- Divergent deep-sea temperatures in the Pacific and Atlantic during the onset of Antarctic glaciation V. Taylor et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-02106-x
- The sensitivity of the Eocene–Oligocene Southern Ocean to the strength and position of wind stress Q. Xing et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2669-2022
- Physics-based early warning signal shows that AMOC is on tipping course R. van Westen et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adk1189
- Cenozoic Proxy Constraints on Earth System Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases S. Ring et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021PA004364
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- Shaping the mid-Miocene warmth: a sensitivity study on paleogeography, CO2 and model physics M. Renoult et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-1203-2026
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- A Typology of Vessel Patterning in Trees with Examples from the Fossil Record D. Woodcock https://doi.org/10.1086/718086
- Middle Eocene hyperthermal seasonality from Paris Basin marine mollusks L. Marlot et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.113547
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- Enhanced clay formation key in sustaining the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum A. Krause et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01234-y
- Oxygen isotope ensemble reveals Earth’s seawater, temperature, and carbon cycle history T. Isson & S. Rauzi https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg1366
- Fluvio-deltaic record of increased sediment transport during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), Southern Pyrenees, Spain S. Peris Cabré et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-533-2023
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- Impact of Mountains in Southern China on the Eocene Climates of East Asia Z. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036510
- Short-term middle Eocene (Bartonian) paleoenvironmental changes in the sedimentary succession of Olivetta San Michele (NW Italy): the response of shallow-water biota to climate in NW Tethys L. Arena et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-023-00677-4
- Extinction and survival of raninoid crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Raninoida) from the Early Cretaceous to the present S. Hartzell et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruac053
- Fish tooth oxygen isotopes as indicators of Lutetian seawater paleotemperatures and paleoecology in the tropical Neo-Tethys (Arabian Platform) M. Deville de Periere et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113108
- A large-scale transcontinental river system crossed West Antarctica during the Eocene M. Zundel et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn6056
- The Eocene–Oligocene Transition in the Paratethys: boreal water ingression and its paleoceanographic implications M. Kaya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1405-2025
- Deep Convection as the Key to the Transition From Eocene to Modern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Q. Xing et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104847
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 01 Nov 2026
Short summary
Warm climates of the deep past have proven to be challenging to reconstruct with the same numerical models used for future predictions. We present results of CESM simulations for the middle to late Eocene (∼ 38 Ma), in which we managed to match the available indications of temperature well. With these results we can now look into regional features and the response to external changes to ultimately better understand the climate when it is in such a warm state.
Warm climates of the deep past have proven to be challenging to reconstruct with the same...
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