Articles | Volume 16, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1429-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1429-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Aug 2020
Research article |
| 06 Aug 2020
| 06 Aug 2020
CMIP6/PMIP4 simulations of the mid-Holocene and Last Interglacial using HadGEM3: comparison to the pre-industrial era, previous model versions and proxy data
Charles J. R. Williams
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
NCAS-Climate, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Maria-Vittoria Guarino
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Emilie Capron
Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Irene Malmierca-Vallet
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Joy S. Singarayer
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
School of Archaeology, Geography and
Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Louise C. Sime
NCAS-Climate, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Daniel J. Lunt
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Paul J. Valdes
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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- Arctic Amplification in the Past, Present, and Future: A Review for the Challenge to the Integrative Understanding of its Mechanism M. YOSHIMORI et al. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2025-027
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- Model‐Data Comparison of Antarctic Winter Sea‐Ice Extent and Southern Ocean Sea‐Surface Temperatures During Marine Isotope Stage 5e M. Chadwick et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004600
- Differential Vegetation Feedback on the Global Land Monsoon System during the Mid-Holocene and Last Interglacial Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-024-4284-6
- Distinctive changes of Asian–African summer monsoon in interglacial epochs and global warming scenario Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-07013-0
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- Large-scale features of Last Interglacial climate: results from evaluating the lig127k simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6)–Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) B. Otto-Bliesner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-63-2021
- The response of the hydrological cycle to temperature changes in recent and distant climatic history S. Pratap & Y. Markonis https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-022-00489-0
- Relative importance of forcings and feedbacks in the Holocene temperature conundrum P. Hopcroft et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108322
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- Response of convective systems to the orbital forcing of the last interglacial in a global nonhydrostatic atmospheric model with and without a convective parameterization M. Chikira et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06056-5
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- The Contribution of Vegetation‐Climate Feedback and Resultant Sea Ice Loss to Amplified Arctic Warming During the Mid‐Holocene J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098816
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- Spatial heterogeneity of Holocene hydroclimatic variations and their driving mechanisms in the South Asian summer monsoon region Z. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2026.06.001
- The PMIP4 simulated dryland aridity changes during the Last Interglacial S. Liu & X. Zhou https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acf725
- Modelling the Climate of the Eemian in Europe Using an Interactive Physical Downscaling F. Arthur et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat8030033
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The contribution of melt ponds to enhanced Arctic sea-ice melt during the Last Interglacial R. Diamond et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5099-2021
- Geological Society of London Scientific Statement: what the geological record tells us about our present and future climate C. Lear et al. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-239
- Simulating the mid-Holocene, last interglacial and mid-Pliocene climate with EC-Earth3-LR Q. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1147-2021
- Past warm intervals inform the future South Asian summer monsoon L. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08956-6
- Arctic Amplification in the Past, Present, and Future: A Review for the Challenge to the Integrative Understanding of its Mechanism M. YOSHIMORI et al. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2025-027
- No changes in overall AMOC strength in interglacial PMIP4 time slices Z. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-107-2023
- Model‐Data Comparison of Antarctic Winter Sea‐Ice Extent and Southern Ocean Sea‐Surface Temperatures During Marine Isotope Stage 5e M. Chadwick et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004600
- Differential Vegetation Feedback on the Global Land Monsoon System during the Mid-Holocene and Last Interglacial Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-024-4284-6
- Distinctive changes of Asian–African summer monsoon in interglacial epochs and global warming scenario Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-07013-0
- The coupled system response to 250 years of freshwater forcing: Last Interglacial CMIP6–PMIP4 HadGEM3 simulations M. Guarino et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-865-2023
- On the implementation of external forcings in a regional climate model – a sensitivity study around the Samalas volcanic eruption in the Eastern Mediterranean/Middle East E. Hartmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1699-2025
- Comparison of the green-to-desert Sahara transitions between the Holocene and the last interglacial H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2303-2022
- Quantifying effects of Earth orbital parameters and greenhouse gases on mid-Holocene climate Y. Kang & H. Yang https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2013-2023
- Simulations of the Holocene climate in Europe using an interactive downscaling within the iLOVECLIM model (version 1.1) F. Arthur et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-87-2023
- Climate and stratospheric ozone during the mid-Holocene and Last Interglacial simulated by MRI-ESM2.0 Y. Watanabe et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2243-2025
- Syntheses of pollen-based temperature reconstructions with respect to seasonal and spatiotemporal change in Europe R. Geng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109228
- Large-scale features of Last Interglacial climate: results from evaluating the lig127k simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6)–Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) B. Otto-Bliesner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-63-2021
- The response of the hydrological cycle to temperature changes in recent and distant climatic history S. Pratap & Y. Markonis https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-022-00489-0
- Relative importance of forcings and feedbacks in the Holocene temperature conundrum P. Hopcroft et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108322
- African Hydroclimate During the Early Eocene From the DeepMIP Simulations C. Williams et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004419
- Response of convective systems to the orbital forcing of the last interglacial in a global nonhydrostatic atmospheric model with and without a convective parameterization M. Chikira et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06056-5
- Simulation of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period using HadGEM3: experimental design and results from model–model and model–data comparison C. Williams et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2139-2021
- The Contribution of Vegetation‐Climate Feedback and Resultant Sea Ice Loss to Amplified Arctic Warming During the Mid‐Holocene J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098816
- Simulating dust emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation over northern Africa during the mid-Holocene Green Sahara period P. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2445-2023
- Spatial heterogeneity of Holocene hydroclimatic variations and their driving mechanisms in the South Asian summer monsoon region Z. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2026.06.001
- The PMIP4 simulated dryland aridity changes during the Last Interglacial S. Liu & X. Zhou https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acf725
- Modelling the Climate of the Eemian in Europe Using an Interactive Physical Downscaling F. Arthur et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat8030033
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 19 Aug 2026
Short summary
Computer simulations of the geological past are an important tool to improve our understanding of climate change. We present results from two simulations using the latest version of the UK's climate model, the mid-Holocene (6000 years ago) and Last Interglacial (127 000 years ago). The simulations reproduce temperatures consistent with the pattern of incoming radiation. Model–data comparisons indicate that some regions (and some seasons) produce better matches to the data than others.
Computer simulations of the geological past are an important tool to improve our understanding...
